不同灌溉制度下河套灌区玉米膜下滴灌水热盐运移规律

为探明干旱地区膜下滴灌玉米土壤水热盐效应及秋浇洗盐灌溉的效果,该文根据2014—2015年进行的田间试验,分析膜下滴灌不同灌溉制度下生育期土壤水分盐分剖面分布特性、土壤温度变化及对玉米产量品质的影响和非生育期洗盐灌溉(秋浇)效果。结果表明,不同滴灌制度下土壤剖面水分、盐分剖面分布极不均匀,盐分均由膜内向膜外地表裸露区定向迁移,趋于膜外地表积累。膜下滴灌土壤温度受气温、玉米叶面积指数、灌水及土壤含水率共同作用。灌水后各处理土壤温度均剧烈下降,2~3 d后恢复,玉米营养生长阶段控制灌水下限为-30 k Pa最有利于土壤温度积累。玉米生育期各处理膜内0~40 cm不积盐,控制灌水下限为-10 k Pa可有效淋滤0~100 cm土壤盐分,而其他处理对0~100 cm土层盐分的影响差异性短期内不明显,需对不同处理长期膜下滴灌的盐分进一步观测。非生育期洗盐灌溉效果显著,秋浇灌黄河水180 mm后,次年春播前0~100 cm土壤盐分平均下降10.86%~26.14%,剖面分布较均匀。河套灌区膜下滴灌土壤盐分调控建议为生育期滴灌灌溉制度和非生育期洗盐灌溉双重调控。玉米生育期灌水下限建议控制为-30 k Pa,非生育期洗盐灌溉由于河套灌区冻融影响及特殊的水文地质条件,膜下滴灌盐分累积到何种程度洗盐灌溉及具体合理的洗盐灌溉制度还需进一步深入研究。     

旱区垄膜沟灌不同灌水量对土壤水盐及春玉米产量的影响

为了研究垄膜沟灌系统下不同灌水量对河套灌区土壤水盐运移规律及春玉米生长特性的影响,于2019年4—10月在河套灌区曙光试验站开展田间试验,通过布设5个典型灌水量(T1,200 mm; T2,275 mm; T3,350 mm; T4,425 mm; T5,500 mm),深入研究垄膜沟灌土壤水盐运移特征及其对春玉米产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响,尝试寻求轻度盐渍化农田的垄膜沟灌适宜灌水量。结果表明:T4与T5处理0—120 cm土层的土壤贮水量接近,T5处理的玉米耗水量显著高于其他处理。T1～T5处理垄上平均储盐量分别为48.37,26.84,19.34,21.38,22.79 t/hm~2。T1、T2和T5处理垄体储盐量较播种前分别增加27.33,1.54,5.88 t/hm~2,T3和T4分别减少10.04,3.42 t/hm~2,积盐量呈先减少后增加的"V"形变化;200,275 mm灌水量下土壤严重缺水,储盐量高,350 mm处理的土壤水盐环境适宜,WUE最高,且产量与T4和T5处理无显著差异,425,500 mm的深层渗漏大,积盐量有逐渐升高的趋势。因此,在引黄水量减少前提下,河套灌区使用垄膜沟灌350 mm的灌水量可达到节水控盐增产的目标。     

滴灌灌水下限对夹砂层农田土壤水盐分布和玉米生长的影响

为探明滴灌灌水下限对夹砂层土壤水盐分布和作物生长的影响,在河套灌区开展连续2年的田间试验。供试土壤60~100 cm深度为砂土层,供试作物为玉米。基于土壤基质势,设置5个滴灌灌水下限：-10 kPa（S1）,-20 kPa（S2）,-30 kPa（S3）,-40 kPa（S4）和-50 kPa（S5）。结果表明夹砂层显著影响土壤水盐运移。0~60 cm根层含水量较低,而砂层较高;土壤盐分受水分影响,更多聚集在砂层。灌水下限显著影响土壤水盐分布和各层储量,下限越高,根层土壤含水量越高、含盐量越低,而砂层及以下处理间差异不显著。S1、S2和S3处理玉米籽粒产量显著高于S4和S5（P < 0.05）,且前三者之间差异不显著,S3水分利用效率最高。因此,针对河套灌区夹砂层农田,建议膜下滴灌灌水下限为-30 kPa。     

控制暗管排水下土壤剖面水盐分布与变化特征

控制暗管排水可改变土壤水盐运移从而影响灌区盐渍化程度和土壤水分状况。为探讨土壤水盐分布与变化及其受控制排水与间距的影响,以河套灌区义长试验站暗管排水试区为对象,选取玉米生长期内典型灌溉周期开展研究。分析了控制排水及其间距变化下土壤水盐剖面静态分布与动态变化及灌水前后土壤水盐变异特性。结果表明:与自由排水比,控制排水提高了土壤剖面8.27%的相对含水率,增大了灌水期的含水率增幅,减少了间歇期的含水率降幅;控制排水还提高了土壤剖面盐分的分布均匀性,灌后的水平与垂向变异系数分别降低了45.88%和32.55%;同时,控制排水降低了土壤剖面36.73%的盐分含量,增大了灌水期29.17%的剖面脱盐区域,减少了间歇期14.29%的剖面积盐区域。控制排水基础上减少间距降低了灌水期的含水率增幅并增加了间歇期的含水率降幅,提高了灌前土壤盐分的水平分布均匀性却降低了灌后土壤盐分的水平分布均匀性。控制排水较高的盐分分布均匀性和脱盐效率及保墒效应有助于控制土壤次生盐渍化和提高农业用水效率。     

不同农田防护林配置结构下玉米水分来源研究

由于气候条件干旱,合理平衡防护林与农田作物水分需求是河套灌区农田防护林林网体系建设的关键问题。为研究河套灌区典型农田防护林对农田作物水分来源的影响,选择河套灌区3种典型配置的防护林系统,测定并分析附近农田距农田边缘0.3,0.4,0.6,2 H处土壤含水率、土壤和作物茎秆水氢氧同位素值。结果表明：(1)7—9月各农田样地土壤含水率普遍较低,4,5行样地在近林端处土壤含水率均低于远林端处,8行样地各处土壤含水率没有明显差异。(2)各样地土壤水氢氧同位素随着土层深度的增加而贫化,其中,8行样地距农田边缘0.4～0.6 H处40—60 cm土层的土壤出现较大的同位素富集。(3)4行样地内距农田边缘0.3～0.4 H处玉米主要利用40—80 cm土层土壤水,0.6～2 H处玉米利用0—40 cm土层土壤水。5行样地0.3 H处玉米利用20—60 cm土层土壤水,0.4～2 H处玉米利用0—60 cm土层土壤水。8行0.3,2 H处玉米主要利用0—40 cm土层土壤水,0.4～0.6 H处玉米则更多地利用20—80 cm土层土壤水。研究认为,8行配置的防护林对农田作物水分利用范围影响更广,在不影...     

基于ANN技术的大型灌区节水改造后农田水环境预测

为了研究大型灌区节水改造后区域农田水环境的变化及可能引起的环境负效应,该文以中国黄河河套灌区为案例,通过区域水盐动态的监测和多年水文、地下水资料的分析,以三个不同尺度下的试验区为研究对象,用人工神经网络技术中的BP、RBF模型对农田地下水文和土壤水盐变化进行了系统预测,求得中国内蒙古河套灌区在未来不同节水水平下灌区地下水文、土壤水盐的变化趋势,并与传统的有限元数值法和水均衡法的结果进行了对比,得出的预测结果具有一定的合理性和一致性。说明人工神经网络技术在进行复杂系统的模拟预测中显示突出的优势,可获得较好预测效果,适合未来因子变化的区域趋势估计,提出了在气候干旱、土壤盐渍化灌区的科学引水量应存在一个适度的环境安全阀值,可以为大型灌区节水改造提供宏观管理决策依据。     

产芝水库灌区农田水分转化及节水灌溉模式分析

在长期田间试验的基础上,建立了产芝水库灌区典型农田的土壤水分运动模型。结果表明,常规灌溉条件下灌区农田水分的无效渗漏量较大,降水和灌溉与土壤深层渗漏和农田蒸散量之间存在明显的正相关关系。基于作物的土壤水分调节标准,模拟得到灌区不同降水年型的节水灌溉模式,与常规灌溉相比,节水灌溉模式在丰水年可节省水240 mm,平水年140 mm,枯水年为90 mm,并且农田渗漏量显著低于常规灌溉,丰水年、平水年和枯水年的全年平均农田渗漏强度分别减少了0.66、0.35和0.27 mm/d。在作物关键生育期合理控制灌水量,能够保证作物正常需水的同时减少土壤水的无效渗漏,从而提高灌溉水的利用效率。     

河套灌区土壤水盐和作物生长的HYDRUS-EPIC模型分布式模拟

土壤水盐是影响干旱灌区作物产量的主要因素。分布式模型可综合考虑土壤、水文和气象因子在灌区的时空变异特征,为评估区域尺度土壤水盐与作物生长状况提供有效工具。该文以河套灌区解放闸灌域为研究区,根据气象-土壤-作物-灌溉等因子的空间分布特征进行均质单元划分,建立基于一维农业水文模型HYDRUS-EPIC的灌区尺度分布式模型。利用2012年和2013年定点观测数据(土壤水分、盐分、叶面积指数和作物产量)进行模型率定与验证;进一步应用模型以求探明现状灌溉条件下研究区土壤水盐与作物生长状况及存在的问题。结果表明:生育期内灌区根区土壤(0~100 cm)有效饱和度为0.44~0.90,基本满足作物耗水需求;根区土壤溶液平均盐分浓度为3.1~13.5 g/L,相应地作物的相对产量为0.35~1.33,土壤盐分过高成为限制研究区作物产量的主因。为调控根区土壤水盐状况,对地下水深埋区(东北部)需进行灌水量的适宜补充,宜将浅埋区(西北、西南等)地下水平均埋深控制在1.3 m以下。     

土壤水盐与玉米产量对地下水埋深及灌溉响应模拟

引黄水量的削减将进一步加剧宁夏银北灌区农业用水短缺问题,合理应用地下水进行灌溉对保障作物产量具有重要意义。为探究地下水灌溉条件下土壤水盐与作物生长的互馈机制,该研究修正了HYDRUS-1D的土壤蒸发模块,并嵌入可模拟作物生长与产量的EPIC模块,以此提高该模型在农田水文过程模拟中的适用性。采用2008年银北灌区不同水质灌水处理的玉米田间试验数据对模型进行了率定与验证。进一步应用该模型探寻地下水灌溉条件下,土壤水盐动态及玉米产量对地下水埋深变动及灌溉的响应规律。结果表明,玉米产量随地下水埋深增大呈现先增后减趋势,为保障玉米产量应将地下水适宜埋深控制在140~155 cm,且灌水量不宜低于现状灌水量,即玉米生育期内灌3水,每次900 m3/hm2。该研究对干旱银北灌区农业生产具有重要意义。     

灌水量对半干旱区土壤水盐分布特征及冬小麦产量的影响

通过冬小麦小区灌溉试验，研究了灌水量对水分利用效率、土壤水盐分布及冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明灌溉水量决定土壤水分含量高低，随着灌水量的增加，边际土壤含水率先增大后减小，水分利用效率递减，土壤表层含盐量先减小后增加。当表层土壤的含盐量在0.07%~0.09%范围内，产量随着表土含盐量的增加先增大后减小。综合节水、抑盐、高产等因素得出当地淡水灌溉的最优灌水量。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。