甘肃省近50年暴雨变化特征及其灾害效应

[目的]研究甘肃省近50 a来暴雨的时空变化及灾害特征,为该区的暴雨气候预测和防灾减灾工作提供科学依据。[方法]根据甘肃省29个气象站1968—2017年逐日降水资料,应用线性趋势法、Mann-Kendall突变检验法、Morlet小波变换等方法进行研究。[结果]①陇东地区为甘肃省暴雨高值高频中心区,陇南地区次之,河西走廊和陇西地区最低。②近50 a甘肃省暴雨日数总体呈上升趋势,7月最为显著,但5月呈下降趋势。③近50 a甘肃省暴雨量经历了少—少—多—少—多的年代际变化过程,除80—90年代是秋季暴雨量贡献较大以外,其余年代均是夏季暴雨量贡献较大。④甘肃省暴雨日数与暴雨量的振荡周期一致,存在8和3 a两个短周期,暴雨日数的8 a周期比3 a周期明显,暴雨量反之。研究期内甘肃省暴雨日数没有明显突变,暴雨量在1977年发生了突变。⑤近50 a暴雨变化的原因可能是受到全球变暖和东亚季风增强的影响。[结论]甘肃省近50 a暴雨的增加造成了洪灾、旱灾的增加,应对甘肃地区加强暴雨气候监测以及防灾救灾工作。     

雅鲁藏布江源区近35年气候变化特征

为揭示雅江源区风沙化土地发育的气候变化背景,通过对雅江源区周边4个基本气象站1973-2007年的逐日气象资料进行等权平均取值.采用气候线性趋势分析法,研究了气温、降水、日照时数、风速等气象因子近35 a的变化特征及趋势.结果表明:(1)雅江源区多年平均降水量为206.12 mm,日平均气温为2.77℃、最高气温为10.72℃、最低气温为-4.81℃,年日照时数为3 295.16 h,年平均风速为2.92 m/s.(2)近35 a来,雅江源区气候变暖趋势明显,1986年以后,平均气温线性升温率为0.77℃/10 a,高于近35 a来的平均值0.47℃/10 a和珠峰地区5站平均线性升温率为0.234℃/10 a.(3)年平均降水量的波动较大,增加趋势不明显,平均增长率为0.43 mm/10 a.降水量主要集中于5-9月,占全年降水量的89.72%.年平均日照时数波动性较大,上升趋势不显著.以5月和10月较高,1月最低.年平均风速下降趋势明显,以3月最大,为3.67 m/s,11月最小,为2.20 m/s.可见,雅江源区是中国同期升温最显著的区域.     

辽宁西部地区光热水资源变化对农业生产的影响

利用辽西地区1960-2009年的气象资料,应用常规数理统计方法,重点分析了近50a来在全球变暖背景下辽宁西部地区光热水资源的变化趋势,以及对当地农业生产的影响。结果表明:近50a来,辽宁西部光照资源下降幅度较大,年日照时数趋势减少406h;年平均气温和年≥0℃积温呈现明显的升高趋势,年平均气温趋势升高1.7℃,年≥0℃活动积温增加307℃.d;降水呈现出减少趋势,年降水量趋势减少62mm,在年代际尺度上波动显著。对于光照资源丰富的辽西地区来说,日照时数减少还未表现出不利影响;而气温升高、降水减少使该地区气候呈现暖干化趋势,这将对辽西农业的发展产生巨大影响。本文通过对光温水资源变化趋势的研究,旨在提高气候变暖对农业生产影响的认识,增强应对气候变化的能力,为农业结构调整提供依据。     

基于评估模型的陕西省水资源气候影响分析

利用陕西省1961—2009年96个观测站的年降水、气温资料以及1997—2006年水利部公布的水资源资料,基于线性拟合、水资源丰枯评价指标、变差系数及产水模数等方法和指标,对陕西省近50 a来的水资源状况进行了气候影响分析。结果表明,基于降水、气温的水资源评估模型能够对陕西省水资源状况进行评估,且评估效果好于只考虑降水的评估模型。近50 a来陕西省气候趋于暖干,年平均气温自20世纪90年代升高,1996年前后发生突变;年降水自20世纪80年代中后期减少,1988年前后发生突变。受气温升高,降水减少影响,近50 a来陕西省水资源量呈减少趋势,1991年前后发生突变,水资源量显著减少。20世纪90年代之前,陕西省水资源量正常偏多,之后水资源正常偏枯,且年际变化显著,年水资源量不稳定。陕西省属于旱年缺水类型,天然供水量的减少增加了水资源利用率,水资源供需压力增大。     

1961-2008年陕西省年际气温和降水区域性变化特征分析

采用陕西省1961-2008年63个测站均一化订正后的气候资料,分析了陕西省不同区域近48a来的气候变化,结果表明:年平均气温近48a上升趋势明显,在1993年前后发生突变,突变前后年平均气温显著上升了0.8℃,上升幅度呈由南到北逐渐增强的趋势;冬、春季气温在突变后上升最为明显,升温幅度较大区域分别为长城沿线风沙区和渭河河谷平原区,年平均最高气温在1990年以后迅速升高,最低气温在2000年开始迅速升高;全省年平均降水呈明显的减少趋势,年平均降水的线性减少率为19.6mm/10a,秦岭南麓浅山区、汉江河谷平原及巴山区年平均降水的减少趋势比较明显。1980年前后和2000年前后为暴雨多发期,但中、大雨的总日数呈明显减少。     

基于遥感和GIS的三北防护林工程生态效益评价研究——以山西省中阳县为例

以山西省中阳县为试验区,利用遥感监测和地面调查所形成的工程进展基础数据,应用价值量对三北防护林工程的生态效益进行了计量,并在GIS支持下获得三北防护林工程生态效益评价图,为评价三北防护林工程建设质量和成效提供依据,同时为开展生态补偿提供参考。结果表明,中阳县三北防护林工程改善生态环境成效显著,单位面积年平均生态效益为40 807.05元/（hm2.a）,年生态效益总价值为3.08×109元/a。从分布状况来看,土石区立地条件比黄土区好,大量分布着天然次生林,土石区防护林生态效益价值量大于黄土区,土石区和黄土区防护林单位面积年平均生态效益价值分别为42 800.98和37 342.20元/（hm2.a）。从植被类型来看,针叶林、阔叶林和针阔混交林单位面积年平均生态效益价值量大于灌木林,分别为44 618.59和37 414.95元/（hm2.a）。     

西充县1959—2013年气温变化特征分析

根据西充县1959-2013年的月平均气温资料,分析了54 a来温度变化特征。结果表明,54 a来西充县年平均气温升高0.1℃,尤其是近30 a,气温年际变化和趋暖变化均十分明显,30 a中年平均气温上升了1.2℃,平均增温率为0.02℃/10a。     

黔东南地区近49年的气候变化特征

利用黔东南地区16个气象观测站1961-2009年的逐日气象观测资料,采用常规统计方法和墨西哥帽小波变换方法,分析了黔东南地区近49a气温、降水、相对湿度和日照的地理分布及气候特征、年际变化趋势等。结果表明：黔东南地区近49a来年平均气温、平均最高气温的变化趋势不显著,而平均最低气温呈显著的上升趋势,其上升速率为0.146℃.10a-1;且具有3a、17a和36a的振荡周期特征,同时年平均气温具有从东南向西北递减、东部的等值线呈经向分布的特征。年平均降水量的线性变化趋势不显著但暴雨日数有显著增加趋势;年降水量具有3a和18a的准周期变化特征,同时呈由东向南、由西向北递减的趋势。年平均相对湿度的线性变化趋势也不显著,但具有3a、8a和11a的振荡周期变化特征。年平均日照时数呈显著的下降趋势,其下降速率为25.835h.10a^-1,且具有4a、10a和20a的振荡周期变化特征。黔东南地区近49a来总体上气候向暧干方向发展,同时还具有气温偏高时,降水量就偏少;气温偏低时,降水量就偏多的气候特征。     

近40年青海浅层地温的变化特征

利用1971-2010年青海25个观测站5-20cm土层的逐月平均地温资料,采用气候统计诊断分析方法,对近40a青海年、季平均地温的气候变化趋势及突变特点进行研究.结果表明,近40a青海5-20cm土层年平均地温呈上升趋势,大柴旦升温幅度最大,为0.79℃/10a(P ＜0.01).5、10、15、20cm 4个土层年平均地温均呈上升趋势,升幅最大值为0.77～0.82℃/10a(P＜0.01),均以大柴旦升温幅度最大,10cm土层自1981年以来增温尤为明显.近40a四季平均浅层地温均呈上升趋势,增幅为0.30 ～0.53℃/10a(P ＜0.05),以夏季增幅最大,冬季最小.1971-2010年大部站点各层在1997年发生了气候突变,浅层地温与地表温度和气温均呈明显的正相关,气温、地表温度的显著升高在很大程度上解释了浅层地温呈明显升高趋势的原因.研究结果对合理利用气候资源,调整农作物种植结构并合理安排农业生产布局具有参考价值.     

天山北麓近50年气温和降水的变化特征

根据天山北麓8个气象站1961—2010年气温和降水资料,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验、Hurst指数等方法,分析了天山北麓气温和降水的变化特征。结果表明:（1）50 a来,天山北麓年平均气温和年降水量均呈增加趋势,其变化率分别为0.26 ℃/10 a、15.67 mm/10 a;冬季增温最为明显,升温幅度达0.49℃/10 a左右,降水倾向率表现为夏季最大,为5.44 mm/10 a;（2）年平均气温和年降水量的突变年份分别在1996年和1983年;未来两者整体上呈增加趋势;（3）极端高（低）温指数在近50 a呈现增加（减少）趋势;极端降水指数中零降水日数和最长连续无降水日数呈不同程度的递减趋势,1日最大降水量和极端强降水日数以1.36 mm/10 a和1.81 d/10 a的速率递增,各极端气候指数空间差异明显;极端气温指数与年平均气温、极端降水指数与年降水量均有很好的相关性。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。