壳聚糖对不同种源柠条种子发芽及其酶活性的影响

用不同浓度壳聚糖乙酸溶液分别对陕西省的吴起县和榆林市榆阳区两个产地的柠条种子浸种处理,以清水浸种处理为对照,调查种子发芽及幼苗生长特性,并测定了萌发过程中种子α-淀粉酶、脱氢酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性。结果表明,壳聚糖能促进柠条种子的萌发,缩短发芽时间;随着处理浓度的增大,各项发芽指标及各种酶活性先升高后降低,且不同种源柠条种子对壳聚糖浓度的反应不同。当壳聚糖浓度为0.5%时,榆阳柠条种子的发芽率是对照的1.2倍,平均发芽速率缩短0.9d,各种酶活性比对照显著提高,处理效果最佳。当壳聚糖浓度为1.0%时,吴起柠条种子发芽率比照提高13%,平均发芽速率缩短1.7d,各种酶活性比对照显著提高,处理效果最佳。当壳聚糖浓度达到1.5%时,对榆阳柠条种子的萌发有一定的抑制作用,而对吴起柠条种子萌发无抑制作用。壳聚糖对柠条幼苗的生长也有一定的影响,表现在幼苗的根长、苗高、干重、鲜重和叶绿素含量均显著高于对照,吴起柠条和榆阳柠条最佳的处理浓度分别为1.0%和0.5%。     

柠条种子采收与育苗技术

柠条根系发达,抗逆性强,适应性广,生态经济效益显著,是晋北、晋西北和吕梁山区立地条件极差造林地的首选优良树种.介绍了柠条的种子采收与育苗技术.     

保水剂对4种典型荒漠植物种子萌发的影响

[目的]研究不同保水剂用量对4种典型荒漠植物种子萌发的影响,筛选种子包衣保水剂的适宜用量,为荒漠区植被恢复和荒漠化防治提供科学依据。[方法]以红砂(Reaumuria soongarica)、柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、泡果白刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)、花棒(Hedysarum scoparium)4种典型荒漠植物为研究对象,采用1%,4%,7%,10%,13%的保水剂对4种种子进行处理,测定4种种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数。[结果]随保水剂用量的增加柠条种子发芽率呈现下降趋势,花棒、泡果白刺和红砂呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当保水剂用量为4%时发芽率最高;不同量保水剂处理对柠条和红砂种子发芽势影响显著(p0.05)。随着保水剂用量的增加发芽势均呈现先增加后减小趋势,当保水剂用量为1%时柠条种子发芽势最高,4%时花棒、泡果白刺和红砂种子的发芽势最高;不同量保水剂处理对柠条、泡果白刺和红砂种子平均发芽速率和发芽指数影响显著(p0.05),泡果白刺和红砂种子随着保水剂用量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当保水剂用量为4%时平均发芽速率和发芽指数最高,当保水剂用量为1%时,柠条种子发芽指数最大。[结论]保水剂用量对种子萌发的影响因物种而各异,适量的保水剂对典型荒漠植物种子的萌发具有促进作用。     

民勤荒漠区柠条防护林平茬复壮技术研究

为了促进腾格里沙漠荒漠区防护林持续稳定发展,对防护林内衰退的柠条样地进行了植物多样性调查及不同留茬高度的平茬试验,选取萌条数量、株高、冠幅、萌条地径、平茬后土壤含水量5项指标评价平茬效果,结果表明:①50年柠条人工林内的植物种类有8种,以柠条、梭梭、沙米和多裂骆驼蓬为优势种,植被总盖度为34.91%;②平茬两年不同留茬高度处理柠条的株高、冠幅和地径均随着时间增加呈增长趋势,萌条数量则呈减少趋势,留茬高度对萌条生长状况有显著影响(P<0.05),不同留茬高度平茬效果为15 cm>20 cm>10 cm>5 cm>0 cm;③平茬样地土壤含水量显著大于未平茬样地。     

陕北黄土区陡坡柠条林地雨水转化及土壤水分承载力

为了给陕北黄土区陡坡灌木林地的可持续健康发展提供科学依据,连续3 a对陡坡柠条林地的降雨、冠层截留、地表径流、降水入渗深度和土壤水分进行了定位观测.结果表明:陡坡柠条林地林冠截留总量平均占总降雨量的11.73%;地表径流量占降雨量的16.275%;自然降雨入渗深度为120 cm;陡坡柠条林地降雨量(P)与根层土壤水分补给量(SWS)、根层平均土壤水分补给量(Y补)与密度(D)、土壤水分消耗量与密度均呈线性关系.陡坡地土壤水分可承载的柠条密度为2 852穴/hm2.因此建议陡坡柠条林地建设中适当控制密度,合理利用雨水资源,确保陡坡柠条林地的持续健康发展.     

不同机械处理对白栎种子萌发的影响

为有效解决白栎(Quercus fabri Hance)种子延迟萌发和出苗不整齐的问题,研究了不同机械处理(对照、去碗疤、去皮、去皮及切除1/2子叶、去皮及切除2/3子叶)对白栎种子萌发和生长的影响。结果表明:(1)去皮、去皮及切除1/2子叶处理的种子根的平均萌发时间分别比对照显著缩短39 d和36 d,芽的平均萌发时间分别比对照显著缩短52 d和51 d,根的萌发整齐性指数分别显著提高0.3和0.2,芽的萌发整齐性指数均显著提高0.4,2个处理显著增加了白栎种子出根率(平均增加57.8%)与萌芽率(平均增加33.3%),去皮处理促进了根的生长(增加3.0 cm);(2)去皮及切除2/3子叶处理显著缩短了白栎种子根和芽的平均萌发时间(分别缩短36 d和50 d),提高了萌发整齐性指数(分别提高0.2和0.4)和生根率(均增加26.7%),但萌芽率、根长和苗高均与对照无显著差异;(3)去碗疤处理显著降低了白栎种子根和芽的平均发芽时间(分别缩短16 d和21 d),但萌发整齐性指数、出根率、萌芽率、根长和苗高均没有显著变化。因此,去皮和去皮及切除1/2子叶处理效果较好,能有效促进白栎种子萌发和整齐性出苗,对白栎的育苗工作有重要的实践意义。     

人工柠条灌丛行间距对荒漠草原土壤有机碳含量空间分布的影响

以天然荒漠草原(CK)为对照,在6m行间距(BD),3m行间距(MD),1.5m行间距(SD)人工柠条灌丛水平方向上按照灌丛根围、灌缘和灌丛间取样,垂直方向上按照0-10cm,10-20cm,20-40cm,40-60cm,60-80cm,80-100cm取样,系统开展土壤有机碳(SOC)空间分布格局研究,探讨不同行距人工柠条灌丛对荒漠草原SOC空间分布的影响。结果表明:4种样地SOC含量垂直方向分布格局均表现为先上升后下降,而且SOC含量在80-100cm土层最低,但是BD和MD人工柠条灌丛均以40-60cm土层SOC最高,而SD和对照样地在20-40cm土层最高,3种不同行间距柠条灌丛SOC主要存储于20-60cm土层中,天然荒漠草原SOC主要存储于0-40cm土层中,0-100cm土层SOC平均含量为SDMDBDCK,分别比对照高16.13%,14.64%和12.41%;水平方向分布格局为0-20cm土层3种柠条灌丛根围、灌缘、灌丛间的SOC含量低于对照,SD和MD柠条灌丛表层根围土SOC含量高于对照,20cm土层以下3种不同行间距柠条林根围、灌缘和灌丛间SOC均明显高于对照。上述结果说明,人工柠条灌丛能够增加荒漠草原SOC含量,随行间距的增大其增加效果减弱,垂直方向的增加效应集中在柠条灌丛20cm土层以下,同层相比水平方向增加效应表现为根围灌缘灌丛间,根围土增加效果最为显著,1.5m小行距柠条灌丛无论在水平方向还是在垂直方向上影响最大。     

腾格里沙漠南缘种子植物区系及其资源属性

[目的]调查植物区系,分析资源属性,为提高当地居民经济收入,改善农村产业结构提供依据。[方法]以样地调查数据为基础,通过查阅种子植物名录,对种子植物的区系属性、生活型属性和资源属性进行综合分析。[结果]腾格里沙漠南缘有种子植物31种,隶属16科,31属,大科属种为黎科、菊科和禾本科,草本植物最多,占总种数的67.7%,生态植物、饲(食)用植物和药用植物分别占总种数的83.87%,51.61%%和58.06%。[结论]大科属种为黎科、菊科和禾本科,它们在该保护区系中占有重要的地位,表现出它们在该保护区植物区系中的重要性,植物生活型中草本植物最多,生态植物、以饲(食)用植物和药用植物所占比例较大。     

黄土丘陵区柠条种植带状结构对坡面土壤水分的影响

为了探明柠条种植对坡面土壤水分的影响,选择黄土丘陵区等高线带状种植15 a,25 a和35 a柠条(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)坡地,以撂荒草地为对照,分析了不同种植年限、坡位以及灌草部位(柠条带间、带前、带内和带后)下0—100 cm土层水分变化。结果表明:(1)与撂荒草地相比,柠条种植15,25,35 a后,土壤含水量分别降低了7.76%,44.30%,48.42%。不同坡位的土壤含水量表现为坡顶最高,坡中和坡下次之并显著高于坡上。(2)研究区灌草部位土壤含水量在带间、带前和带内无显著差异(p0.05),但均显著高于带后(p0.05)。灌草部位显著差异主要出现在坡上、坡中、坡下。(3)冗余分析(RDA)结果表明:柠条种植年限对坡面尺度土壤含水量影响最大,海拔和坡度次之。变异分割分析(VPA)检测结果显示:年限、海拔、坡度对土壤含水量的解释量分别为4.8%,3.6%,2.3%,各环境因子综合效应的解释量为65.2%。总体来看,黄土丘陵区长时间柠条种植已显著降低了坡面土壤水分含量及其异质性,年限是坡面尺度土壤含水量的主控因素,而柠条带状结构种植也对小尺度土壤水分产生了明显的影响。     

刺槐同源四倍体种子胚变异及生活力分析

为了阐明刺槐同源四倍体种子胚变异状况及充分利用刺槐同源四倍体有性过程创造的变异资源对四倍体刺槐进行遗传改良,研究了刺槐同源四倍体种子胚类型及其生活力特征,主要结论如下：刺槐同源四倍体种子胚按照子叶数量、颜色及饱满程度,可以划分出5个类型： 黄二(YVT)、黄三(YMT)、黄四(YRF) 、绿二(GNT)及白二(WNT),所有类型种子胚混合平均单胚重量接近二倍体的1/2。流式细胞仪检测证明,YVT、YMT、 YRF类型样本种子胚染色体数目仍然是四倍体。刺槐同源四倍体种子胚可溶性蛋白含量、过氧化物酶活性明显低于二倍体相应指标,YVT、YMT、 YRF类型种子胚的上述2种指标明显高于GNT、WNT类型。以刺槐同源四倍体种子胚愈伤组织诱导率作为种子胚生活力强弱的评定指标表明：上述2种指标越高的种子胚,其生活力就越高,上述2种指标均小于二倍体相应指标的30% 是刺槐同源四倍体种子胚生活力丧失的临界指标;YVT、YMT、 YRF类型种子胚上述2种指标均高于二倍体相应指标的30%,组织培养时均有一定的愈伤组织诱导率,具一定的生活力,其中YVT类种子胚的愈伤组织诱导率最高（平均57.8%）、生活力最强,已培育出此3类胚的实生苗; GNT、WNT类型种子胚上述2种指标均低于二倍体相应指标的30%,组织培养时愈伤组织诱导率为0,胚细胞均失去了生命力。较好的种子胚愈伤组织诱导培养基综合条件为： MS基本培养基附加2,4-D 2.0 mg/L和6-BA 0.5 mg/L。     

蔬菜种子除芒机的试验研究

根据“利用输料螺旋的推进作用,使带种毛的种子之间、种子与螺旋及壳体之间发生均匀揉搓作用,将种芒除掉”的除芒原理研制而成的蔬菜种子除芒机,避免了机械元件直接作用于种子造成的损伤,并能很好地除去小粒菜籽种皮上的种芒,为进一步提纯和加工处理种子提供了光滑的种粒。通过一次回归正交试验找出了影响除芒效果的主次因素和最佳参数组合,为进一步研究除芒机理与机具提供了依据。经山东省莱阳市种子公司生产试验表明,研制的5CM135-1型除芒机具有结构简单、工作可靠、生产率和除芒率高等特点。     

油菜小麦兼用气送式集排器搅种装置设计及充种性能试验

针对小麦种子在气送式集排器供种装置中因流动性差导致充种能力不足的问题,设计了一种可提高小麦充种性能的搅种装置。该文分析了搅种装置影响充种性能的主要因素,确定了搅种齿与搅种轴的主要结构参数,并构建了种子在搅种装置作用下的充种力学模型。应用EDEM仿真分析了搅种装置安装位置对种群压力、种群与供种机构切向力和型孔充种数量及其变异系数的影响;台架试验研究了搅种齿结构及其排布对充种性能和搅种装置与供种机构转速比对供种性能的影响。结果表明：安装搅种装置能明显增加种群压力、切向力、型孔充种数量、充填角和充种合格率。搅种齿长度显著或极显著影响充填角和型孔充种数,搅种齿排列方式显著影响型孔充种数。研究得出影响充填角和型孔充种数的主次因素为：搅种齿长度>排列方式>搅种齿形状。在搅种齿形状为圆柱形,搅种齿长度为6 mm和双螺旋排列方式条件下,充填角、型孔充种数和充种不合格率分别为78.20°、1.73和0.69%。供种速率随锥孔轮数量、转速比和转速增加而增加,在转速为20～40 r/min条件下,选择锥孔轮数量为6和转速比为1.154优化组合时,供种速率及其变异系数分别为690～1340 g/min和0.23～0.80%。该研究为搅种装置结构改进和供种装置充种性能的提高提供了参考。     

内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯高原茭蒿种子萌发特性研究

通过对内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯高原的茭蒿与其他2种蒿属植物种子萌发特性的对比研究。结果表明,茭蒿种子质量很小,千粒重仅为(0.090 1±0.005 1)g,这种特性有利于其种子的传播;茭蒿种子质量虽然很小,但在相同条件下,与其他植物种子发芽率并没有表现出显著差异,即种子质量的大小没有对茭蒿种子的萌发造成影响。茭蒿在拥有小种子的同时又具有高的种子萌发率,是其对黄土丘陵沟谷的有效适应途径。     

Seed consumption by millipedes

Seed predation is a key mortality factor for plants that reproduce by seeds. We investigated seed consumption by Cylindroiulus caeruleocinctus (Wood, 1864), an abundant representative of an unrecognised group of seed predators – the millipedes (Diplopoda: Julidae). The consumption of small seed species by millipedes was measured in the absence (41 species) and in the presence (11 species) of alternative food sources (dead leaves). We examined whether millipedes would consume seeds at all and if so whether there were any seed size constraints that determined millipede seed acceptance (i.e., the proportion of millipedes that ate seeds) and seed consumption (i.e., the mass of the seeds eaten). Our results indicated that C. caeruleocinctus readily accepted seeds with 75% of seed species accepted in a no-choice experiment and 100% of seed species in a choice experiment. Seed acceptance decreased with increasing seed mass but increased with increasing millipede mass. Seed consumption increased with the size of the offered seed species but was found to be independent of millipede mass. After the millipedes were given dead leaves to consume, the acceptance slightly decreased, and the consumption of the more preferred seed species decreased. Seeds form a small part of the millipede diet but are consumed regularly. Because of millipedes’ foraging preferences and their patchy distribution they may notably contribute to the local mortality of some seed species in their natural environment.     

Seed consumption by millipedes

Seed predation is a key mortality factor for plants that reproduce by seeds. We investigated seed consumption by Cylindroiulus caeruleocinctus (Wood, 1864), an abundant representative of an unrecognised group of seed predators - the millipedes (Diplopoda: Julidae). The consumption of small seed species by millipedes was measured in the absence (41 species) and in the presence (11 species) of alternative food sources (dead leaves). We examined whether millipedes would consume seeds at all and if so whether there were any seed size constraints that determined millipede seed acceptance (i.e., the proportion of millipedes that ate seeds) and seed consumption (i.e., the mass of the seeds eaten). Our results indicated that C. caeruleocinctus readily accepted seeds with 75% of seed species accepted in a no-choice experiment and 100% of seed species in a choice experiment. Seed acceptance decreased with increasing seed mass but increased with increasing millipede mass. Seed consumption increased with the size of the offered seed species but was found to be independent of millipede mass. After the millipedes were given dead leaves to consume, the acceptance slightly decreased, and the consumption of the more preferred seed species decreased. Seeds form a small part of the millipede diet but are consumed regularly. Because of millipedes’ foraging preferences and their patchy distribution they may notably contribute to the local mortality of some seed species in their natural environment.     

Seed Iron in Diverse Soybean Genotypes

ABSTRACT

Iron (Fe) in the embryo fraction of soybean (Glycine max L.) seed is important for seedling growth. Seed Fe accumulation in 27 soybean genotypes differing in seed size was studied at two field locations. Mean seed weight was 148 mg seed^?1 with mean individual genotypic values ranging from 68 to 217 mg seed^?1. Percentage of total seed dry matter in the seed-coat fraction, which was inversely correlated with individual seed weight, was 8.2%, with mean individual genotypic values ranging from 7.0% to 12.4%. Mean seed-Fe concentration [Fe] was 65 μg Fe g^?1, with individual genotypic values ranging from 48 to 81 μg Fe g^?1. Seed Fe relative to dry-matter distribution was much more concentrated in seed coats than in embryos of all genotypes. Mean percentage of total seed Fe located in the seed-coat fraction was 29%, with mean genotypic values ranging from 23% to 38%. Neither seed-Fe characteristic was correlated with individual seed weight. Seed [Fe] was not correlated with seed-manganese (Mn) concentration [Mn]. Mean seed [Fe] for the 27 genotypes was different at the two locations, presumably due to differences in available soil Fe. Both genotype and environment affected seed [Fe] of soybean. Soybean seed coats, a major by-product after oil extraction, are a possible rich source of Fe for human nutrition.     

入侵杂草小飞蓬和钻形紫菀种子风传扩散生物学特性研究

种子的风传扩散是菊科入侵杂草的主要扩散方式之一,植物自身的传播特性和外在环境因子决定了种子扩散格局。从种子释放高度、沉降速度、脱落行为等内在因子出发,研究了两种在我国广泛分布的典型菊科入侵种小飞蓬和钻形紫菀自身的传播特性与风传扩散特征的关系。结果表明,小飞蓬和钻形紫菀的沉降速度均较小,分别为41.4cm·s-1和30.7cm·s-1,在空中停留时间长,且种子的脱落方式为非随机脱落,脱落概率大致与风速的平方成正比;种子的释放高度在种群内部存在很大的差异,显著影响种子的扩散距离。相比而言,小飞蓬种子的沉降速度大、释放高度高、远距离扩散（〉100m）的概率大,扩散距离更远。研究表明了植物自身的传播特性对种子风传扩散的重要性,也为其他菊科入侵杂草种子风传扩散的研究提供了科学依据。     

Seed priming with sorghum water extract and benzyl amino purine along with surfactant improves germination metabolism and early seedling growth of wheat

The influence of seed priming with sorghum water extract (SWE) and benzyl amino purine (BAP) on germination metabolism and early seedling growth of wheat was evaluated in this study. For priming, wheat seeds were soaked in SWE (5%), BAP (5 mg L^?1) alone and mixed with nonionic surfactant Tween-80 (0.05%). All the seed priming treatments significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved the germination metabolism and early seedling growth as compared with dry seeds. Seed priming with combination of SWE, BAP and Tween-80 was the most effective treatment in improving the final germination percentage (34%), number of tillers per pot (50%), fresh weight (32%), dry weight (63%), chlorophyll contents (7%) and total phenolic contents (36%) over dry seed control. Similarly, maximum total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars and α-amylase activity were observed from the combined priming with SWE, BAP and Tween-80. Total soluble proteins were maximum in growing seedlings followed by germinating seeds than primed seeds. The germination and growth improvement by priming with SWE was comparable to BAP which makes it a cost-effective natural growth regulator. Combined applications are more effective, which may be due to enzymatic regulation in a synergistic manner.     

Intercluster correlations for binomial data: An application to Seed Testing

Certification of crop seeds from a seed lot requires determination of the seed germination rate through tests governed by the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) and the Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA). The results from four tests of 100 seeds each are compared with published tolerances to determine whether seed lots concur with a labeled germination rate. Examination of results from numerous corn and soybean seed lots sent to more than 30 member laboratories of the AOSA and the Society of Commercial Seed Technologists (SCST) suggested that, in aggregate, counts reported by the laboratories frequently show less sample variability than expected under independentbinomial sampling due to positive correlation among the individual test results. Whereas much of the recent literature on correlated binomial data is concerned with efficient methods for estimating the binomial success probabilities, comparatively little attention is paid to the problem of diagnosing whether correlations exist and are significant. Considering the replicate tests as clusters, we propose an estimator for the intercluster (interreplicate count) correlation coefficient and examine its statistical properties. Results from applying the estimator in unblinded and blinded seed tests are presented. The results are revealing; the estimates tend to be larger and significant in the unblinded seed tests.