赤霉素和细胞激动素对白刺种子萌发的调控研究

为探讨白刺种子萌发特性,采用不同浓度赤霉素和细胞激动素处理方法,测定了白刺种子生活力、吸水率、发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和萌发指数.结果表明:浸种最初的2 h是白刺种子的迅速吸水期,整个吸水过程呈快--慢--缓慢规律.赤霉素和细胞激动素处理对白刺种子萌发有明显调控作用.150 mg·kg-1的赤霉素处理24 h,种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、种子生活力最高,300 mg·kg-1赤霉素处理的发芽势,发芽率、发芽指数最低.6 mg·kg-1细胞激动素处理白刺种子1 h,其发芽势、发芽率,发芽指数、种子生活力均最高,而10 mg·kg-1细胞激动素处理白刺种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数均最低.     

黑果枸杞种子萌发对PEG模拟干旱胁迫的响应

[目的]研究干旱胁迫对黑果枸杞种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,为黑果枸杞人工栽培提供理论依据。[方法]通过聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol,PEG)模拟干旱胁迫,测定不同干旱胁迫强度下黑果枸杞种子的萌发进程、发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗的生长、幼苗渗透调节物质、叶绿素含量等指标,研究干旱胁迫对黑果枸杞种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。[结果]干旱胁迫不利于黑果枸杞种子的萌发,重度干旱胁迫推迟其萌发的高峰期;干旱胁迫下黑果枸杞种子的发芽率、发芽势均呈下降趋势,-0.6 MPa处理下,黑果枸杞种子发芽率、发芽势相对对照分别降低72.06%和74.07%;干旱胁迫对黑果枸杞种子发芽指数和活力指数有抑制作用,其抑制程度随干旱胁迫强度的增加而增加;适度干旱胁迫有利于黑果枸杞幼苗胚根和胚芽的生长,而中度、重度干旱胁迫不利于幼苗胚芽的生长;干旱胁迫下黑果枸杞幼苗根、芽脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量均随着胁迫程度的增加逐渐增加,而幼苗叶绿素含量(Chl a+b)随干旱胁迫强度的增加逐渐降低。[结论]干旱胁迫对黑果枸杞种子萌发及幼苗生长有重要影响,适度的干旱胁迫有利于黑果枸杞幼苗的生长。     

西鄂尔多斯4种荒漠植物种子萌发对水分条件的响应

研究了不同土壤水分处理对霸王、沙冬青、长叶红砂及蒙古扁桃这4种荒漠植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,土壤含水量显著地影响着种子萌发和幼苗生长。霸王种子在6%的土壤含水量下萌发率和萌发指数最高,活力指数和幼苗生物量也最大,幼苗生长良好。沙冬青种子在12%的土壤含水量、长叶红砂和蒙古扁桃种子在16%的土壤含水量下萌发和生长良好。种子萌发策略反映了物种对荒漠水分条件不同的适应机制,并影响种群的更新和扩展。     

干旱胁迫对窄叶鲜卑花种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

[目的]研究干旱胁迫对窄叶鲜卑花种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,为野生种驯化和种群恢复提供参考。[方法]以窄叶鲜卑花种子为实验材料,采用不同浓度聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫环境,研究干旱协迫强度对窄叶鲜卑花种子的吸胀速率、发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和种子抗旱萌发指数及幼苗生长情况的影响。[结果]随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,窄叶鲜卑花种子的吸水过程表现出急速吸水期、缓慢上升期和吸水平稳期3个阶段;其发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和种子抗旱萌发指数及苗高、根长,苗重与胁迫强度均呈负相关;当PEG浓度达30%时,种子萌发完全被抑制。另一方面,种子群体萌动、萌发和出苗达50%所需时间随胁迫强度的增加而越发延迟,且各阶段对环境临界水势要求不同,出苗阶段最为严格,表明种子出苗过程对环境水分胁迫较为敏感,耐旱能力较弱。[结论]干旱胁迫显著抑制了窄叶鲜卑花种子的萌发和幼苗生长,也说明水分是窄叶鲜卑花种子萌发和幼苗形成的主导因素之一,在较干旱地区种植需要考虑水分的供给。     

酸雨和铅对大豆种子萌发的复合影响

关于酸雨（acid rain,AR）对植物种子萌发影响的研究,已有大量报道。但自然状态下,AR污染往往与重金属铅（Pb）等污染复合出现。因此,研究AR和Pb复合污染对植物种子萌发的复合影响,具有现实意义。本文以重要经济作物大豆（Glycine max）种子为试材,选取发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和异状发芽率5个参数作为考察目标,分析种子萌发对不同强度AR和Pb处理的响应规律,为在农业生产实践上科学评价AR与Pb复合污染的环境安全风险,提供借鉴。     

PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫对紫苏种子萌发的影响

为研究不同紫苏品种种子在萌发期对干旱胁迫的响应,给评价紫苏种子的抗旱性和栽培管理提供理论依据,以紫苏品种TS003号和贵苏4号为试料,采用不同浓度的PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱胁迫,分别测定2个品种的种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、胚根长和鲜重等指标。结果表明,不同浓度的PEG-6000干旱胁迫处理对TS003号、贵苏4号的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、胚根长和鲜重均产生抑制作用,均随着PEG-6000浓度的增加呈下降趋势。与蒸馏水空白对照相比,在低浓度PEG-6000(3%、6%)干旱胁迫下,各指标值下降幅度差异不显著(P ＞ 0.05),PEG-6000浓度在12%及以上时显著下降(P < 0.05),尤其在PEG-6000浓度为24%(重度干旱胁迫)处理下紫苏种子发芽完全受到抑制。     

三七连作土壤对其种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为明确三七连作的障碍效应,以不同连作年限及不同空间分布的土壤为基质,通过发芽和幼苗生长试验,研究了连作土壤对三七种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:①与新土相比,连作土壤处理下三七种子萌发的最大速度加快,种子的发芽势变化不大,而发芽率、发芽指数和快速发芽期则明显呈降低或变短的趋势;②随土壤连作年限的增加,三七幼苗的成苗率和株高均显著下降(p0.05);③与根区外土相比,根区土和根区下土显著降低了三七种子的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数,对种子萌发的最大速度也呈降低作用,但却使三七幼苗的地上生物量明显增加。连作土壤对三七种子的萌发及幼苗的生长均表现明显的障碍效应,化感(自毒)作用可能是造成三七连作障碍的原因之一。     

浸种和光照处理对中间鹅观草种子萌发的影响

探索了不同温度的浸种处理及光照条件下对中间鹅现草种子萌发的影响.实验表明:在4℃低温条件下浸种48h,中间鹅观草种子发芽率最高,同温度下浸种24h,种子发芽指数最高.25℃恒温条件下,当光照处理为12h光照/12h黑暗时种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数均最高.     

壳聚糖对不同种源柠条种子发芽及其酶活性的影响

用不同浓度壳聚糖乙酸溶液分别对陕西省的吴起县和榆林市榆阳区两个产地的柠条种子浸种处理,以清水浸种处理为对照,调查种子发芽及幼苗生长特性,并测定了萌发过程中种子α-淀粉酶、脱氢酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性。结果表明,壳聚糖能促进柠条种子的萌发,缩短发芽时间;随着处理浓度的增大,各项发芽指标及各种酶活性先升高后降低,且不同种源柠条种子对壳聚糖浓度的反应不同。当壳聚糖浓度为0.5%时,榆阳柠条种子的发芽率是对照的1.2倍,平均发芽速率缩短0.9d,各种酶活性比对照显著提高,处理效果最佳。当壳聚糖浓度为1.0%时,吴起柠条种子发芽率比照提高13%,平均发芽速率缩短1.7d,各种酶活性比对照显著提高,处理效果最佳。当壳聚糖浓度达到1.5%时,对榆阳柠条种子的萌发有一定的抑制作用,而对吴起柠条种子萌发无抑制作用。壳聚糖对柠条幼苗的生长也有一定的影响,表现在幼苗的根长、苗高、干重、鲜重和叶绿素含量均显著高于对照,吴起柠条和榆阳柠条最佳的处理浓度分别为1.0%和0.5%。     

外源赤霉素对茄子砧木种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

嫁接栽培在茄子生产中应用广泛,但砧木种子易出现休眠而影响其萌发。本试验以"茄砧21号"砧木种子为试验材料,研究不同浓度赤霉素处理对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,随着赤霉素浓度的增加,种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均呈现升高趋势,当赤霉素浓度为1200～1800 mg/L时,发芽率均达到90%以上,其中1500 mg/L处理的发芽率最高,达94.50%。300 mg/L的赤霉素能够显著促进砧用茄子幼苗株高的增长,500 mg/L的赤霉素则显著提高了幼苗干重;赤霉素对幼苗茎粗的影响无显著差异,但随浓度的提高茎粗呈现减小趋势;赤霉素对幼苗叶片数的增减无明显规律性。     

宁东矿区天然植物群落特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系

[目的] 研究宁东矿区天然植物群落特征与土壤理化性质的关系,为宁东矿区植被重建过程中植物种的选择提供科学依据。[方法] 以宁东矿区6种典型的天然植物群落和土壤为研究对象,采用野外调查结合室内试验的方法,对比分析不同群落的植物群落特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系。[结果] 宁东矿区6种天然植物群落共调查到植物55种,隶属于15科48属,集中分布于菊科、豆科、藜科和禾本科4科。细枝岩黄耆（Hedysarum scoparium）+柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）—白莲蒿（Artemisia sacrorum）群落灌木层植被盖度和高度在6个群落中均最高,其数值分别为48%和202.54 cm,灌木物种柠条锦鸡儿在其中5个群落中均有分布且生长良好。灌木层Patrick丰富度指数与土壤碱解氮、砾石含量、速效钾和有机质呈正相关,与pH值呈负相关;草本层植物种Patrick丰富度指数与土壤有机质、田间持水量和速效磷呈正相关关系。[结论] 宁东矿区煤矸石山植被重建时,对于覆土土质为壤质砂土或砂质壤土,优先选择柠条锦鸡儿、细枝岩黄耆、黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）和沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）等灌木树种;覆土土质为少砾质砂土时选沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mongolicus）和柠条锦鸡儿;覆土土质为多砾质砂土时可选藏锦鸡儿（Caragana tibetica）、裸果木（Gymnocarpos przewalskii）和胡枝子（Lespedeza bicolor）等灌木物种。土壤容重对灌木物种多样性贡献率较大,土壤田间持水量和有机质对草本植物多样性贡献率较大。     

Na compound fertilizer stimulates growth and alleviates water deficit in the succulent xerophyte Nitraria tangutorum (Bobr) after breaking seed dormancy

Nitraria tangutorum (Bobr), a typical succulent xerophyte with high level of seed dormancy, is one of the few shrubs found to date that can develop and form fixed dunes in desert regions. Our studies have demonstrated that the strong drought tolerance of the succulent xerophytes was strongly linked to high sodium (Na⁺) accumulation in the photosynthesizing branches (PB) as well as leaves. The study is to explore a method that can rapidly promote the seed germination of N. tangutorum, and then investigate the positive effects of Na compound fertilizer (NaCF) on the growth and drought tolerance of N. tangutorum and ecological environment by short-term pot experiment in a greenhouse and long-term field and pot experiment in a desert environment. The results indicate that the germination rate of seeds obtained a maximum by 69% when seeds were treated with 150 mg L ^?1 gibberellic acid (GA₃) for 48 h followed by soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid (98% H₂SO₄) for 55 min, and then germinated (25/5°C) in darkness for 8 d. After breaking seed dormancy, the NaCF significantly stimulated growth of N. tangutorum and, concomitantly, improved its ability to cope with water deficit (30% of field water capacity) by increasing Na⁺ more than Potassium (K⁺) accumulation for osmotic adjustment in greenhouse and desert conditions. The contribution (take the pot experiment in the desert, for example) of Na⁺ to the osmotic potential (compared with control) varied from 13.9% in plants subjected to diammonium phosphate [(NH₄)₂HPO₄] to, surprisingly, 63.9% in plants grown in the presence of NaCF under water deficit. The distribution characteristics of the total Na⁺ (1620 mg) in the NaCF indicate that 691.2 mg (42.7%) is absorbed by plants, 848.8 mg (52.4%) remained in the pot and 80 mg (4.9%) leached, which accounted for 2.2% of the nursery soil, respectively. The positive effect of NaCF on the drought resistance of N. tangutorum and the ecological environment were also confirmed in the field experiments. These findings suggest that the rapid seed germination technology of N. tangutorum combined with the popularization and application of NaCF can shorten the seed germination period and make the seedling establishment much easier, which may be an effective strategy to restore and reconstruct degraded vegetation in many desert regions.     

乌兰布和荒漠生态系统12种沙生灌木苗期的抗旱性

[目的]建立沙生灌木抗旱性评价指标体系,为沙区优良树种的筛选提供科学依据。[方法]以乌兰布和荒漠生态系统12种沙生灌木的2年生幼苗为材料,测定了7项水分生理指标,采用主成分分析和聚类分析对灌木抗旱性进行了研究。[结果](1)麻黄(Ephedra distachyaLinn.)、白刺(Nitraia tangutorum Bobr)及柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)的水势低于其他9种灌木;霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylon Maxim.)的束缚水含量和束缚水与自由水(Va/Vs)比值较高,分别为64.20%,3.3;沙木蓼(Atraphaxis bracteata A.Los.)、白刺及柽柳(Tamarix chinensis Lour.)的蒸腾速率显著低于其他9种灌木;梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.)Bunge)与麻黄的恒重时间最长,均为144h;沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus(Maxim.ex Kom.)Cheng F.)的残留含水率最高(44.80%)。(2)水势、Va/Vs值、残留含水率、束缚水、恒重时间、蒸腾速率6个指标对植物抗旱性的影响较大,累积方差贡献率达87.59%。[结论]依照抗旱性大小将12种植物分为三类,强抗旱灌木为麻黄;中抗旱灌木为梭梭、白刺、霸王;弱抗旱灌木为花棒(Hedysannn scoparium Fisch)、杨柴(Hedysarum mongolicum Turcz.)、柽柳、柠条锦鸡儿、沙冬青、沙木蓼、沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum Turcz.)、小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam.)。     

Use of cyanobacterial polysaccharides to promote shrub performances in desert soils: a potential approach for the restoration of desertified areas

The importance of cyanobacterial polysaccharides of biological soil crusts in sand surface stabilization and soil nutrient retention has been long acknowledged. However, the role of cyanobacterial polysaccharides as a source of nutrition to vascular plants in crusted areas is ignored. In this study, the chemical composition of the polysaccharide synthesized by Phormidium tenue and the effects of its presence on seed germination and seedling metabolism of the shrub Caragana korshinskii were investigated. The crude polysaccharide synthesized by P. tenue was composed of 15 % protein and 58 % carbohydrate and showed the presence of 12 different types of monosaccharides. The addition of the polysaccharide significantly (P?<?0.05) increased seed germination and metabolic activity of the seedling of the shrub C. korshinskii. The optimal concentration for vigor index, root length, root vigor, and total N and P contents was 10 mg/L polysaccharide; for the germination rate, nitrate reductase activity, carbohydrate content, chlorophyll, and Mg²⁺ content, the optimal was 60 mg/L polysaccharide, while for K⁺ and Ca²⁺ contents, photosynthetic efficiency and superoxide dismutase activity was 120 mg/L. The presence of the polysaccharide increased seed germination rate, ion uptake, and photosynthetic activity by affecting the electron transport chain and decreased oxidative damage by eliminating reactive oxygen species in C. korshinskii, thus promoting shrub performance in crusted desert areas.     

内蒙古自治区柠条种子害虫为害情况及其对柠条种子质量的影响

2003年对内蒙古自治区各柠条产区种子害虫为害情况的系统调查研究结果表明,柠条种子害虫在内蒙古自治区从东到西各调查样地普遍发生,均为柠条种子小蜂(Bruchophagus neocaraganaeLiao)、柠条豆象(Kytorhi-nus immixtusMotschulsky)、豆荚螟(Etiella zinckenellaTreitschke)3种害虫混合为害,所调查地区各样地为害程度均在 以上,平均种子虫害率为26.53%,虫株率达100%;进行了虫害对种子质量的影响评价试验,结果表明,平均每千粒种子因虫害损失掉的重量是3.12 g,种子发芽率平均降低了9.51%。     

流沙固定过程中土壤-植被系统演变对水环境的影响

横穿腾格里沙漠的防风固沙体系始建于 1 95 6年 ,确保了包兰铁路近半个世纪的畅通无阻。在几十年的土壤 -植被系统演变中 ,花棒 柠条 油蒿 -干旱砂质新成土的人工系统演变为油蒿 雾冰藜 小画眉草 -简育正常干旱土的半天然、天然系统 ;生物结皮发育、结皮层形成改变了降水的再分配过程 ;在 2 0～ 5 0 0cm深度的干旱层因灌木的排水作用而形成 ,低等植物也开始与草本和灌木竞争水分 ,深根系的灌木很难得到降水的补给 ,逐渐退出了防护体系 ;土壤 -植被系统趋于更薄的活动层。水环境的这些变化正影响着整个防护体系的结构和功能     

荷兰Groasis保水节水造林技术在民勤荒漠区的应用

[目的]研究荷兰Groasis(水盒子)在民勤荒漠区保水节水造林的初步应用,为荒漠区困难立地条件下进行大规模的节水造林和农业推广提供参考数据。[方法]选择了11种荒漠植物造林树种,在民勤沙区的退耕地、丘间地、引种圃3种类型的田间进行试验,测定成活率、土壤水分等。[结果](1)11种抗风沙树种在退耕地的土壤含水率的高低顺序为:沙拐枣花棒毛条柽柳沙地云杉樟子松胡杨蒙古扁桃沙棘榆树沙枣。(2)各种抗风沙树种在典型的3种土壤类型中,利用水盒子栽培的土壤含水率明显高于普通栽培的土壤,要高出2~5倍。(3)不同抗风沙树种和蔬菜利用水盒子在3种典型土壤类型中成活率比对照不同程度提高25%~70%左右。[结论]利用水盒子可以有效地提高抗风沙树种的成活率。     

半干旱地区多因素保水措施对土壤水分及造林成活率的影响

以神府-东胜煤矿采煤沉陷区为试验地,通过正交试验,分析了覆盖材料、保水剂施用量、肥料配比的保水效果及对成活率的影响。结果表明,覆盖材料、保水剂施用量、肥料配比对长梗扁桃成活率、土壤含水量的影响极显著,其影响程度为:覆盖材料>保水剂施用量>肥料配比。在地膜覆盖-保水剂(60 g)-当地土:肥料(4:1)的保水措施下,土壤含水量最高达到17.11%,长柄扁桃成活率最高,为80.5%。无任何保水措施的处理土壤含水量为8.59%,成活率仅为30.13%。栽植长柄扁桃的多因素保水技术措施最佳组合为:地膜覆盖-保水剂60 g-当地土:肥料(4:1)。     

SOIL SEED BANK CHARACTERISTICS BENEATH AN AGE SEQUENCE OF CARAGANA MICROPHYLLA SHRUBS IN THE HORQIN SANDY LAND REGION OF NORTHEASTERN CHINA

To understand how shrub cover affects the spatiotemporal patterns of the soil seed bank and to assess the role of vegetation in the restoration of desertified land in a semi‐arid region of China, we investigated the species composition and seed density of the soil seed bank under and outside the canopies over two seasons for an age sequence of Caragana microphylla shrubs in the Horqin Sandy Land region, Inner Mongolia. The results showed that a total of 24 plant species seeds were present in the soil seed bank, of which 20 were annuals or biennials. The seed densities in the soil seed bank were in the range of 830 – 13882·5 seeds m⁻² at 10 cm depth. Species richness in the soil seed bank did not increase as the shrubs aged, whereas the seed densities increased significantly. Five annual species: Setaria viridis, Eragrostis pilosa, Chenopodium acuminatum, Chenopodium glaucum and Corispermum acuminatum, contributed above 90 per cent of the seeds to the soil seed bank. On the basis of seed characteristics and seed reduction amount during the growing season, we concluded that it represents a mixture of persistent and transient seeds in different proportions. More seeds accumulated under the canopies than outside the mature shrub cover, but no significant difference was found the younger cover. These results suggest that shrub size and age had an important role in augmenting seed abundance of the soil seed bank but not the species richness. We confirmed the important effects of shrub cover on seed accumulation and vegetation recovery, especially the value of more mature age vegetation for countering land degradation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.