脉宽调制变量控制喷头雾化性能及风洞环境雾滴沉积特性

脉宽调制(pulse width modulation, PWM)技术是实现变量喷雾的重要手段,其工作参数与环境条件决定着施药的精准性。为探究PWM变量喷头雾化及风洞环境沉积特性,该文研制了脉宽调制变量喷雾系统,以农业施药常用空心圆锥雾化喷头喷雾的雾化、沉积特性为研究对象,在IEA-II型常规风速风洞内,通过点阵式放置电容式雾滴沉积传感器测定计算雾滴沉积与沉积评价指数(deposition evaluation index,DEIX),并利用Spraytec雾滴粒径仪测试其雾滴体积中径(volume median diameter,VMD)和雾滴相对分布跨度(relative span,RS)。试验结果表明:占空比在10%～40%间,随占空比增大,雾滴体积中径呈减小趋势,与占空比10%时相比,占空比40%时的雾滴体积中径下降了7.9%;PWM占空比60%时分布跨度最小,较占空比20%时雾滴分布跨度下降9.52%,雾滴谱最窄,获得的雾滴粒径分布最集中。雾滴沉积方面,风速1 m/s条件下,雾滴主要沉积在距喷头3.3 m内,此范围内沉积量占总沉积量的95.7%,当风速超过3 m/s时,在气流作用下,雾滴沉降距离增大,导致雾滴运动偏离施药靶标区域。PWM占空比增加,雾滴沉积评价指数DEIX值降低,雾滴的飘移率增大;相同工况下,风速及喷头高度越大,DEIX越小,施药雾滴越易飘移。该研究可为农业田间实际生产中脉宽调制变量施药技术应用及其工况参数的选择提供依据,为PWM变量调节装置的进一步优化提供研究基础。     

基于高频电磁阀的脉宽调制变量喷头喷雾特性

为探究基于高频电磁阀的变量喷雾特性,该研究采用高频、对信号快速响应的电磁阀设计了高于20 Hz的脉宽调制(pulse width moderation,PWM)变量喷雾系统;针对农业施药作业上常用ST标准扇形和IDK防飘喷头,测试了不同频率和占空比对流量、雾滴粒径、雾化过程、纵向沉积分布均匀性的影响。结果表明,在高频下,流量与占空比呈线性关系,随着频率的增大,流量线性区间减小,增大压力和频率,可以有效增大流量调节倍数,30 Hz时最大可达10倍;PWM喷雾时,瞬间雾滴粒径发生周期性变化,增大频率,雾滴体积中值中径(volume medium diameter,VMD)平均值受占空比的影响变小,占空比增大,VMD有减小的趋势,对于ST110-02号喷头各频率下VMD从占空比20%~100%下降了100μm;沉积试验中,频率和占空比都会影响沉积均匀性,对于IDK120-04号喷头,占空比为40%时,30 Hz下的C.V(coefficient of variation)值较15Hz减小了6.07%;15 Hz时,IDK120-02和04号喷头在占空比40%到100%变异系数分别下降了11.75%和18.31%;30 Hz时,两喷头在占空比40%到100%变异系数分别下降8.72%和12.24%,并且,ST喷头沉积均匀性优于IDK喷头。该研究为高频电磁阀在PWM变量施药系统中的应用及参数选择提供理论基础。     

用大喷头脉宽调制间歇喷雾提高沉积率的试验研究

为了得到合适的雾滴细度,提高雾滴运动速度,从而提高农药喷施沉积率,该文提出一种基于脉冲宽度调制 （pulse width modulation, PWM）间歇喷雾的沉积率提高方法。试验设置3种流量控制方法（改变液压控制流量;PWM间歇喷雾控制流量以及结合脉宽调制、喷头尺寸和液压调节共同控制流量）,采用4组试验对雾滴粒径和速度的影响规律进行研究。研究结果表明,使大喷头在提高工作压力的情况下间歇喷雾,通过系统调节喷雾占空比、压力和喷头大小,可在流量得到控制的同时,产生合适的粒径谱,雾滴速度得到提高,从而改善雾滴沉积率。     

基于LIDAR技术的喷雾量三维空间分布测试方法

为解决喷雾量分布测试中耗时长、工序繁琐、无法进行实时动态三维空间分布测量的问题,该研究开发了一种基于激光雷达探测技术的喷雾量三维空间分布的测试方法。针对植保作业过程中常用的空心圆锥雾、防飘空心圆锥雾、扇形雾和防飘扇形雾4类共7种喷头,采用喷雾量实测方法对距离喷头50 cm处雾流区截面的雾量分布进行测试;利用十六线激光雷达对雾流区进行三维探测,实时获取喷雾量点云数据信息,通过数据包解析、仿射矩阵空间转换、坐标系解算获取点云坐标及密度,并利用神经网络将喷雾量实测结果与激光雷达测试结果进行拟合。结果显示,7种喷头训练集拟合相关系数r≥0.995,验证集r≥0.935,测试集r≥0.877,扇形雾喷头总体拟合相关系数r≥0.990,证明激光雷达探测是一种可行且准确的喷雾量分布测试方法;进一步对各喷头喷雾量点云数据进行分层网格化计算得到雾流区三维空间雾滴分布特征,结果表明3种圆锥雾喷头空心段长度大小依次为ITR、TR和HCI喷头,IDK喷头等距离喷雾截面积均大于LU喷头。该方法可准确地完成三维空间喷雾量化分析,同时也可为喷雾设备雾化质量检测、室内和田间雾滴飘移测量、植保机械田间快速调校及作业质量在线监测提供一种新思路。     

背负式喷雾器变量喷雾控制系统设计与特性分析

为了实现背负式喷雾器的变量喷雾,该文采用频率为8kHz、占空比可调的方波信号控制微型电动隔膜泵,通过改变隔膜泵直流电机导通和关断时间,实现了基于脉宽调制(pulse width modulation,PWM)技术的背负式喷雾器变量喷雾调节控制,并研究了此种变量控制系统的喷雾特性。结果表明:喷雾量随着占空比的增大而增大,但增大率逐渐减小,最小喷雾量为0.66L/min,最大喷雾量为1.13L/min。随着占空比的增大,喷雾量逐渐增大,雾量分布显著向两边区域分散,喷雾角也呈现平缓增大的趋势,最低值41.53o,最高值为61.78o。雾滴粒径随占空比的增大逐渐减小,但基本维持在100～135μm之间。雾滴速度随占空比的增大逐渐增大,喷雾速度场基本呈现由上而下逐渐减小的趋势,中间喷雾速度明显大于两边。随着占空比的变化,喷雾质量的变化仍在可采用的范围,该变量喷雾控制系统工作性能稳定可靠,可操作性好,与背负式喷雾器相兼容,能有效应用于农业生产。     

压力及孔径对管道喷雾空心圆锥雾喷头雾滴参数的影响

雾滴参数是衡量喷雾效果的重要指标。为研究管道喷雾设施中喷雾压力与喷头孔径的改变对果园用空心圆锥雾喷头雾滴参数的影响,通过喷雾性能综合试验平台和激光粒度仪,测量3种孔径的空心圆锥雾喷头在8种压力下的雾滴颗粒群的散射谱,获得了雾滴参数随压力和孔径的变化规律,给出了各工况下的雾滴谱曲线,分析了雾滴粒径的大小、分布和均匀性,建立了基于压力和孔径的雾滴参数模型。结果表明:压力越大,孔径越小,雾滴越细小越均匀;数据拟合误差均小于0.012;雾滴均较细小且较均匀,主要以气溶胶的形式存在;主要是粒径小于40μm的雾滴(79.659%~93.374%);雾滴谱峰值均在30μm附近出现;压力大于0.80 MPa后喷雾效果更好,其中体积中值粒径(volume median diameter,VMD)为30.610~31.632μm,雾滴很细小,扩散比(diffusion ratio,DR)为0.901~0.916,雾滴很均匀,VMD和DR均随压力呈二次多项式变化规律(R~2均大于0.968),VMD和DR与孔径和压力均有良好的二元线性关系(R~2分别为0.928和0.937)。研究结果验证了研发管道恒压喷雾装置的重要性,为喷头选型,管道恒压喷雾装置的优化、喷雾压力的设定和喷雾效果的优化提供了参考。     

双极性接触式航空机载静电喷雾系统荷电与喷雾效果试验

该文针对航空施药植保无人机设计了双极性接触式航空机载静电喷雾系统,分别对该系统喷施静电油剂和水的荷电与雾化效果进行了测试。将该航空静电喷雾系统搭载于3WQF120-12型油动单旋翼植保无人机喷施静电油剂,并使用该植保无人机自带喷雾系统分别喷施静电油剂和常规水基化药剂,对比了3种施药方式的沉积分布均匀性和对小麦蚜虫、锈病的防治效果。试验结果表明:当喷雾液为水时,静电喷雾系统的静电电压和极性不会改变水的雾滴谱;当喷雾液为静电油剂时,正电荷使雾滴粒径减小,负电荷使雾滴粒径增大,且静电喷头的雾滴相对粒谱宽度随静电电压的增加而增大;喷雾液的荷质比与静电电压正相关,相同静电电压和输出电极下水的荷质比大于静电油剂,同一静电电压下负输出雾化喷头药液的荷质比高于正输出。小麦大田试验表明:使用静电喷雾系统喷施静电油剂的雾滴沉积分布均匀性最好,其单位面积沉积量为0.048 6?g/cm2,沉积量的标准偏差为0.015?g/cm2,变异系数为30.43%;使用无人机自带喷雾系统喷施静电油剂和常规水基化药剂的单位面积沉积量分别为0.051 3和0.035 6?g/cm2,标准偏差分别为0.019和0.016?g/cm2,变异系数分别为42.57%和45.54%;喷施静电油剂的2个处理对麦蚜和锈病的防治效果和药效期均明显高于水基化药剂,使用静电喷雾系统的测试在药后7 d对蚜虫防治效果为87.92%,明显高于无人机自带喷雾系统喷施静电油剂76.43%的防治效果。该静电喷雾系统配合喷施静电油剂可提高沉积分布均匀性,增加防治的持效期和效果。     

基于双目视觉的葡萄园变量喷雾控制系统设计与试验

为提高果园喷雾装备的精准化并提高农药利用率,该研究基于3WF-400Z型风送式果园喷雾机,设计了一套葡萄园自动变量喷雾控制系统。系统选用双目相机实时探测葡萄叶幕深度并结合喷雾机前进速度计算冠层体积,通过脉宽调制(Pulse Width Modulation,PWM)控制各电磁阀占空比实现药液的变量喷洒。提出冠层体积计算方法并在葡萄园中进行体积探测精度试验,相机探测结果与手动测量结果的线性拟合决定系数为0.933。通过试验标定确定流量调控模型,在静态条件下对控制系统的变量喷雾一致性进行测试,试验结果表明,冠层体积大于0.036m3时单喷头实际流量与理论流量的线性拟合决定系数为0.990。田间变量喷雾试验结果表明,与常量喷雾相比,所设计的变量喷雾系统在保证药液覆盖率和沉积量基本不变的情况下,可以在一定程度上细化雾滴直径并增加雾滴密度,其中雾滴的数量中值直径(Number Median Diameter,NMD)和体积中值直径(Volume Median Diameter,VMD)分别减小了87.71和182.79μm,雾滴密度增加了79.31个/cm2,左、右两侧喷头的实际喷雾流量与理论预测流量的线性拟合决定系数分别为0.897和0.877,表明实际喷雾流量与理论预测流量具有较强的相关性。实际喷雾流量与冠层体积的总体变化趋势基本一致,变量喷雾模式下的用药量节省了约55.27%,表明所设计的变量喷雾控制系统可以根据冠层体积实现变量喷药。该研究可为果园病虫害防治提供新方法与新装备,为实现果园精准变量喷雾提供理论与方法参考。     

基于叶墙面积的果树施药量模型设计及试验

变量喷雾技术是提高喷雾效果、降低农药使用率的有效手段,而准确的树冠特征参数检测及施药量模型是其关键。为克服果园变量喷雾中果树特征参数检测效率低和对环境要求高的缺陷,该文通过LiDAR(light detection and ranging)检测技术获取表征树冠特征参数的叶墙面积LWA(leaf wall area),并利用图像处理技术计算树冠参数参考值。为了表征树叶密度和LWA对变量喷雾的共同影响效果,研究基于LWA的决策系数KLWA,KLWA由反映果树冠层分区内点云在水平方向平均深度下的分布密度K1和分区内点云分布高度极差占分区高度的比值K2加权决定。通过计算垂直方向各分区内决策系数KLWA,并代入流量函数可得出基于KLWA的施药量计算模型,进一步计算电磁阀PWM占空比并调节水泵和电磁阀的工作状态,使喷头的流量对应冠层各区得到动态调整,实现基于LWA的变量喷雾。利用自制的室外变量喷雾验证装置,进行了多喷头变量喷雾试验,试验结果表明,果树的药液附着率均接近100%,说明基于LWA的变量喷雾模型可实现有效喷雾,与连续喷雾相对比,基于LWA的变量喷雾施药量模型的省药率为68.34%,与纯对靶定量喷雾比,基于LWA的变量喷雾施药量模型的省药率为32.77%。     

静电喷雾的多喷头雾化特性及田间试验

针对传统喷杆喷雾机作业时需水量大、叶片背面雾滴沉积量不足和雾滴分布不均匀等问题,该研究提出一种静电喷雾与喷杆喷雾相结合的施药技术。为探究静电喷杆喷雾机的最佳工作参数,明确不同参数对雾滴雾化效果的影响,利用Fluent软件建立了流场、离散雾场和空间电场耦合仿真模型。仿真试验结果表明,多喷头的空间电场分布均匀性优于单喷头,静电喷雾的雾滴体积中径比非静电喷雾减小12.7%。搭建静电喷雾试验平台,以喷雾水压、充电电压和喷头间距为试验因素,以雾滴的荷质比、粒径、分布均匀性和沉积量为试验指标进行雾滴的荷电特性和沉积特性试验。试验结果表明,多喷头喷雾的雾滴荷质比最大值为0.26 mC/kg,比单喷头喷雾提高52.9%,雾滴均匀性变异系数比非静电喷雾减小32.1%,体积中径减小14.8%,上、中、下层叶片正面的雾滴附着率分别提高27.1%、37.3%和45.2%;静电喷雾的最佳作业参数组合为充电电压6 kV、喷雾水压0.4 MPa和喷头间距250 mm。田间试验表明,静电喷头与常规喷头喷雾施药的病虫害防治效果基本一致,静电喷头的施药用水量减少了60%。在满足防控效果的前提下,静电喷雾能增加雾滴在植株下层和叶片背面的沉积量,有效减少田间作业的需水量,研究结果可为静电喷雾技术在大型喷杆喷雾机上的应用提供参考。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。