基于朴素贝叶斯分类器的棉花盲椿象危害等级识别

针对自然条件下棉花盲椿象危害区域提取和危害等级识别难的问题,提出了棉花盲椿象危害等级自动识别方法。该方法以自然条件下采集的不同盲椿象危害等级棉叶图像为对象,利用最大类间方差阈值分割和多颜色分量组合方法进行作物与土壤分离和病斑分割,并利用分水岭分割方法对粘连棉叶进行分离并提取盲椿象危害棉叶区域,提取图像的颜色、纹理和形状特征,结合朴素贝叶斯分类器,依据划分的棉花盲椿象危害等级标准,对盲椿象危害等级进行识别。不同盲椿象危害等级识别试验结果表明:该模型平均识别正确率达90.0%,通过比较试验表明,该模型在识别精度比BP神经网络高2.5%,运行速度比支持向量机高11.7%,可较好的对棉花盲椿象危害等级进行识别,可为棉花盲椿象的防治提供技术支持。     

基于显著和模糊检测的浅景深作物病害图像分割

大多数现有的基于图像的作物病害诊断方法往往对输入图像的质量具有很高的要求,例如要求背景简单、大景深等等。因此这些方法的预处理过程中需要去除复杂背景,然而这个预处理较难获得理想的结果。此外,当作物病斑面积较小时,会使得获取的图像景深较浅,也导致了这些方法难以抽取精确的病斑区域。为了解决上述问题,该文提出一种利用目标检测来分割病斑图像的方法。首先,该方法对抽取的结构特征和颜色特征进行整合并对特征空间进行量化,从而得到作物病害图像的显著区域。该方法不需要进行去除复杂背景的预处理过程即可得到病斑区域的图像;同时,为了处理浅景深的病害图像,引入了模糊检测方法用以进一步过滤背景和模糊区域的图像。试验中利用多种黄瓜和水稻病害的图片,将该方法与阈值法、图切割法进行了对比,结果表明该方法在效率不明显降低时,其分割效果明显优于阈值法;在分割效果差异不大时,其运行效率明显高于图切割方法;同时,该方法能够对浅景深的作物病害图像的病斑区域进行有效的分割。     

基于显著和模糊检测的浅景深作物病害图像分割（英文）

大多数现有的基于图像的作物病害诊断方法往往对输入图像的质量具有很高的要求,例如要求背景简单、大景深等等。因此这些方法的预处理过程中需要去除复杂背景,然而这个预处理较难获得理想的结果。此外,当作物病斑面积较小时,会使得获取的图像景深较浅,也导致了这些方法难以抽取精确的病斑区域。为了解决上述问题,该文提出一种利用目标检测来分割病斑图像的方法。首先,该方法对抽取的结构特征和颜色特征进行整合并对特征空间进行量化,从而得到作物病害图像的显著区域。该方法不需要进行去除复杂背景的预处理过程即可得到病斑区域的图像;同时,为了处理浅景深的病害图像,引入了模糊检测方法用以进一步过滤背景和模糊区域的图像。试验中利用多种黄瓜和水稻病害的图片,将该方法与阈值法、图切割法进行了对比,结果表明该方法在效率不明显降低时,其分割效果明显优于阈值法;在分割效果差异不大时,其运行效率明显高于图切割方法;同时,该方法能够对浅景深的作物病害图像的病斑区域进行有效的分割。     

基于MDMP-LSM算法的黄瓜叶片病斑分割方法

在复杂背景中有效分割作物病斑是解决作物病害识别的关键问题。针对这一问题,该文提出了一种全新的多域多相水平集方法。利用病斑在空间位置上处于叶片轮廓内的特点,构造出基于内部顺序的多相水平集模型。为了加强该模型对复杂背景下作物叶片病斑的分割能力,首次在该模型中引入多个空间域,构造出新的多域多相水平集模型,使内外水平集函数分别在不同空间域中进行演化。试验结果平均分割准确率为93.3%,较好地从复杂背景图片中提取出病斑,为病害诊断奠定了基础。     

改进自适应分水岭方法分割棉花叶部粘连病斑

针对棉花叶部病斑相互之间存在粘连问题,该文提出了一种自适应分水岭分割方法。该方法在H-minima分水岭分割方法基础上,结合最小二乘圆法误差理论,对图像中每个连通分量进行最小二乘圆拟合,并计算最小二乘圆误差值,通过最小二乘圆误差值大小判断每个连通分量的轮廓不规则度,针对不同轮廓不规则度确定H-minima变换的极小值阈值,根据不同极小值阈值实现棉花叶部粘连病斑的分水岭分割。不同数量粘连病斑分割试验结果表明:该方法实现了棉花叶部粘连病斑数量从2个粘连至5个粘连病斑的自动分割,分割准确率为91.25%,平均运行时间为0.088 s。不同分割方法对比结果显示:该方法能实现对棉花轮纹病、褐斑病、炭疽病、叶斑病和棉铃疫病共5种病害的粘连病斑自动分割,并将距离分水岭分割方法、梯度分水岭分割方法、标记分水岭分割方法、Chan-Vese方法、高斯混合方法与该文方法比较,正确分割率分别为67.8%、36.4%、83.7%、70.3%、82.1%、93.5%,该方法优于其他5种分割方法,有效抑制了过分割问题;在复杂背景、光照不均匀、病斑大小不一致等复杂条件下,该文方法也能较好地实现粘连病斑的分割。该方法不仅能对棉花叶部粘连病斑自动分割,也能为其他作物叶片粘连病斑分割提供参考。     

基于逻辑回归算法的复杂背景棉田冠层图像自适应阈值分割

棉田冠层覆盖度是监测棉田棉花长势的重要指标,针对棉田复杂环境中冠层图像难以准确分割的问题,该文提出了一种基于逻辑回归算法的复杂背景棉田冠层图像自适应阈值分割方法。首先将棉田冠层图像像素分成叶片冠层和地表背景2类,在HSV颜色空间中分别提取两类像素的H通道值,在RGB颜色空间中分别提取绿色占比值(G/(G+R+B))作为颜色特征;再利用逻辑回归算法确定出各颜色特征的分割阈值,通过H通道分割阈值实现图像的初次分割;再对初次分割结果中的低亮像素使用逻辑回归算法计算出的超绿特征阈值进行低亮像素分割,同时采用绿色占比分割阈值对图像高亮像素及低亮像素分割结果整体实现二次分割,最后采用形态学滤波方法对分割结果进行优化。为评价该分割方法,利用从新疆棉花产区采集到的320幅棉田冠层图像进行试验。结果表明,该方法可在棉田复杂自然背景下,有效分割出棉田冠层区域,平均相对目标面积误差率仅为5.46%,总体平均匹配率达到93.07%;优于超绿特征OTSU分割方法(平均相对目标面积误差率11.78%,总体平均匹配率76.43%)、四分量分割方法(平均相对目标面积误差率24.11%,总体平均匹配率71.67%)、显著性分割方法(平均相对目标面积误差率36.92%,总体平均匹配率66.92%)。该方法的平均处理时间为4.63 s,相对于超绿特征OTSU法(3.84 s)和四分量分割法(2.56 s),耗时多一些,但与显著性分割法(6.25 s)对比,花费时间要少。研究结果可为棉田自然复杂环境下机器视觉技术监测棉花覆盖度提供一种有效途径。     

基于水平集的作物病叶图像分割方法

针对具有复杂背景的作物病叶图像中的叶片提取问题,提出了一种基于先验信息的水平集模型。首先,在LBF模型中引入纹理信息——结构张量,构造新的水平集模型;其次,采用水平集方法表示目标叶片形状,并将先验形状信息以能量泛函的表达形式引入到上述新的水平集模型中,得到新的基于先验信息的水平集模型;最后,利用该模型对具有复杂背景的黄瓜病叶图像进行分割。结果表明,该方法能准确地提取具有复杂背景黄瓜病叶图像中的病叶,为后续的病斑提取、识别和诊断奠定前期基础。     

基于卷积神经网络的温室黄瓜病害识别系统

基于图像处理和深度学习技术,该研究构建了一个基于卷积神经网络的温室黄瓜病害识别系统。针对温室现场采集的黄瓜病害图像中含有较多光照不均匀和复杂背景等噪声的情况,采用了一种复合颜色特征(combinations of color features,CCF)及其检测方法,通过将该颜色特征与传统区域生长算法结合,实现了温室黄瓜病斑图像的准确分割。基于温室黄瓜病斑图像,构建了温室黄瓜病害识别分类器的输入数据集,并采用数据增强方法将输入数据集的数据量扩充了12倍。基于扩充后的数据集,构建了基于卷积神经网络的病害识别分类器并利用梯度下降算法进行模型训练、验证与测试。系统试验结果表明,针对含有光照不均匀和复杂背景等噪声的黄瓜病害图像,该系统能够快速、准确的实现温室黄瓜病斑图像分割,分割准确率为97.29%;基于分割后的温室黄瓜病斑图像,该系统能够实现准确的病害识别,识别准确率为95.7%,其中,霜霉病识别准确率为93.1%,白粉病识别准确率为98.4%。     

基于粗糙集和BP神经网络的棉花病害识别

为了提高棉花病害的识别率,提出了一种在自然环境条件下基于粗糙集和BP神经网络的棉花病害识别方法。该方法以轮纹病、角斑病、褐斑病和盲椿象为研究对象,将病害棉花图像从RGB颜色空间转换到HSI和L*a*b*颜色空间,应用Otsu算法对H分量、a*分量和b*分量进行阈值分割,通过H+a*+b*分量与原始图像的交集提取棉花病斑区域,利用颜色矩和灰度共生矩阵分别提取病斑的颜色和纹理特征,并结合粗糙集理论和BP神经网络,实现特征向量的优选,和棉花病害的识别。通过比较试验发现,粗糙集理论能有效减少特征维数,使提取的全部特征向量16个减少到5个,使BP神经网络的训练时间缩短到原来的1/4,且棉花病害平均识别正确率达到92.72%。研究结果表明,该方法准确识别了4种棉花病害,为棉花病害的防治提供了有效的技术支持。     

基于高斯分布的改进C-V模型植物病斑彩色图像分割

为了使C-V模型能够准确快速分割植物病斑图像,该文引入高斯混合模型来构建C-V模型,针对基于加权颜色信息的C-V模型处理时间长,R、G、B通道能量系数难确定等问题,结合高斯混合模型和C-V模型对病叶图像进行分割。先选中病斑区域中一点,以其3×3邻域像素均值作为C-V模型中曲线的内部能量均值;利用高斯混合模型对病斑图像建模,并采用高斯混合模型先验概率初始化C-V模型的水平集函数;最后分别以图像R、G、B通道中目标和背景像素均值的比例作为3个通道的权值,演化水平集函数的分割曲线。试验结果表明,该方法能够有效地分割出植物病斑,并在分割性能上优于基于加权颜色信息的C-V模型及传统C-V模型。本文的研究结果可为植物病斑分割提供参考。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.