外源H2O2对镉胁迫下酸枣幼苗生长及生理特性的缓解效应

通过温室盆栽土培试验,研究不同浓度(0,0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08,0.1,0.3 mmol/L)的外源H_2O_2处理对0.05 mmol/L Cd胁迫下酸枣幼苗生长、光合系统和荧光特性等的影响。结果表明:(1)Cd胁迫下,酸枣幼苗生长受到抑制,经H_2O_2处理后,酸枣幼苗对镉抗性系数、光合绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和气孔导度(G_s)均升高,过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)则出现不同程度的下降;(2)低浓度H_2O_2(≤0.08 mmol/L)处理后,酸枣叶片和根系内抗氧化酶[过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)]活性增强,叶片内1,5—二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(Rubisco)、1,1—二磷酸景天庚酮糖酯酶(SBPase)和1,6—二磷酸果糖醛缩酶(FBAase)活性最高显著上升38.24%,42.15%,84.08%,但转酮醇酶(TKase)活性无显著变化;(3)酸枣叶片内PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和吸收光能用于光化学反应的份额(P)在H_2O_2处理下最大分别提高37.52%,135.95%,53.10%和98.36%,PSⅡ非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)、调节性能量耗散Y(NPQ)、非调节性能量耗散Y(NO)、吸收光能用于天线热耗散的份额(D)、PSⅡ反应中心非光化学耗散的份额(E_x)和双光系统间激发能分配不平衡偏离系数(β/α-1)分别降低34.13%,35.15%,30.26%,35.52,32.30%和53.43%,缓解效果显著,但随着外源H_2O_2喷施浓度的增加,缓解效应有下降趋势。综合分析发现,H_2O_2对酸枣镉毒的缓解作用与其改善酸枣光合作用、维持抗氧化系统高活性和提高PSⅡ光化学效率等多种生理过程有关。其中以0.08 mmol/L H_2O_2提高酸枣的修复效率最佳,可作为植物修复的强化措施。     

外源水杨酸对铝胁迫下菊芋光合特性及耐铝性的影响

以耐铝性较强的南京菊芋和耐铝性较弱的资阳菊芋为对比试验材料,在水培条件下,研究叶面喷施500μmol/L水杨酸(SA)对50μmol/L铝胁迫下菊芋幼苗叶片生长特性、光合特性、抗氧化酶活性及耐铝性的影响。结果表明,经过50μmol/L铝处理21d后,南京菊芋和资阳菊芋均受到一定的抑制,株高、根长及地上部分鲜重、叶绿素含量、最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、最大荧光产量(Fm)及电子转移速率(ETR)显著降低,SOD、POD与CAT呈现相反的变化趋势,显示出2个菊芋品种的耐铝性差异,初始荧光(F)、可溶性蛋白含量、超氧阴离子产生速率(O2-)、游离脯氨酸含量(Pro)以及MDA含量均上升。喷施500μmol/L SA后显著提高菊芋的株高、根长及地上部分鲜重、叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光相关指标、抗氧化酶活性;降低叶片的超氧阴离子产生速率(O2-),可溶性蛋白含量、游离脯氨酸含量(Pro)和丙二醛(MDA)含量呈现上升的变化趋势。通过灰色关联度分析可知,喷施SA对菊芋的叶绿素b、Fm和ETR影响最大;由隶属函数分析得出,每天喷施500μmol/L SA通过提高抗氧化酶活性和光合作用等途径缓解铝胁迫对菊芋造成的伤害,增强菊芋抵抗铝胁迫的能力。     

IAA与KT对菊芋镉富集和生理响应的影响

为探究吲哚乙酸（indole-3-acetic acid,IAA）和激动素（kinetin,KT）对镉胁迫下菊芋（Helianthus tuberosus L.）生理响应及耐镉性的影响,以耐镉型榆林菊芋和镉敏感型成都菊芋为研究对象,设置CK （空白对照,无Cd）、T1（Cd_{300 mg/kg}）、T2（Cd_{300 mg/kg}+IAA_{4 mg/L}）、T3（Cd_{300 mg/kg}+KT_{8 mg/L}）及T4（Cd_{300 mg/kg}+IAA_{4 mg/L}+KT_{8 mg/L}）5个处理组,研究了IAA、KT对镉胁迫下菊芋幼苗生长、抗氧化系统、叶绿素荧光特性及镉富集能力的影响。结果表明：2个产地菊芋T1处理下的株高伸长率、叶面积、根系伸长率及干重较CK组均有所下降;激素喷施后可有效提高叶绿素含量,其中榆林菊芋T4处理最大增幅为162.87%。各组脯氨酸（Pro）含量随处理时间呈上升趋势,2个产地菊芋T4处理的最大增幅分别达223.94％和112.73％;而T4处理MDA降幅大于T2、T3处理。T1处理的抗氧化酶活性总体低于T2~T4处理,各组酶活性随植株生长差距逐渐拉大,共同喷施下3种保护酶活性的增幅较为理想。喷施激素显著提升菊芋的根系活力（p<0.05）,榆林菊芋、成都菊芋T4处理的根系活力分别提高39.00%和9.10%。T4处理条件下菊芋茎髓部的气泡数目远大于T1~T3处理,2个产地植株黑色区域分别扩增142.59%,700.00%。植物激素单一或共同喷施均可促进菊芋根、茎、叶器官对镉的吸收,根部镉含量最高,茎次之,各器官的镉富集系数均大于2,转运系数大于1,菊芋T4处理的镉含量大于T1~T3处理。综上所述,4 mg/L IAA、8 mg/L KT主要通过提升抗氧化酶活性和Pro含量,以维持活性氧自由基（ROS）产生与清除的动态平衡,减轻膜脂的过氧化并提高根系活力等途径帮助菊芋有效应对镉胁迫环境并强化其富集能力,这为菊芋在镉污染地区的栽培及植物修复土壤镉污染研究提供理论指导。     

外源水杨酸(SA)对NaCl胁迫下棉花幼苗生理生化特性的影响

以棉花幼苗为试验材料,在液培条件下,研究叶面喷施0.1mmol/L SA对100mmol/L NaCl胁迫下棉花幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明:每隔一天向叶面喷施0.1mmol/L SA较每天和每隔两天喷施更能显著缓解NaCl胁迫对棉花幼苗造成的伤害,可明显提高抗氧化酶的活性、可溶性蛋白含量和游离脯氨酸含量;降低叶片的超氧阴离子产生速率、H2O2含量以及丙二醛(MDA)含量。但是每天喷施导致过量SA对棉花幼苗盐胁迫的缓解作用显著降低甚至加剧盐伤害。因此,每隔一天喷施SA可以通过提高抗氧化酶活性等途径提高棉花幼苗的抗盐性,减轻和缓解NaCl胁迫对棉花幼苗的伤害。     

花后喷施KH2PO4对灌浆期高温胁迫下小麦根系生理特性及产量的影响

为探究花后叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾(KH₂PO₄)对灌浆期高温胁迫下小麦根系生理特性及产量的影响,本研究设置叶面喷施清水(NT)、清水+灌浆期高温胁迫(NHT)、KH₂PO₄溶液(PT)和KH₂PO₄溶液+灌浆期高温胁迫(PHT)共4个处理,考察了不同处理对小麦根系活力、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、成熟期干物质积累与分配和产量的影响。结果表明,花后喷施KH₂PO₄显著提高了高温前根系活力、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,显著降低MDA含量。高温胁迫处理显著降低了根系活力,但喷施KH₂PO₄的根系活力下降幅度较小,高温后根系内维持了较高的SOD、POD和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,且高温后NHT根系MDA含量显著高于NT,NT显著高于PHT,而PT显著低于PHT。花后喷施KH₂PO₄显著提高了灌浆期旗叶Pn,降低高温对叶片光合能力的危害程度。成熟期PT植株干物质积累量显著高于PHT和NT,后两者间无显著差异,NHT最低,且PT向籽粒分配的干物质量最高。与NHT相比,NT、PHT和PT产量分别提高了17.8%、18.9%和26.7%,喷施KH₂PO₄处理提高产量是由于千粒重的显著提高。综上,花后通过叶面喷施KH₂PO₄能显著延缓灌浆期小麦根系衰老,增强根系耐高温能力,提高成熟期植株干物质积累,降低灌浆中后期高温胁迫对小麦产量造成的损失。本研究为小麦花后喷施KH₂PO₄以减轻灌浆期高温对小麦生产造成的危害提供了一定的理论依据。     

外源NO对Ca(NO3)2胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和抗氧化系统的影响

本研究以黄瓜为试材,采用营养液水培,研究了外源NO对Ca(NO3)2胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和抗氧化酶系的影响.结果显示,在70mmol·L-1的Ca(NO3)2胁迫下,植株生长受到抑制,干重和叶绿素含量显著下降,叶片和根系抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性均升高,膜脂过氧化产物MDA及可溶性 蛋白含量增加.而叶面喷施NO供体SNP显著缓解了Ca(NO3)2胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长的抑制,植株干重显著增加.同时,抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量也有不同程度的上升,MDA含量显著下降.以上表明,NO能够增强黄瓜幼苗对Ca(NO3)2胁迫的耐性.喷施SNP对正常营养液培养的黄瓜幼苗无显著影响.     

La(NO3)3 对盐胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长及抗逆生理特性的影响

为探讨稀土元素镧(La)对牧草盐胁迫伤害的缓解作用, 采用水培法研究了叶面喷施20 mg·L^-1La(NO₃)₃ 对NaCl 胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长及其抗逆生理特性的影响。结果表明: 盐胁迫显著抑制黑麦草幼苗的生长, 提高叶片电解质渗漏率及丙二醛(MDA)、O₂^- 和H₂O₂ 含量, 其作用随盐浓度的增大而增强。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性和抗坏血酸(AsA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸含量随盐浓度增大呈先升后降趋势, 可溶性糖和Na⁺/K⁺比逐渐增大, 质膜H⁺-ATP 酶活性逐渐降低, 过氧化物酶(POD)活性及POD 同功酶数量表达增强。喷施La(NO₃)₃ 处理可降低盐胁迫下黑麦草幼苗叶片的O₂^- 和H₂O₂ 含量, 提高SOD、CAT、POD、APX 和质膜H⁺-ATP 酶的活性及POD 同功酶的表达, 使AsA、GSH、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量及幼苗生物量增加, Na⁺/K⁺比降低。表明La(NO₃)₃ 可通过提高抗氧化系统的活性和积累渗透溶质减轻盐胁迫伤害, 从而提高黑麦草的耐盐性。     

不同碱敏感水稻品种根系对碱胁迫的生理响应策略

为明确碱敏感和耐碱水稻品种幼苗根系响应碱胁迫的生理差异和应对策略,本试验以碱敏感水稻品种‘中花11’和耐碱品种‘宁粳52’为材料,将两种碱性盐(NaHCO3和Na2CO3)按照不同摩尔比混合,设3个碱浓度水平(10 mmol·L–1、20 mmol·L–1和30 mmol·L–1)和3个pH水平(8.65、9.55和10.50),模拟出9种碱胁迫环境,研究碱胁迫对供试水稻幼苗根系生长和相关抗逆生理指标的影响;并用逐步回归分析建立最优回归方程,进而筛选出不同胁迫程度下不同水稻品种响应碱胁迫的关键指标。结果表明:1)碱胁迫条件下‘中花11’的根系生长特征(根系总长度、根系总表面积、根系平均直径、根体积)和根系活力降幅大于‘宁粳52’,根系脂氧合酶(LOX)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、活性氧(O_2~(·-)、H_2O_2)含量均显著高于‘宁粳52’,而根系渗透调节物质[可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)和游离脯氨酸(Pro)]含量、抗氧化酶[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)]活性、还原型抗坏血酸(ASA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量增幅均低于‘宁粳52’。2)在‘中花11’中,20C(碱浓度为20 mmol·L–1, pH 10.50)处理下根系平均直径、根系活力低于30A(碱浓度为30 mmol·L–1, pH 8.65)处理, MDA含量、LOX活性、O_2~(·-)-产生速率、H_2O_2含量显著高于30A处理,即高pH低碱浓度对水稻的伤害大于低pH高碱浓度引起的伤害。3)冗余(RDA)分析表明Na+和pH的增加与供试水稻各生长指标的升高呈负相关,与抗逆生理指标的升高呈正相关。4)逐步回归分析表明,ASA、SS和H_2O_2含量是‘中花11’响应碱胁迫较为敏感的指标;根系平均直径、根系总表面积、根系活力、Pro、SS、SOD、POD和GSH是‘宁粳52’响应碱胁迫较为敏感的指标。综上,碱浓度和pH胁迫均影响了供试水稻根系生长特征和生理特性,在碱化土壤中栽培水稻需要同时考虑碱分组成和pH的影响,不同水稻品种在抵御碱胁迫时会启动不同的防御策略。     

H_2S对低温胁迫下甜樱桃柱头和子房AsA-GSH循环的响应

为了探究H_2S对甜樱桃花器官低温伤害的缓解机理,以甜樱桃品种早大果为试材,分析了不同浓度H_2S供体NaHS对低温胁迫下甜樱桃柱头和子房AsA-GSH循环系统的影响。结果表明,喷施0.02、0.05、0.1 mmol·L~(-1)的NaHS均可降低低温胁迫下甜樱桃柱头和子房超氧阴离子(O_2~-)、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量,显著提高还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量(P0.05),降低氧化型抗坏血酸(DHA)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量,使AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSG比值显著升高(P0.05),以0.05 mmol·L~(-1)NaHS效果最显著;0.02、0.05、0.1 mmol·L~(-1)的NaHS均显著提高低温胁迫下柱头和子房AsA-GSH循环中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)的活性(P0.05),以0.05 mmol·L~(-1)NaHS提高上述酶活性的幅度最大。NaHS的浓度大于0.2 mmol·L~(-1)不再提高低温胁迫下AsA-GSH循环效率;低温胁迫下添加NaHS的同时添加H_2S清除剂HT可解除H_2S的效果。综上所述,喷施适量外源H_2S可有效降低低温胁迫下O_2~-、H_2O,和MDA积累,提高AsA-GSH循环效率,减轻低温对甜樱桃柱头和子房的氧化伤害。本研究结果为明确H_2S缓解甜樱桃花器官低温伤害作用机制以及生产上花期低温伤害预防提供了理论依据。     

Zn胁迫对黑麦草幼苗生长、生理生化及Zn吸收的影响

采用营养液培养法，研究了不同Zn浓度(0，0.25，0.50，1.00，2.00 mmol/L)对黑麦草幼苗生长、过氧化物酶活性、脯氨酸、根系活力及Zn吸收的影响。结果表明，低锌胁迫对黑麦草幼苗生长无抑制，过度锌胁迫(Zn≥2 mmol/L)将降低黑麦草地上部干质量。幼苗叶内游离脯氨酸含量随锌胁迫时间、锌浓度增加而增加。随Zn胁迫时间增加幼苗POD活性先降后升、根系活力先升后降，锌处理的植株地上部POD活性随锌浓度增加先降低，然后增加，而根系活力随锌浓度增加而增加。黑麦草幼苗地上部和根系Zn含量随Zn浓度的增加而增加，当Zn浓度为2.00 mmol/L时，地上部Zn含量最大值为775.0 mg/kg。     

陕西省几种代表性土壤NH4+吸附、解吸动力学特征研究

采用连续液流法测定了五种土壤吸附、解吸ＮＨ＾＋４的动力学性质。研究表明：（１）ＮＨ＾＋４吸附、解吸平衡时间及反应速率，平衡时的吸附、解吸量及吸附平衡常数均随土壤粘粒和ＣＥＣ不同而变化；（２）不同动力学模型及同一模型对不同土壤的拟合性不同。     

受固氮活性制约的蓝藻固氮去铵阻抑及其与生理条件的关系

在不同气体环境中培养的蓝藻Ａｎａｂａｅｎａ７１２０固氮活性各异，Ａｒ＋ＣＯ２中最大，空气中次之，Ａｒ中最小。固氮活性高者去铵阻抑速率大，反之则小。它们对各种生理条件的反应不一样，固氮活性高者，其去铵阻抑速率受氧和氮的抑制小。在氢和氧加合条件下，三种活性的蓝藻去铵阻抑均加快，但活性低者慢而小些。光强减弱或加光合抑制剂时，固氮活性低者去铵阻抑速率显著小于活性高者，而添加外源的蔗糖或丙酮酸时，也是固氮活     

Paddy System with a Hybrid Rice Enhances Cyanobacteria Nostoc and Increases N2 Fixation

Biological nitrogen(N) fixation(BNF) plays a significant role in maintaining soil fertility in paddy field ecosystems. Rice variety influences BNF, but how different rice varieties regulate BNF and associated diazotroph communities has not been quantified. Airtight,field-based ~(15)N_2-labelling growth chamber experiments were used to assess the BNF capacity of different rice varieties. In addition,both the 16 S rRNA and nifH genes were sequenced to assess the influence of different rice varieties on bacterial and diazotrophic communities in paddy soils. After subjecting a rice-soil system to 74 d of continuous airtight, field-based ~(15)N_2 labelling in pots in a growth chamber, the amounts of fixed N were 22.3 and 38.9 kg ha~(-1) in inbred japonica(W23) and hybrid indica(IIY) rice cultivars planted in the rice-soil systems, respectively, and only 1%–2.5% of the fixed N was allocated to the rice plants and weeds. A greater abundance of diazotrophs was found in the surface soil(0–1 cm) under IIY than under W23. Sequencing of the 16 S rRNA gene showed significantly greater abundances of the cyanobacterial genera Nostoc, Anabaena, and Cylindrospermum under IIY than under W23.Sequencing of the nifH gene also showed a significantly greater abundance of Nostoc under IIY than under W23. These results indicate that the hybrid rice cultivar(IIY) promoted BNF to a greater extent than the inbred rice cultivar(W23) and that the increase in BNF might have been due to the enhanced heterocystous cyanobacteria Nostoc.     

N2O and NO fluxes between a Norway spruce forest soil and atmosphere as affected by prolonged summer drought

Global change scenarios predict an increasing frequency and duration of summer drought periods in Central Europe especially for higher elevation areas. Our current knowledge about the effects of soil drought on nitrogen trace gas fluxes from temperate forest soils is scarce. In this study, the effects of experimentally induced drought on soil N₂O and NO emissions were investigated in a mature Norway spruce forest in the Fichtelgebirge (northeastern Bavaria, Germany) in two consecutive years. Drought was induced by roof constructions over a period of 46 days. The experiment was run in three replicates and three non-manipulated plots served as controls. Additionally to the N₂O and NO flux measurements in weekly to monthly intervals, soil gas samples from six different soil depths were analysed in time series for N₂O concentration as well as isotope abundances to investigate N₂O dynamics within the soil. N₂O fluxes from soil to the atmosphere at the experimental plots decreased gradually during the drought period from 0.2 to −0.0 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively, and mean cumulative N₂O emissions from the manipulated plots were reduced by 43% during experimental drought compared to the controls in 2007. N₂O concentration as well as isotope abundance analysis along the soil profiles revealed that a major part of the soil acted as a net sink for N₂O, even during drought. This N₂O sink, together with diminished N₂O production in the organic layers, resulted in successively decreased N₂O fluxes during drought, and may even turn this forest soil into a net sink of atmospheric N₂O as observed in the first year of the experiment. Enhanced N₂O fluxes observed after rewetting up to 0.1 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹ were not able to compensate for the preceding drought effect. During the experiment in 2006, with soil matric potentials in 20 cm depth down to −630 hPa, cumulative NO emissions from the throughfall exclusion plots were reduced by 69% compared to the controls, whereas cumulative NO emissions from the experimental plots in 2007, with minimum soil matric potentials of −210 hPa, were 180% of those of the controls. Following wetting, the soil of the throughfall exclusion plots showed significantly larger NO fluxes compared to the controls (up to 9 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹ versus 2 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹). These fluxes were responsible for 44% of the total emission of NO throughout the whole course of the experiment. NO emissions from this forest soil usually exceeded N₂O emissions by one order of magnitude or more except during wintertime.     

不同铵钾比对高铵下拟南芥地上部和根系生长的影响

钾在缓解植物铵毒害的过程中起着重要的作用。本文研究了高铵(30 mmol/L)条件下,不同铵钾比(7.5︰1和150︰1)对拟南芥(Col-0)主根、侧根以及地上部生长的影响。结果表明:30 mmol/L NH4+条件下,高铵钾比(150)处理显著加重了拟南芥铵毒害现象,地上部和根系生长所受的抑制作用更为明显并导致更严重的氧化胁迫。相比低铵钾比水平,在高铵处理下,高铵钾比使得拟南芥主根伸长量降低57.4%,侧根数量减少33.3%,而地上部鲜重减轻69.9%。DAB(3,3￠-二氨基联苯胺,3,3￠-diaminobenzidine)叶片染色结果表明,不加铵处理下,外源不同钾水平(0.2和4.0 mmol/L)对拟南芥叶片的氧化胁迫作用没有显著差异;而高铵处理下,相比低铵钾比处理,高铵钾比显著增加了叶片中过氧化氢的含量,加重了其氧化胁迫。伊文思蓝(Evans blue,EB)染色结果表明,不加铵处理下,外源不同钾水平对拟南芥地上部和根部的膜透性没有显著差异,而高铵处理下,高铵钾比显著增强了拟南芥地上部和根部的膜透性,表明其对细胞的伤害程度加重。可见,高铵抑制拟南芥根系和地上部生长,高铵钾比则会加重这种抑制,其原因除了高浓度钾能减少植物对铵的吸收外,可能与高铵钾比条件加剧了植物的氧化胁迫有关。因此,适宜的铵钾比在植物应对铵毒害的过程中发挥重要作用。     

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae and phosphorus fertilization on growth, nodulation and N2 fixation (15N) inMedicago sativa at four salinity levels

The rose of an isolate of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungusGlomus mosseae in the protection ofMedicago sativa (+Rhizobium meliloti) against salt stress induced by the addition of increasing levels of soluble salts was studied. The interactions between soluble P in soil (four levels), mycorrhizal inoculum and degree of salinity in relation to plant growth, nutrition and infective parameters were evaluated. Salt stress was induced by sequential irrigation with saline water having four concentrations of three salts (NaCl, CaCl₂, and MgCl₂).¹⁵N-labelled ammonium sulphate was added to provide a quantitative estimate of N₂ fixation under moderate to high salinity levels. N and P concentration and nodule formation increased with the amount of plant-available P or mycorrhizal inoculum in the soil and generally declined as the salinity in the solution culture increased from a moderate to a high level. The mycorrhizal inoculation protected the plants from salt stress more efficiently than any amount of plant-available P in soil, particularly at the highest salinity level applied (43.5 dS m^–1). Mycorrhizal inoculation matched the effect on dry matter and nutrition of the addition in the soil of 150 mg P kg^–1. Nevertheless the highest saline solution assayed (43.5 dS m^–1) affected more severely plants supplemented with phosphorus than those with the addition of mycorrhizal inoculum. Such a saline-depressing effect was 1.5 (biomass), 1.4 (N) and 1.5 (P) times higher in plants supplied with soluble phosphate than with AM inoculum. Mechanisms beyond those mediated by P must be involved in the AM-protectioe effect against salinity. The¹⁵N methodology used allowed the determination of N₂ fixation as influenced by different P applications compared to mycorrhizal inoculation. A lack of correlation between nodule formation and function (N₂ fixation) was evidenced in mycorrhizal-inoculated plants. In spite of the reduced activity per nodule in mycorrhizal-inoculated In spite of the reduced activity per nodule in mycorrhizal-inoculated plants, the N contents determined indicated the highest acquisition of N occurred in plants with the symbiotic status. Moreover, N and P uptake increased while Ca and Mg decreased in AM-inoculated plants. Thus P/Ca ratios and cation/anion balance in general were altered in mycorrhizal treatments. This study therefore confirms previous findings that AM-colonized plants have optional and alternative mechanisms available to satisfy their nutritive requirements and to maintain their physiological status in stress situations and in disturbed ecosystems.     

Nutrient Solution and Nutrient Soil Solution Parameter Evolution in Tomato with Dynamic Fertigation under Saline Conditions

This trial was carried out to study the evolution of the nutrient parameters of the nutrient solution applied to tomato plants (Lycopersicum sculentum Mill. Forteza) cultivated in Mediterranean greenhouse conditions under different fertigation management models. The dynamic model is based on soil water content, which was measured by tensiometers, and on soil solutions obtained with suction cups (porous ceramic cup water samplers). The local traditional method consists of following technical recommendations, and the classical model requires the estimation of Crop Factor (Kc) and knowing the nutrient extraction. Nutrient solution and water applied are functions of the fertigation management criteria. The water used for fertigation was classified as C₄-S₃ according to the Riverside classification system. The cultivation period lasted from 15 August to 20 April. The nutrient parameters studied in nutrient and soil solution were pH, electrical conductivity (EC), nitrate (NO₃ ^?), phosphate (H₂PO₄ ^?), potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), sodium (Na⁺), and chloride (Cl^?). The pH shows similar trends under the different treatments. Electrical conductivity is in the range of 2.8–4.5 dS m^?1. Chloride, sodium, magnesium, and sulfate are exclusively modified by the salt concentration in the irrigation water, so it can be assumed that the three treatments vary equally. Nitrate, potassium, phosphate, and calcium are modified depending on each fertigation management method. Soil solution is modified by the nutrient solution applied. Dynamic management allows low nutrient concentration in the nutrient solution to be maintained and keeps soil nutrient concentration low, reducing fertilizer losses and therefore aquifer contamination.     

NO-3胁迫下K+、Ca2+对黄瓜幼苗膜质过氧化及活性氧清除酶系统的影响

通过水培试验探讨了NO^-₃胁迫下K⁺、Ca²⁺对黄瓜幼苗膜质过氧化及活性氧清除酶系统的影响。结果表明，在相同NO^-₃浓度胁迫7d后， Ca²⁺浓度越大，膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量越高，而K⁺浓度越大，电解质相对渗透率越高，由此说明K⁺、Ca²⁺对细胞膜造成伤害的机理不同。黄瓜幼苗活性氧清除酶系统对K⁺、Ca²⁺的响应亦不同，在一定程度上，K⁺和Ca²⁺ 可提高SOD、POD和CAT活性，保护植物免受自由基伤害，继而可增强植物对逆境的适应能力。