陕西省农用地资源禀赋的格局演变及空间分异

了解区域土地资源的禀赋是合理组织土地资源利用的前提和基础,探讨土地资源禀赋的评价并对具体区域的土地资源禀赋进行研究具有十分重要的理论与现实意义。基于2001年-2014年陕西省农用地利用及国民经济发展相关数据,以陕西省11个地市农用地资源为研究对象,从农用地数量、质量、结构和效益4个维度构建指标体系评价陕西省农用地资源禀赋度并揭示其演变过程和空间分异特征。结果表明:（1）陕西省农用地资源禀赋总体发展趋势呈先下降后上升状态且等级格局变动明显,下降幅度最大的是商洛市,上升幅度最大的是铜川市,杨凌示范区农用地资源禀赋度在研究时段内保持最高。（2）陕西省农用地资源禀赋空间分异显著且与陕西省自然地理分区呈耦合关系,关中地区的农用地资源禀赋度最高,其次是陕北地区,陕南地区最低。今后应根据区域特点,采取针对措施,提高区域农用地资源禀赋。     

基于粒子群优化投影寻踪模型的区域土地资源承载力综合评价

为了解决土地资源承载力评价中指标权重赋值客观性差的问题,提出了基于粒子群优化投影寻踪模型的土地资源承载力评价方法,并将其应用于2008年三江平原土地资源承载力综合评价中,结果表明,该方法不仅可有效避免指标赋权时的主观任意性,而且评价结果与实际相符,方法可行有效。评价结果显示,2008年三江平原区域整体土地资源承载力综合评价值为2.621,土地资源的利用对社会的发展和生态环境的保护支撑能力较强,但其对经济技术发展的保障程度较差;三江平原区域内各市县土地资源承载力差异较为显著,应结合区域资源特点,制定科学合理的土地开发利用方案和社会经济发展战略。     

河南省土地资源承载力时空演变分析与预测

为了探究土地资源的合理人口承载量,依据2000—2016年河南省相关数据,运用粮食生产波动指数模型、土地资源承载指数模型、土地资源限制度模型和灰色预测模型GM(1,1),借助ArcGIS软件对河南省总体和分地市土地资源承载力进行动态分析,并对河南省分地市2017—2026年土地资源承载力进行了预测。结果表明:(1) 2000—2016年,河南省总体土地资源承载指数呈现下降趋势,土地资源承载力由平衡有余转变至富裕级别。(2) 2000—2016年河南省分地市中,人口超载类型区集中在豫西山区(三门峡、洛阳和平顶山)以及经济相对发达的郑州和济源;17年间,土地资源承载指数均呈现出"西高东低"的特征;2016年与2000年相比,河南省各地市中土地资源限制度较低的地市数和人口数均减少明显,不受土地资源限制的地市数量增多,其中省会郑州的土地资源限制度由轻度转向中度,呈现恶化趋势,需单独关注。(3) 2017—2026年河南省除郑州和三门峡人口超载外,其余地市的土地资源承载力均呈现逐年上升的趋势,粮食盈余类型区的地市数量稳定,且盈余级别不断优化,表明区域土地资源承载力将会逐步增强,在未来仍满足经济发展需要和具备向省内外人口超载区域大量输出粮食的条件和基础。     

内蒙古中部城市土地利用绩效及其障碍因素

[目的]评价内蒙古中部城市土地利用绩效,并分析其障碍因子,为提高该地区土地利用效率,合理调配和利用土地资源提供科学依据。[方法]结合中国西北部地区自然环境特点,从土地利用结构、土地利用程度和土地利用效益3个方面构建内蒙古中部呼包鄂3个城市土地利用绩效评价体系;运用TOPSIS方法和障碍度模型测算2004—2013年呼包鄂城市的土地利用综合、单项绩效水平和影响呼包鄂土地利用绩效障碍因子。[结果]2004—2013年内蒙古中部城市呼包鄂的土地利用综合绩效总体呈上升趋势,但土地利用绩效具有明显的差异性,呼和浩特市上升较快,包头市较平稳,颚尔多斯市较慢;土地利用结构和土地利用社会效益是主要的障碍因子。[结论]内蒙古中部城市土地利用综合绩效与目标区域的资源禀赋及政策实施密不可分,应加大土地的资本投入,加强城市公共设施建设和土地利用的社会效益,完善和优化土地利用结构以及提高土地利用深度和广度;同时,内蒙古中部城市之间有着密切的经贸和社会联系,其土地利用应从一体化角度去完善,形成产业聚集,促进整体的土地资源优化。     

山东省土地适宜性空间分析及其优化配置研究

基于山东省自然、社会、经济统计资料及图形资料,运用GIS地理空间分析方法,对山东省土地适宜性进行评价,同时对区域土地资源自然质量指数、土地资源综合适宜度、相对适宜度进行研究。通过对适宜评价图和利用现状图的空间叠加,计算、分析了待调整土地资源的多度及重要值。以土地资源空间分析为基础,多度、重要值为依据,进行土地资源空间优化配置。结果表明,优化后农用地减少10994.82 hm²,林牧用地增加13083.56 hm²,未利用地减少1438.83 hm²。     

福建省土地利用隐性形态与土地生态安全耦合协调分析

为了摸清土地利用形态转型的规律,促进绿色经济的发展,以福建省9个设区市为研究对象,采用综合指数模型、耦合协调度模型和地理探测器方法,探讨了福建省土地利用隐性形态时空特征、转型模式并分析其与土地生态安全的耦合协调性特征。结果表明:福建省土地利用隐性形态指数总体呈上升趋势,形态上逐渐往高级发展,沿海城市土地利用隐性形态指数比内陆城市高。研究期内土地利用转型存在阶段性特征,在一定周期内呈现出"S型"的演化态势。土地生态安全水平总体呈波动上升态势,并与地区所处的土地隐性转型模式密切相关,西北内陆地区土地生态水平总体比东南沿海地区高。近15年来福建土地利用隐性形态与土地生态安全耦合协调度均值由0.44上升至0.61,沿海城市协调性高于内陆城市;协调性差异的主要影响因素是土地利用强度、土地产出效益和生态资源禀赋。应当将土地利用隐性形态转型及其与生态安全的协调发展规律应用到土地利用中,因地制宜地施行管理政策,促进城市间协同绿色发展。     

宁安市土地生态脆弱性时空变化分析

开展区域土地生态脆弱性时空变化研究,有助于因地制宜地利用土地资源和保护脆弱生态环境,对区域可持续发展具有重要指导意义。以黑龙江省宁安市为研究区,运用研究区1991年、2000年和2010年3期遥感影像数据,通过景观类型脆弱度指数计算模型,计算了三个时期各个景观类型的脆弱度指数,并运用土地生态脆弱度指数计算模型测算分析了3个时期土地生态脆弱性的变化情况,最后对土地生态脆弱度指数进行普通克里格法插值,得出研究区土地生态脆弱性空间分布情况。结果表明:1991年、2000年和2010年各景观类型的脆弱度由高到低依次为:耕地建设用地其他用地水域草地林地;研究区61.7%的样本区土地生态脆弱度指数增大,中高脆弱区所占全区面积比重不断增加,轻微脆弱区面积比重逐年减少,土地生态脆弱性不断加剧;由1991年、2000年和2010年土地生态脆弱性分布图可知,研究区土地生态脆弱性的分布总体呈现中北部重,外延逐渐减轻,中高脆弱区逐渐扩大的态势。     

四川农村人口土地和经济系统的协调发展及时空演变

本文利用量化分析法和GIS空间分析法,以四川省为例,研究了在快速城镇化背景下,农村人口、土地和经济协调发展的时空变化特征及问题,以探讨农村社会经济可持续发展的出路。研究结果表明:2014年,四川农村人口-土地-经济系统以勉强协调过渡类和良好协调发展类为主,但区域间差异较大,表现为优质协调发展与严重失调衰退现象并存;从时间特征看,2000—2014年农村人口-土地-经济系统协调发展的时序变化较大,轻度失调衰退区和勉强协调过渡区有所减少,良好协调发展区逐渐增多,2000年勉强协调过渡区和良好协调发展区分别占市(州)总数的61.90%和14.29%,到2014年则分别占总数的33.34%和52.38%,而优质协调发展区和严重失调衰退区均无变化,总体呈现良好发展态势;从空间特征看,协调发展度较高的地区主要分布在平原、丘陵地区,山地、高原等自然地理条件较差区域的协调发展度则较低。总体而言,由于受地形地貌、资源禀赋和地理区位等方面的影响,四川各市(州)农村人口、土地、经济发展水平和三者间的协调发展度存在较大差异,应根据区域发展特色与不足,确定农业发展目标和重点,促进农村社会经济的可持续发展。     

江苏省土地利用协调性空间差异研究

土地利用协调性评价对指导区域土地资源可持续利用具有重要意义.本文阐明了土地利用协调性概念,从土地与经济系统、土地与环境系统和土地与丰七会系统3个方面建立土地利用协调性系统评价指标体系,利用主成分分析法确立各指标权重,构建系统协调度、系统发展度和系统综合协调度模型,对江苏省69个评价单元的土地利用协调性及其省域空间差异进行评价.结果表明:江苏省总体土地利用协调性属于中度协调,但各区域间空间差异显著,呈南北向南递减的分异特征及规律;土地利用协调性与经济发展水平呈负相关,表现出郊区高于市区的分异特征及规律;"四沿"产业带地区土地利用协调性空间差异明显.最后结合研究结论提出了部分政策建议.     

江苏省土地利用效益系统耦合相对发展演变研究

社会、经济、生态系统协调共生对区域可持续发展、土地资源合理配置有深刻影响。本文引入耦合度、耦合协调度、相对发展度模型测算江苏省13市2001～2015年土地利用各系统耦合协调及相对发展值,并在此基础上对其时空演变格局进行分析,确定各市土地利用发展类型,同时运用主成分分析法研究区域土地利用效益的驱动因素。结果表明:(1)江苏省土地利用三维系统耦合协调度由2001年的0.1253稳步提升到2015年的0.5193,实现"拮抗-磨合-中度耦合"的跨越且仍有很大的上升空间;(2)苏北、苏中、苏南梯度差异显著,呈现"两极发展"空间格局,总体趋向于协调发展(3)各系统间相对发展度差异显著,社会经济发展趋于同步但总体超前于生态发展,制约因素已由"社会经济"变为"生态制约主导";(4)城市综合建设水平,土地集约利用水平,环境保护治理水平是影响区域土地利用效益的关键因素。最后依据研究确定各市土地利用发展类型及滞后原因,契合江苏省"1+3"重点功能区战略,为城市土地利用发展实施差别化的发展战略提供理论基础与现实依据。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.