气候对巢湖东半湖水体环境变化的驱动效应

分析了小尺度气候变化对巢湖水体环境的影响,并揭示了水体营养生态对气候变化的响应机制。结果表明,年降雨量、年均温度、年日照时数变化稳定,平均值分别为1 176.2 mm,15.96℃和1 906 h,而高温天数(>35℃)年际变化显著(4~32 d/a)。调查期间总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)变化动态为开口向下的"凸"型抛物线形式,而高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)和叶绿素a(Chla)总体呈现为"凹"型曲线,水体总体呈现为中度营养状态。CCA分析发现巢湖区域的年降雨量、年均温度、年高温天数(>35℃)、年日照时数与湖水中TN,TP,CODMn和Chla呈显著相关性。其中TN,TP,CODMn和年日照时数对水体营养状态影响显著,贡献率分别为69%,45%,36%和27%。因此,可推测日照时数年际变化是导致水质变化的重要因素之一,气候因子与TN和TP在一定条件下对水体富营养化形成具有协同效应。     

川中丘陵区典型小流域治理对地表水水质的影响

为探讨小流域治理后地表水水质的时空变化规律,对川中丘陵区典型小流域截流村小流域综合治理后流域上游、中游和下游地表水的p H值、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH+4-N)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)进行了测定,并采用综合污染指数法对水质进行了评价。测定结果显示,截流村小流域上游和中游地表水中TN、NH+4-N和TP浓度雨季大于旱季,下游TN、NH+4-N和TP浓度旱季大于雨季;地表水TN、NH+4-N和TP浓度空间上旱季为上游中游下游,雨季为下游上游中游;地表水CODMn浓度旱季和雨季均表现为上游大于中游和下游,但不同部位之间差异不显著。综合污染指数法评价表明,截流村小流域地表水水质均属于轻度污染,污染程度旱季下游中游上游,雨季中游上游下游。研究表明农田面源污染是川中丘陵区小流域地表水的主要污染源,建议加大流域内梯田和防护林建设力度。     

pH和曝气对水生植物去除富营养化水体中氮磷等物质的影响

利用植物浮床系统,通过室内静态模拟试验,研究了pH和曝气对水生植物净化富营养化水体影响。试验结果表明,不同pH处理6 d后,植物系统在pH8.9下对TN,CODMn,BOD5的去除效果最好,TP的去除效果在pH6.7下最好,Chla的去除效果在pH5.0下最好。然而,无植物系统中,TN,TP的去除效果在pH8.9下最好,BOD5的去除效果在pH6.7下最好,CODMn,Chla的去除效果在pH5.0下最好。有无植物系统中,曝气处理6 d后对TN影响很大,但去除率明显小于不曝气处理(P<0.001),除在豆瓣菜系统中,曝气还对CODMn去除产生一定的影响,但对TP和Chla的去除无影响。本试验结果还表明,植物修复系统和无植物系统中,不同pH处理下,水体中NH4-N,NO3-N,NO2-N的去除效果均在pH8.9处理下最好,且在pH8.9 曝气联合作用下水体中NH4-N,NO3-N,NO2-N的去除率也最高。     

巢湖流域不同耕作和施肥方式下农田养分径流流失特征

采用野外定位观测试验,研究巢湖流域不同耕作和施肥方式下农田养分径流流失特征,探索降低养分流失、提高湖区水质的有效耕作和施肥措施。2009-2010年结果表明,冬季麦田径流液总氮(TN)的浓度范围是2.12～4.34mg/L,溶解态氮(DN)约占TN的72%～92%,DN中又以硝态氮(NO3--N)为主,溶解态有机氮(DON)次之,铵态氮(NH4+-N)所占比例极小。径流液总磷(TP)浓度范围是0.095～0.360mg/L,颗粒态磷(PP)约占TP的51%～69%。DN和PP是农田氮磷径流流失的主要形态。长期的保护性耕作可提高径流液TN、DN、NO3--N、DON和DP的浓度,降低PN和PP的浓度,但对NH4+-N和TP浓度无明显影响;氮肥后移一定程度上易增加追肥后短期内降雨径流液各形态N的浓度,但可降低小麦整个生育期内径流液各形态P的浓度。在当地常规耕作条件下(处理CT),麦田TN和TP径流流失量分别为1.065,0.079kg/hm2,占当季施N量的0.71%,施P量的0.24%。与处理CT相比,处理CTS(常规+覆盖)、NFP(氮肥后移)和NTS+NFP(少免耕覆盖+氮肥后移)TN流失量分别减少了14%、21%和24%,TP流失量分别减少了20%、21%和24%。因此,保护性耕作和氮肥后移在保证小麦产量的前提下,可作为巢湖流域源头控制农田养分流失的主要措施。     

不同氮磷配合下稻田田面水的氮磷动态变化研究

稻田田面水中N、P浓度是决定稻田N、P径流流失,N素的氨挥发与硝化-反硝化等各种损失途径的关键因子。采用田间试验方法研究了不同N、P配合下田面水中N、P动态变化。结果表明,田面水总N(TN)、总P(TP)和溶解态无机P(DIP)的浓度在施肥后很快达到峰值,之后迅速下降,其变化均可以用指数方程(Y=C0×e-kt)来描述。NH4 -N在施N后2~4天达到峰值,之后逐渐下降,6~7天后降至稳定。基肥施用后的NH4 -N浓度上升比分蘖肥和孕穗肥施用后慢,同时TN和NH4 -N浓度下降也慢。相同施N水平下,高P处理田面水的NH4 -N和TN浓度较优化处理高;相同施P水平下,高N和低N处理田面水的TP和DIP浓度也较优化处理高,这表明:当N、P其中之一超过或低于适合用量时,会促进另一养分的流失。施肥后田面水中TN、TP和DIP可作为稻田N、P流失的主要指标,应着重控制基肥施用后N、P的径流流失,以及追肥施用后尿素的水解速度。     

河岸带植被对非点源氮、磷以及悬浮颗粒物的截留效应

选取草地河岸带和人工林地河岸带,开展了人工模拟农田施肥和径流污染物截留效果的现场试验。分别采集地表径流和渗透水水样,测定分析了总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH4—N)以及固体颗粒物的浓度。结果表明,草地河岸带对地表径流TP的截留效果显著优于林地河岸带,草地和林地河岸带对氮元素的截留效果趋于一致;河岸带对地表径流和渗透水中TN,TP和NH4—N的截留率是相似的;草地河岸带对固体颗粒物的截留效果优于林地河岸带;河岸带越宽,其截污功能越强;人为干扰造成了人工林地河岸带截污能力的减弱。并提出了河岸带管理的相关建议。     

渭河干流陕西段水体中CODMn,NH3-N的时空变化特征

渭河是陕西省的第一大河,然而近年来渭河水体污染严重,阻碍了区域经济的发展。依据1991—2002年渭河水质监测资料,对渭河干流陕西段水质主要污染指标CODMn,NH3-N的时空变化特征及其产生的原因进行了分析研究。(1)渭河陕西段污染严重,其中咸阳铁路桥为CODMn污染最严重的断面;卧龙寺桥、虢镇桥、兴平是NH3-N污染较严重的断面。(2)从90年代以来该流域的污染呈加重的趋势。1996年NH3-N污染最为严重,1995年CODMn最高。(3)造纸企业排放的污水是造成渭河流域CODMn污染的主要污染源;农田大量化肥的施用以及化肥工业废水的排放是造成渭河NH3-N污染的主要原因。     

太湖湖滨缓冲带农田初雨径流的氮磷流失特征

以稻麦轮作田和高产蔬菜地为试验田,研究太湖湖滨缓冲带农业面源污染源氮磷等营养物质随降雨径流流失对太湖水体富营养化的影响。对雨季(6—9月)太湖湖滨缓冲带农田初雨径流流失氮磷的监测结果为:稻麦轮作试验田初雨径流中TN、TP、CODMn浓度波动范围分别为3.88～10.81、0.60～1.50、6.51～12.50 mg/L;PN平均值为2.24 mg/L,占TN的29.75%;NH4+-N平均值为1.13 mg/L,占DTN的14.99%;NO3--N平均值为1.16 mg/L,占DTN的15.37%;PP平均值为0.30 mg/L,占TP的30.06%。高产蔬菜试验田初雨径流中TN、TP、CODMn浓度波动范围分别为10.27～26.27、2.47～6.07、12.43～26.88 mg/L;PN平均值为1.87 mg/L,占TN的11.11%;NH4+-N平均值为2.05 mg/L,占DTN的13.75%;NO3--N平均值为1.57 mg/L,占DTN的10.51%;PP平均值为2.08 mg/L,占TP的72.7%。     

巢湖沉积物磷的形态及其与间隙水磷的关系

采用磷形态的连续提取法,研究了巢湖沉积物中磷的地球化学形态及间隙水中总溶解性磷（DTP）、可溶性磷酸盐（DIP）、可溶性有机磷（DOP）含量的垂向分布特征。结果表明,西湖区的沉积物总磷含量明显高于东湖区。表层沉积物中活性磷含量占总磷的44％-81％,金属氧化物结合态磷（NaOH—P）作为活性磷的主要存在形式,在西湖区含量比例达到47％-60％,对磷释放起重要贡献;磷形态剖面表明,西湖区的金属氧化物结合态磷、可还原态磷（BD—P）含量高于东湖区。金属氧化物结合态磷、可还原态磷、钙结合态磷（HCl-P）受人类活动影响较大,有机磷（Org—P）受外源磷污染影响很小;BD—P、NaOH—P随深度增加而减小,说明巢湖近期磷负荷有增加的趋势;DTP、DIP、DOP在水-沉积物界面的浓度梯度反映它们有自间隙水向上覆水扩散的趋势;巢湖间隙水不同形态磷与BD—P、NaOH—P显著相关（α=0．01）。这项研究可为巢湖内源污染和富营养化的控制与治理提供理论参考。     

缓冲带截除农业面源强污染的效果

为了摸清草皮缓冲带对农田径流冲击负荷的耐受能力,通过工程尺度的现场试验,研究了高浓度污染负荷冲击对百慕大草皮缓冲带截除农业面源污染物能力的影响。结果表明:在高浓度污染负荷下,百慕大缓冲带能有效地截留农田径流中的悬浮固体(suspended solids,SS),SS浓度变化趋势与一般浓度污染负荷基本一致,前端下降速度较快,后端逐渐趋缓,2种污染负荷条件下末端出水SS质量浓度均在90mg/L以下,高浓度污染负荷冲击对农田径流SS的去除基本没有影响。缓冲带对高浓度氮磷污染负荷具有一定的净化效果,径流途径总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、氨态氮(ammonia nitrogen,NH4+-N)、总磷(total phosphorus,TP)的末端去除率为23%、16%和26%,分别为一般浓度污染负荷下末端去除率的59%、55%和70%;百慕大草皮缓冲带对渗流途径TN、TP具有一定的净化效果,2种浓度污染负荷下渗流水TN、TP浓度变化趋势基本一致,两者无显著差异(p>0.05),但TP去除速率较TN慢。该文为滨岸缓冲带的优化设计、维护管理及推广应用提供了依据。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。