基于株心颜色的玉米田间杂草识别方法

根据3～5叶苗期玉米植株的生长特征及其株心所具有的颜色特征,提出了一种利用玉米植株的株心颜色特征识别玉米田间杂草的方法。玉米植株叶片的颜色是深绿色,而株心区域的颜色是浅绿色,该特征可由反映颜色深浅程度的饱和度指标表达。玉米植株的中心区域具有最大的饱和度值,该特性可用于在利用绿-红指标分割土壤背景后玉米植株的中心区域的提取。对分割后的绿色植株前景而言,与提取的株心区域相连通的区域是玉米植株,反之,非连通区域为杂草。试验结果表明：玉米植株和杂草的正确识别率平均为88%和84%,识别一帧720×576象素的图像的平均时间 120 ms。玉米植株的正确识别率主要受中心区域的完整度影响,而杂草的正确识别率主要受玉米和杂草叶片重叠程度的影响。     

基于生长模型的玉米三维可视化研究

为了实现对玉米形态结构的定量化和可视化描述，提出了基于生长模型的玉米形态模拟及三维可视化的技术框架。通过资料收集和田间观测研究，构建了可描述不同玉米品种叶片、叶鞘和节间等器官的主要形态结构参数随叶序变化的形态知识模型。在玉米生长模型框架内，整合玉米形态知识模型和基于形态特征参数的器官几何模型，使玉米生长模型可输出玉米拓扑结构和各器官的形态特征参数，实现了对玉米形态建成过程的定量化模拟，并进一步驱动几何模型进行玉米植株和冠层的三维重建。根据上述“生长模型-形态模型-数学模型-显示模型”的思路，模拟了玉米“农大108”的三维形态建成过程及冠层的三维形态，具有较强的真实感，为玉米形态结构研究提供了新的思路和手段。     

基于t分布函数的玉米群体三维模型构建方法

为利用少量实测数据快速构建能够反映因品种、环境条件、栽培管理措施等因素产生形态结构差异的玉米群体三维模型,提出基于t分布函数的玉米群体三维模型构建方法。通过实测数据构建主要株型参数的t分布函数,在其约束下生成群体内各植株主要株型参数,通过构造株型参数相似性度量函数调用玉米器官三维模板资源库中的器官几何模板,结合人工交互或图像提取的各植株生长位置与植株方位平面角2组群体结构信息生成玉米群体几何模型。利用三维数字化仪获取的玉米群体田间原位三维数字化数据所构建玉米群体计算得到的LAI与该方法构建玉米群体计算得到的LAI进行对比验证,结果表明:该方法所生成玉米群体叶面积指数与原位三维数字化数据所构建玉米群体计算得到的LAI相比,误差在±2%以内,可以满足面向可视化计算的玉米结构功能分析研究需求。方法可为玉米株型优化设计、耐密性鉴定、品种适应性评价等虚拟试验研究提供技术手段。     

基于双目立体视觉的番茄定位

为提高番茄采摘机器人视觉系统的定位精度,该文提出了一种基于组合匹配方法及深度校正模型的双目立体视觉测距方法。该方法在形心匹配的基础上,将形心匹配得到的视差值作为区域匹配时设定视差范围的参考值。这样可以减小区域匹配计算量及误匹配的概率。区域匹配后,利用三角测距原理得到番茄区域对应的深度图,并将区域的深度均值作为其深度维的坐标。试验发现定位误差与测量距离间具有很好的线性相关性。通过回归分析,建立了线性回归模型,并对深度测量结果进行校正。结果表明,工作距离小于650mm时,定位误差约为-7～5mm,工作距离小于1050mm时,定位误差约为±10mm,可满足番茄采摘机器人视觉系统在大多数采摘作业环境下的工作要求。     

基于Leap Motion的虚拟农作物人机交互系统设计

传统的虚拟植物人机交互系统一般运行在特定的操作系统或者移动平台上,而交互方式多是通过鼠标键盘进行人机交互,需要用户输入较为繁琐的参数和命令,导致系统用户缺乏良好的交互体验。针对上述情况,该本文基于云计算和体感交互技术,设计开发了虚拟农作物体感交互系统。系统先在云端计算生成虚拟农作物的三维模型,并将这些模型保存在云端。随后,由系统前端的Leap Motion体感控制器采集用户手部信息数据,通过本地计算机对数据进行处理,识别出各种各样的手势,再与浏览器上Web GL绘制成的虚拟植物进行实时交互,从而实现植物的平移、旋转、生长、形态变化以及三维模型的更新等操作。详细介绍了Leap Motion手势识别的基本原理,虚拟农作物体感交互系统的总体框架,农作物的测量和虚拟模型的生成,数据交互协议的设计原理,Web GL图形绘制以及单双手手势交互库的建立等关键技术。该系统已经由Web GL编程实现,试验结果表明,使用该文研发的系统,用户在浏览器上可以通过不同的手势对虚拟作物模型的形态和生长进行实时调控,具有良好的交互体验。该系统的建立,可为国内外同类研究提供技术上的参考。     

利用计算机视觉技术实现对温室植物生长的无损监测

利用计算机视觉技术对温室植物生长进行无损监测，获取植物生长状态信息，对于提高温室的智能化控制水平具有重要意义。在实验温室中设计了一套计算机视觉系统，对黄瓜幼苗生长进行无损监测，同时利用VC++6.0编制的图像分析处理软件，提取植物的外部形态特征：叶冠投影面积和株高。通过对两组无土栽培的黄瓜幼苗叶冠投影面积的连续监测，发现叶冠投影面积的变化趋势可以较好的反映植物的缺肥情况。用图像处理方法测量植株的平均株高与人工测量结果的相关系数可以达到0.927。研究表明，计算机视觉技术应用于温室植物生长的无损监测是可行的，具有广阔的应用前景。     

基于三维点云的番茄植株茎叶分割与表型特征提取

针对当前温室番茄表型参数难以自动获取的问题，研究提出通过对三维点云进行配准、骨架提取以及分割从而自动获取苗期番茄植株株高、茎粗、叶倾角和叶面积参数的方法。首先通过机器人搭载机械臂在温室中自动获取多视角番茄点云，并通过配准得到完整植株点云；对番茄点云利用拉普拉斯收缩的骨架提取算法获取植株骨架，对骨架进行修正后分解为茎秆和叶片子骨架，实现茎秆叶柄分割；再通过基于区域生长的MeanShift聚类方法对叶片和叶柄进行分割；最后通过番茄点云获取株高、茎粗参数，通过骨架测量叶倾角，对叶片点云进行曲面拟合提取叶面积参数。试验结果表明，茎叶分割与叶片分割的精确率、召回率、F1分数和平均总体准确率分别为0.84、0.91、0.87、0.92和0.92、091、0.91、0.93。株高、茎粗、叶倾角和叶面积参数的提取值与人工测量值的决定系数分别为0.97、0.53、0.90和0.87，均方根误差分别为1.40 cm、1.52 mm、5.14°和37.56 cm2。结果表明该研究方法与人工测量值具有较强的相关性，可以为温室番茄的高通量自动化表型测量提供技术支持。     

地基激光雷达提取大田玉米植株表型信息

玉米个体表型信息对于玉米的高产高效发育规律研究、玉米遗传育种中基因型的确定具有重要意义,该文针对传统的玉米表型信息提取方法费时、费力、效率低下、主观性强等问题,提出一种基于TLS(terrestriallaserscanning,地面激光扫描)技术的大田玉米个体表型信息提取方法。利用地基激光雷达获取毫米级精度的玉米个体植株三维点云数据并进行海量点云数据预处理,构建玉米叶片三角网模型和叶片骨架点云;基于叶片三角网提取绿叶叶面积,基于叶片骨架点云提取叶长和叶倾角,基于未去穗的玉米植株点云提取株高。试验结果与实地手动测量值相比,真实叶面积、叶长、株高、叶倾角的均方根误差(RMSE)分别为12.69 cm~2、1.31 cm、1.30 cm和5.12°,平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)分别为2.38%、1.32%、0.61%和8.96%。试验结果表明本文提出的基于TLS提取玉米个体表型参数的方法精度较高,具有可行性,为辅助玉米育种、生长监测等提供了一种有效手段。     

丘陵山区田间道路自主行驶转运车及其视觉导航系统研制

自然条件的限制使得丘陵山区农产品和物资的田间转运难以实现高安全性的机械化作业。为此,该文研制了一种在丘陵山区田间道路上自主行驶的转运车及其视觉导航系统。该系统采用RTK-GNSS(real-timekinematic-global navigationsatellitesystem,实时动态-全球卫星导航系统)进行路网信息采集、实时定位和路径规划,利用机器视觉进行田间道路识别并提取路径跟踪线;田间道路非路口区域由机器视觉系统进行导航,路口区域采用RTK-GNSS实时定位进行导航。全局路径规划中对A*算法估价函数进行改进,将路口节点处的道路曲率及道路起伏信息引入代价函数。图像处理中强化道路上的阴影处理和信息融合,实现道路与背景的准确分割;然后将道路区域分块求取形心点,拟合后生成道路的虚拟中线作为局部路径的导航线。路径规划仿真表明,改进的A*算法能融合丘陵山地道路起伏变化的特征,规划的路径更合理。转运车自主行驶测试表明,在直线路径、多曲率复杂路径以及地形起伏路径3种工况下,自主行驶轨迹与实际道路中线的平均偏差分别为0.031、0.069和0.092 m,最大偏差分别为0.133、0.195和0.212 m;转运车沿道路中线自主行驶的平均相对误差分别为5.16%、11.5%和15.3%,满足田间道路转运车自主行驶的安全要求。     

基于动态数据交换技术的海洋蛋白酶发酵过程GD-FNN软测量

为实现微生物发酵过程中关键生物参数（菌体浓度、基质浓度、产物浓度等）的实时显示与存储,该文结合MATLAB与WinCC各自的优势,提出了一种基于动态数据交换（dynamic data exchange,DDE）技术的广义动态模糊神经网络（generalized dynamic fuzzy neural network,GD-FNN）软测量方法。以海洋蛋白酶发酵过程为研究对象,通过MATLAB编程,建立发酵过程GD-FNN软测量模型,获得生物参数的预测值;以Excel软件为中间桥梁,利用DDE技术实现MATLAB与上位机WinCC之间的实时数据通讯,最终获得了生物参数的实时显示与存储。应用结果表明,利用GD-FNN所建立的生物参数软测量模型具有很高的预测精度,所得的最大均方根误差为0.4266,最大平均绝对误差为0.2552,满足系统测量的精度要求;同时通过DDE技术连接MATLAB与WinCC,编程效率高,实现方便,通用性强。该研究为发酵过程的优化控制以及工业化生产提供了依据。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI