干旱条件下DCMU对高表达转C4-pepc水稻的花青素合成基因及其相关信号的影响

为了揭示高表达转玉米C4-磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC,EC 4.1.1.31)基因水稻(PC)在耐旱中光合与花青素调节途径的内在联系,本研究以PC和未转基因野生型原种(WT)的水培苗为试验材料,在4~5叶期,通过50μmol·L-1光合抑制剂DCMU[3-(3’,4’-dich-lorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl-urea]预处理1 h,观察其在12%PEG-6000模拟干旱处理下的表现。结果表明,在模拟干旱条件下,DCMU预处理使两种供试材料相对含水量显著下降,且PC相对含量显著高于WT;干旱处理下,两种材料的花青素含量显著升高,DCMU和干旱处理使两种材料的花青素含量下调,且PC水稻中始终伴随着较高的花青素含量。光合数据表明,与单独12%PEG-6000处理相比,DCMU联合12%PEG-6000处理显著抑制了两种水稻材料的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2含量及羧化效率,但PC的各指标显著高于WT。同时,DCMU联合12%PEG-6000处理显著下调两种供试材料的内源蔗糖含量,但PC中蔗糖含量显著高于WT。进一步研究发现PC中更高的蔗糖含量与花青素合成有关转录因子b HLH(Os B1,Os B2)、R2R3-MYB(Os C1)、COP1(constitutively photomorphogenic 1)、HY5(elongated hypocotyl 5)更高的转录水平同步,下游花青素合成相关基因Os PAL、Os CHI、Os CHS、Os F3H、Os F3’H、Os DFR、Os ANS的表达量增加。PC水稻可能通过诱导NO和Ca2(10)感受干旱信号,参与转录因子的调节,进而参与花青素合成基因的调控,合成较多的花青素,增强PC水稻对干旱逆境的响应,增强保水能力,最终表现耐旱。     

氯化胆碱与高效硝铵复合肥对玉米和水稻某些生理性状和产量的影响

玉米、水稻经叶面喷施氯化胆碱(CC)和高效硝铵复合肥(硝饺肥)后,叶片叶绿素含量,比叶重,硝酸还原酶(NR),ATP酶,以及玉米的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)和苹果酸酶等的活性均有不同程度的提高。从而促进了光合作用,使产量有所提高。CC和硝铵肥混合使用时,效果更好。     

叶面喷施亚硒酸钠对谷子光合特性及产量构成的影响

以晋谷21号和张杂谷10号为试材,采用大田试验,研究了灌浆期叶面喷施亚硒酸钠(0,2.5,5,7.5,10,12.5,15g·667m-2)对谷子光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,随着亚硒酸钠喷施浓度的增加,谷子叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率Y(Ⅱ)、电子传递速率ETR、光化学猝灭系数qP、PSⅡ最大光化学效率Fv/Fm和PSⅡ潜在活性Fv/Fo均呈先升高后降低的趋势;而胞间CO2浓度(Ci)变化呈现相反趋势。在灌浆期喷施亚硒酸钠对谷子千粒重、穗粒重、穗重影响效果最为显著。与对照相比,叶面喷施7.5g·667m-2的亚硒酸钠溶液,可显著提高谷子叶片中光合色素含量和光合性能,同时提高谷子的产量。     

低钾对水稻不同叶位叶片光合特性及抗氧化系统的影响

研究了低钾条件下钾敏感型水稻品种"二九丰"不同叶位叶片的气体交换、荧光参数、色素和活性氧及抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,随着叶位降低,对照和低钾处理的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、叶绿素(Chl)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)、可溶性蛋白(SP)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均显著下降,而胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、激发压(1-qP)、非光化学猝灭(qN)、超氧化物自由基(O2.-)产生速率、过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量却急剧升高。与对照相比,低钾胁迫加速了各叶位Pn的下降和Ci的上升,而Gs并无降低,说明Pn的降低主要是由非气孔引起的。低钾胁迫还明显降低Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、ETR、Chl和SP含量、Chl/Car比率、及SOD和POD活性,促进了(1-qP)、O2.-产生速率、H2O2和MDA含量的升高。这些结果均说明低钾胁迫引起了PSⅡ光化学效率降低和能量耗散的不平衡,从而导致了叶片的早衰。相关性分析表明,PSⅡ的激发压的升高与Pn、Chl和SP的含量及SOD和POD活性呈极显著负相关,与O2.-产生速率、H2O2和MDA含量呈极显著的正相关。据此推测,激发压的升高可能介导了水稻在低钾条件下叶片早衰的起始过程。     

NH4+-N部分代替NO3--N对番茄生育中后期氮代谢相关酶活性的影响

采用砂培实验研究NH4 -N部分代替NO3--N对番茄的影响,结果表明:与全硝处理(100%NO3-)相比较,增铵处理(NH4 ∶NO3-=25%∶75%)下番茄鲜果重显著提高;同时叶片内NO3--N含量随增铵而显著降低,叶片与果实内NH4 -N含量及果实的可溶性蛋白含量随增铵而升高;增铵条件抑制了叶片和果实的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,提高了叶片和果实的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPcase)活性及叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性,但对果实的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性影响不大。上述结果表明,NH4 -N部分代替NO3--N可增加番茄产量,提高集约化基地的生产量。     

NaHSO_3处理对大豆和玉米叶片气体交换及荧光参数的影响

为探讨亚硫酸氢钠(NaHSO_3)对植物光合的作用机制,研究了不同NaHSO_3浓度(0、1、2、5和10mmol·L-1)喷施处理对大豆和玉米叶片气体交换及荧光参数的影响。结果表明,不同浓度NaHSO_3对大豆叶片的光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)的影响较为一致,即1、2 mmol·L-1浓度下无显著差异,5 mmol·L-1浓度下显著提高,而高浓度(10 mmol·L-1)下则显著降低;大豆叶片光呼吸速率(Rp)整体随NaHSO_3浓度的增加而先升高后略有降低,除1 mmol·L-1外,其它浓度下的光呼吸速率均显著高于对照。不同浓度NaHSO_3处理下玉米叶片的Pn、Tr和Gs则均无明显变化。大豆叶片的光系统I(PSI)的电子传递速率(ETRI)和光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的电子传递速率(ETRⅡ)均随NaHSO_3浓度的增加而先升高后略有降低,整体来看喷施NaHSO_3后大豆叶片的ETRI和ETRⅡ呈上升趋势,而玉米叶片的ETRI和ETRⅡ均有所下降。本研究揭示了NaHSO_3是光呼吸抑制剂传统观点的局限性,并进一步证明了NaHSO_3对光合的作用过程与电子传递密切相关。     

阔世玛对谷子幼苗叶片光合特性及可溶性物质含量的影响

为明确阔世玛(Sigma Broad)对谷子幼苗叶片光合特性和可溶性物质含量的影响,以张杂谷5号和晋谷21号为试验材料,分别于施药后7 d测定不同浓度(0、7.5、15.0、30.0、60.0 mg·L^-1)的3.6%阔世玛水分散粒剂对叶片气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数、光合关键酶活性和可溶性物质含量的影响。结果表明,谷子叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)活性、丙酮酸磷酸双激酶(PPDK)活性、苹果酸脱氢酶(NADP-MDH)活性以及表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)均随着阔世玛浓度的增加而降低,阔世玛浓度高于15 mg·L^-1时均与CK差异显著;而2个品种的苹果酸酶(NAD-ME)和1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(Rubisco)活性以及可溶性物质含量均随着阔世玛浓度的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,NAD-ME活性、还原糖、蔗糖和可溶性蛋白含量均在阔世玛浓度为15 mg·L^-1时达到最大值。综上所述,阔世玛处理会降低光系统反应中心的活性及光合作用暗反应过程中的关键酶PEPC、NADP-MDH和PPDK的活性,导致叶片Pn降低,影响Rubisco和NAD-ME的活性以及糖的代谢。本研究明确了阔世玛影响谷子光合作用的生理机制,为阔世玛在谷子田间的安全使用提供了理论基础。     

NaCl胁迫下2种白刺光合特性适应性研究

为了解白刺光合特性适应盐胁迫的生理机制,以唐古特和西伯利亚白刺为材料,采用盆栽试验,以不施盐为对照(CK),比较8‰Na Cl胁迫40 d后,2种白刺光合色素、光合参数、叶片核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(Rubisco)和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)活性以及稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C值)的变化。结果表明,与CK相比,高盐处理后,唐古特白刺叶片叶绿素a(Chl a)、总叶绿素(Chl a+b)及类胡萝卜素(Car)含量分别下降了5.6%、2.1%和11.3%,叶绿素b(Chl b)增加了8.9%;西伯利亚白刺叶片Chl a、Chl b及Chl a+b含量分别下降了14.2%、15.4%和14.5%,Car含量下降了10.7%,但2种白刺光合色素的变化与CK的差异均不显著(P0.05);在有效光辐射达到1 000μmol·m-2·s-1左右时,唐古特白刺盐胁迫下净光合速率(Pn)较CK低15.4%,西伯利亚白刺较CK高10.0%,但差异不显著(P0.05)。盐胁迫下,与CK相比,唐古特白刺叶片Rubisco和PEPC活性分别下降9.9%和8.3%,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)与气孔导度(Gs)分别下降0.9%和26.4%,气孔限制值(Ls)升高,表明其Pn的下降是气孔限制与非气孔限制共同作用的结果;西伯利亚白刺叶片PEPC活性显著下降56.2%,Rubisco活性升高41.4%,Ci与Gs分别上升5.8%和35.1%,Ls降低。盐胁迫使唐古特和西伯利亚白刺叶片δ13C均值发生偏正变化,增幅分别为1.9%和1.4%,主要是盐分对其生理活动的影响所致。盐胁迫还导致唐古特白刺光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(Rd)分别下降了30.5%和38.6%,CO2补偿点(CCP)升高了61.6%,与CK的差异达到显著或极显著水平;西伯利亚白刺LCP和Rd分别下降了15.9%和27.1%,CCP升高了26.8%,且与CK的差异达到显著水平。综上,盐胁迫造成白刺体内代谢活动减弱,但未导致2种白刺Pn的显著降低,说明其耐盐能力较强,且西伯利亚白刺盐胁迫下维持较高的Rubisco羧化效率是其耐盐能力高于唐古特白刺的内在原因之一。本研究结果为白刺在改良治理盐碱地中的应用提供了生理生态学依据。     

海藻糖对转C4型PEPC水稻种子萌发耐旱性的影响

为揭示海藻糖参与高表达转玉米C₄型磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)基因(C₄-PEPC)水稻(Oryza sativa)(简称PC)在干旱胁迫下种子萌发的生理机制,本研究以PC及其未转基因野生型受体Kitaake(简称WT)种子为材料,研究外施不同浓度海藻糖联合干旱处理下,其种子活力、萌发过程中可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量、α-淀粉酶活性,以及α-淀粉酶、PEPC、糖信号、部分海藻糖相关基因的表达。结果表明,干旱处理均显著抑制了两材料的发芽率,并且抑制了芽的生长;外施低浓度海藻糖可缓解干旱对种子萌发的抑制,与WT相比,PC对海藻糖更加敏感,当海藻糖浓度为0.5 mmol·L^-1时已表现出明显的缓解效应,且较10 mmol·L^-1海藻糖对WT的缓解效果更佳。外施0.5 mmol·L^-1海藻糖联合干旱处理可以维持水稻的种子活力、种子内渗透调节物质含量以及α-淀粉酶活性,尤其有益于PC。外施0.5 mmol·L^-1海藻糖通过上调PC内依赖钙信号的CBL1-OsSnRK3.1/3.23基因的表达,激活OsK1a-OsMYBS1/2-OsAmy3/8途径;同时诱导OsTPP1/7合成海藻糖,上调蔗糖和葡萄糖含量,进而增强糖代谢,维持种子萌发。此外,海藻糖也上调了SAPK8/9/10和C₄-PEPC的转录水平,使PC在芽期表现耐旱。本研究结果为改善直播稻田的发芽率和“C₄稻”的创制提供了新线索。     

外源H2O2对镉胁迫下酸枣幼苗生长及生理特性的缓解效应

通过温室盆栽土培试验,研究不同浓度(0,0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08,0.1,0.3 mmol/L)的外源H_2O_2处理对0.05 mmol/L Cd胁迫下酸枣幼苗生长、光合系统和荧光特性等的影响。结果表明:(1)Cd胁迫下,酸枣幼苗生长受到抑制,经H_2O_2处理后,酸枣幼苗对镉抗性系数、光合绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和气孔导度(G_s)均升高,过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)则出现不同程度的下降;(2)低浓度H_2O_2(≤0.08 mmol/L)处理后,酸枣叶片和根系内抗氧化酶[过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)]活性增强,叶片内1,5—二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(Rubisco)、1,1—二磷酸景天庚酮糖酯酶(SBPase)和1,6—二磷酸果糖醛缩酶(FBAase)活性最高显著上升38.24%,42.15%,84.08%,但转酮醇酶(TKase)活性无显著变化;(3)酸枣叶片内PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和吸收光能用于光化学反应的份额(P)在H_2O_2处理下最大分别提高37.52%,135.95%,53.10%和98.36%,PSⅡ非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)、调节性能量耗散Y(NPQ)、非调节性能量耗散Y(NO)、吸收光能用于天线热耗散的份额(D)、PSⅡ反应中心非光化学耗散的份额(E_x)和双光系统间激发能分配不平衡偏离系数(β/α-1)分别降低34.13%,35.15%,30.26%,35.52,32.30%和53.43%,缓解效果显著,但随着外源H_2O_2喷施浓度的增加,缓解效应有下降趋势。综合分析发现,H_2O_2对酸枣镉毒的缓解作用与其改善酸枣光合作用、维持抗氧化系统高活性和提高PSⅡ光化学效率等多种生理过程有关。其中以0.08 mmol/L H_2O_2提高酸枣的修复效率最佳,可作为植物修复的强化措施。     

碳酸氧镧改性生物炭材料的合成及对磷酸盐去除性能

为高效去除废水中过量的磷酸盐为目的，该研究将研究利用艾草生物质与镧溶液共生共热的方法制成具有大量纳米级碳酸氧镧突起的镧基复合生物炭材料，研究了材料投加量、初始磷酸盐浓度、吸附时间、初始溶液pH值和共存离子对其吸附磷酸盐性能的影响及饱和磷吸附镧基复合生物炭材料（La-CB2-P）对生菜种子发芽率的试验。试验结果表明：La-CB2最佳投加量为1 g/L，最佳吸附温度为25 ℃，对磷酸盐的吸附主要为多分子层吸附，Langmuir模型模拟最大吸附容量为126.82 mg/g，并在12h内达到吸附平衡，酸性至中性水环境中La-CB2吸附性能更优，并对碱性水环境的pH值具有缓冲作用，在pH值为3时La³⁺浸出率为7.66%，其他pH值条件下仅为0.029%左右，在磷吸附过程中La-CB2的DOC溶出量随着初始溶液pH值的升高呈先增后减的趋势，在多种共存阴离子中对磷酸盐具有很强的选择性吸附，水体中的腐殖酸会大幅度降低La-CB2对磷酸盐的吸附性能。饱和磷吸附镧基复合生物炭材料（La-CB2-P）能够作为磷缓释肥显著促进生菜发芽，对La-CB2在富营养水体的磷吸附及资源回收提供了大量的理论基础。     

Short-term effects of clearfelling on soil CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes in a Sitka spruce plantation

We examined the effects of forest clearfelling on the fluxes of soil CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O in a Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) plantation on an organic-rich peaty gley soil, in Northern England. Soil CO₂, CH₄, N₂O as well as environmental factors such as soil temperature, soil water content, and depth to the water table were recorded in two mature stands for one growing season, at the end of which one of the two stands was felled and one was left as control. Monitoring of the same parameters continued thereafter for a second growing season. For the first 10 months after clearfelling, there was a significant decrease in soil CO₂ efflux, with an average efflux rate of 4.0 g m⁻² d⁻¹ in the mature stand (40-year) and 2.7 g m⁻² d⁻¹ in clearfelled site (CF). Clearfelling turned the soil from a sink (−0.37 mg m⁻² d⁻¹) for CH₄ to a net source (2.01 mg m⁻² d⁻¹). For the same period, soil N₂O fluxes averaged 0.57 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ in the CF and 0.23 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ in the 40-year stand. Clearfelling affected environmental factors and lead to higher daily soil temperatures during the summer period, while it caused an increase in the soil water content and a rise in the water table depth. Despite clearfelling, CO₂ remained the dominant greenhouse gas in terms of its greenhouse warming potential.     

Elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen fertilisation effects on N2O and CH4 fluxes and biomass production of Phleum pratense on farmed peat soil

The effects of elevated CO₂ supply on N₂O and CH₄ fluxes and biomass production of Phleum pratense were studied in a greenhouse experiment. Three sets of 12 farmed peat soil mesocosms (10 cm dia, 47 cm long) sown with P. pratense and equally distributed in four thermo-controlled greenhouses were fertilised with a commercial fertiliser in order to add 2, 6 or 10 g N m⁻². In two of the greenhouses, CO₂ concentration was kept at atmospheric concentration (360 μmol mol⁻¹) and in the other two at doubled concentration (720 μmol mol⁻¹). Soil temperature was kept at 15 °C and air temperature at 20 °C. Natural lighting was supported by artificial light and deionized water was used to regulate soil moisture. Forage was harvested and the plants fertilised three times during the basic experiment, followed by an extra fertilisations and harvests. At the end of the experiment CH₄ production and CH₄ oxidation potentials were determined; roots were collected and the biomass was determined. From the three first harvests the amount of total N in the aboveground biomass was determined. N₂O and CH₄ exchange was monitored using a closed chamber technique and a gas chromatograph. The highest N₂O fluxes (on average, 255 μg N₂O m⁻² h⁻¹ during period IV) occurred just after fertilisation at high water contents, and especially at the beginning of the growing season (on average, 490 μg N₂O m⁻² h⁻¹ during period I) when the competition of vegetation for N was low. CH₄ fluxes were negligible throughout the experiment, and for all treatments the production and oxidation potentials of CH₄ were inconsequential. Especially at the highest rates of fertilisation, the elevated supply of CO₂ increased above- and below-ground biomass production, but both at the highest and lowest rates of fertilisation, decreased the total amount of N in the aboveground dry biomass. N₂O fluxes tended to be higher under doubled CO₂ concentrations, indicating that increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentration may affect N and C dynamics in farmed peat soil.     

水杨酸对菊芋耐高氯酸盐胁迫的影响

为探究ClO_4~-胁迫下外源水杨酸(salicylic acid, SA)对菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus L.)的生理调节作用,以徐州、潍坊和南京3个不同产地耐盐菊芋为试材,进行液培处理,研究NaClO_4胁迫条件下(50 mmol/L),SA不同时间间隔喷施处理对菊芋幼苗的形态学指标、根系活力和光合作用及抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,ClO_4~-对菊芋幼苗的生长发育可产生不同程度的毒害作用,喷施SA可有效减轻其对植株的胁迫损伤,且不同产地菊芋的变化趋势相似,植物鲜重、叶面积、株高和根长明显改善,叶片中叶绿素含量及荧光参数显著升高,且每天喷施缓解效果最大;而根系活力在间隔1天喷施效果最佳。同时,H_2O_2含量呈现出随SA喷施频率的增加而上升趋势,当喷施间隔为2天时,平均增加47.69%,喷施间隔为1天时平均增量为50.93%,每天喷施时平均增幅达到最大值56.80%;且超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活力得到提高,丙二醛(MDA)及游离脯氨酸含量显著降低(P0.05)。表明SA可通过诱导H_2O_2作为信号分子增强植株耐受ClO_4~-的能力。通过灰色关联度分析可知,喷施SA对ClO_4~-胁迫下叶绿素荧光参数和根系活力影响最大。综上所述,叶面喷施50μmmol/L SA主要是通过影响菊芋叶片和根系,激发H_2O_2调控抗氧化酶活性的变化,参与体内渗透调节来保护植株光合系统和根系活力,降低ClO_4~-胁迫对菊芋的伤害,且每天喷施处理的缓解效果最佳,这为菊芋在ClO_4~-污染土壤中的栽培提供理论指导。     

Relationship between soil CO2 concentrations and forest-floor CO2 effluxes

To better understand the biotic and abiotic factors that control soil CO₂ efflux, we compared seasonal and diurnal variations in simultaneously measured forest-floor CO₂ effluxes and soil CO₂ concentration profiles in a 54-year-old Douglas fir forest on the east coast of Vancouver Island. We used small solid-state infrared CO₂ sensors for long-term continuous real-time measurement of CO₂ concentrations at different depths, and measured half-hourly soil CO₂ effluxes with an automated non-steady-state chamber. We describe a simple steady-state method to measure CO₂ diffusivity in undisturbed soil cores. The method accounts for the CO₂ production in the soil and uses an analytical solution to the diffusion equation. The diffusivity was related to air-filled porosity by a power law function, which was independent of soil depth. CO₂ concentration at all depths increased with increase in soil temperature, likely due to a rise in CO₂ production, and with increase in soil water content due to decreased diffusivity or increased CO₂ production or both. It also increased with soil depth reaching almost 10 mmol mol⁻¹ at the 50-cm depth. Annually, soil CO₂ efflux was best described by an exponential function of soil temperature at the 5-cm depth, with the reference efflux at 10 °C (F₁₀) of 2.6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and the Q₁₀ of 3.7. No evidence of displacement of CO₂-rich soil air with rain was observed.Effluxes calculated from soil CO₂ concentration gradients near the surface closely agreed with the measured effluxes. Calculations indicated that more than 75% of the soil CO₂ efflux originated in the top 20 cm soil. Calculated CO₂ production varied with soil temperature, soil water content and season, and when scaled to 10 °C also showed some diurnal variation. Soil CO₂ efflux and concentrations as well as soil temperature at the 5-cm depth varied in phase. Changes in CO₂ storage in the 0–50 cm soil layer were an order of magnitude smaller than measured effluxes. Soil CO₂ efflux was proportional to CO₂ concentration at the 50-cm depth with the slope determined by soil water content, which was consistent with a simple steady-state analytical model of diffusive transport of CO₂ in the soil. The latter proved successful in calculating effluxes during 2004.     

浮萍对福州平原稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响分析

浮萍是稻田中常见的漂浮在水面的水生植物,具有固氮作用,但是,浮萍对稻田温室气体排放的影响尚不明确.以位于湿润亚热带的福州平原稻田为研究对象,探讨浮萍对该区域稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响,为科学评价、准确编制我国水稻田温室气体排放清单提供基础数据.研究结果表明,观测期内,有萍小区和无萍小区CH4排放范围分别为0.19～26.50 mg·m-2·h-1和1.02～28.02 mg·m-2·h-1,平均值分别为9.28 mg·m-2·h-1和11.66 mg·m-2·h-1,有萍小区CH4排放低于无萍小区(P＜0.01),有萍小区CH4排放高峰比无萍小区约提前1周,高峰期后排放迅速降低;有萍小区和无萍小区N2O排放范围分别为-50.11～201.82 μg·m-2·h-1和-28.93～54.42μg·m-2·h-1,平均值分别为40.29 μg·m-2·h-1和11.93 μg·m-2·h-1,有萍小区N2O排放高于无萍小区(P＜0.05).稻田排干后,N2O排放迅速上升,2个小区N2O排放呈现出相似的规律.有萍小区和无萍小区的CH4与N2O排放的影响因子有所不同.综合考虑CH4和N2O两种温室气体,CH4仍是稻田温室效应产生的主要贡献者,浮萍可降低位于沿海区域的福州平原稻田综合温室效应的17.3％.     

Elevated CO2 stimulates N2O emissions in permanent grassland

To evaluate climate forcing under increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, feedback effects on greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide (N₂O) with a high global warming potential should be taken into account. This requires long-term N₂O flux measurements because responses to elevated CO₂ may vary throughout annual courses. Here, we present an almost 9 year long continuous N₂O flux data set from a free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) study on an old, N-limited temperate grassland. Prior to the FACE start, N₂O emissions were not different between plots that were later under ambient (A) and elevated (E) CO₂ treatments, respectively. However, over the entire experimental period (May 1998–December 2006), N₂O emissions more than doubled under elevated CO₂ (0.90 vs. 2.07 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ under A and E, respectively). The strongest stimulation occurred during vegetative growth periods in the summer when soil mineral N concentrations were low. This was surprising because based on literature we had expected the highest stimulation of N₂O emissions due to elevated CO₂ when mineral N concentrations were above background values (e.g. shortly after N application in spring). N₂O emissions under elevated CO₂ were moderately stimulated during late autumn–winter, including freeze–thaw cycles which occurred in the 8th winter of the experiment. Averaged over the entire experiment, the additional N₂O emissions caused by elevated CO₂ equaled 4738 kg CO₂-equivalents ha⁻¹, corresponding to more than half a ton (546 kg) of CO₂ ha⁻¹ which has to be sequestered annually to balance the CO₂-induced N₂O emissions. Without a concomitant increase in C sequestration under rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, temperate grasslands may be converted into greenhouse gas sources by a positive feedback on N₂O emissions. Our results underline the need to include continuous N₂O flux measurements in ecosystem-scale CO₂ enrichment experiments.     

铁铝氢氧化物对两种土壤和高岭石表面K+和NH4+解吸的影响

Potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) are essential nutrients for plants. Adsorption and desorption in soils affect K+ and NH + 4 availabilities to plants and can be affected by the interaction between the electrical double layers on oppositely charged particles because the interaction can decrease the surface charge density of the particles by neutralization of positive and negative charges. We studied the effect of iron (Fe)/aluminum (Al) hydroxides on desorption of K+ and NH + 4 from soils and kaolinite and proposed desorption mechanisms based on the overlapping of diffuse layers between negatively charged soils and mineral particles and the positively charged Fe/Al hydroxide particles. Our results indicated that the overlapping of diffuse layers of electrical double layers between positively charged Fe/Al hydroxides, as amorphous Al(OH) 3 or Fe(OH) 3 , and negatively charged surfaces from an Ultisol, an Alfisol, and a kaolinite standard caused the effective negative surface charge density on the soils and kaolinite to become less negative. Thus the adsorption affinity of these negatively charged surfaces for K+ and NH + 4 declined as a result of the incorporation of the Fe/Al hydroxides. Consequently, the release of exchangeable K+ and NH +4 from the surfaces of the soils and kaolinite increased with the amount of the Fe/Al hydroxides added. The greater the positive charge on the surfaces of Fe/Al hydroxides, the stronger was the interactive effect between the hydroxides and soils or kaolinite, and thus the more release of K+ and NH + 4 . A decrease in pH led to increased positive surface charge on the Fe/Al hydroxides and enhanced interactive effects between the hydroxides and soils/kaolinite. As a result, more K+ and NH + 4 were desorbed from the soils and kaolinite. This study suggests that the interaction between oppositely charged particles of variable charge soils can enhance the mobility of K+ and NH + 4 in the soils and thus increase their leaching loss.     

模拟CCS技术CO2泄露对C4作物种子萌发的影响

模拟CCS技术CO₂泄露对C₄作物种子萌发的影响,以期为CCS技术CO₂泄露后可能产生的环境影响提供基础性资料。利用CO₂人工气候箱,模拟CCS技术CO₂泄露产生的高浓度CO₂环境,研究在CO₂分别为正常大气CO₂浓度(对照组),10000,20000,40000,80000 mg/kg时,对玉米、高粱、谷子、糜子4种C₄作物发芽率、发芽势以及平均发芽天数的影响。高浓度CO₂对玉米发芽率无明显影响,而高粱、谷子和糜子分别在10000,20000, 20000 mg/kg时发芽率达到最高值;高浓度CO₂对玉米发芽势亦无明显影响,而高粱、谷子和糜子均在20000 mg/kg时发芽势达到最高值;高浓度CO₂对4种C₄作物发芽天数均产生较小影响,其中,对糜子影响较为显著。在不同CO₂浓度范围内对C₄作物种子发芽率分别有促进和抑制作用,促进和抑制作用不是很显著,其中,促进范围1%~5%,抑制范围1%~4%;高浓度CO₂对C₄作物种子发芽势有比较显著的促进作用,较对照组,发芽势的促进范围为9%~16%;高浓度CO₂对4种C₄作物发芽天数均产生较小影响。