配电变压器无弧有载自动调容仿真分析

对配电变压器的有载自动调容技术进行了论述,提出了以电力电子开关为关键部件的无弧有载自动调容技术新方案,该方案以反并联大功率耐高压晶闸管作为调容开关,克服了机械式调容开关结构复杂、体积大、故障率高的缺点。探讨了配电变压器实现无弧有载自动调容的关键技术,利用电力系统仿真工具PSCAD/EMTDC建立了无弧有载调容方案的仿真模型,对电力电子开关实现自动调容进行了仿真分析,验证了所提方案的可行性。为农村和城市配电网配电变压器实施有效的季节性调容和峰谷调容提供了解决办法。     

无弧有载自动调容配电变压器切换策略及其控制系统设计

通过对有载调容变压器经济运行方式的分析,阐述了一种计算临界经济容量的方法,设计了一套由数据采集模块、负荷预测模块、切换策略以及晶闸管触发模块等组成的无弧有载调容配电变压器的控制系统,提出了一种基于灰色理论负荷预测模型的切换策略。该切换策略克服了仅凭经验确定有载调容变压器临界经济容量的非科学性与不合理性等缺点,避免了负荷由于短时波动而引起调容开关频繁切换,延长了调容开关的使用寿命。通过对某单班制企业的实际数据的负荷预测与切换过程的仿真分析,验证了该控制策略的有效性。通过计算分析可知,SZ11-M-T-315（100）型调容变压器年综合损耗电量节约1 821 kW·h,节电率达15.79%。     

计及配变无载调压分头位置的电压/无功优化方法

结合中国10kV配电系统结构和运行特征,提出了计及配电变压器无载调压分头位置的配电线路无功运行优化数学模型.根据配电变压器分接头位置只能在特定时期无载调节的特点,将实际配电负荷等值为多时段动态负荷.由该优化模型可以求得能够适应各时段负荷变化的最佳变压器分头位置和各时段最佳无功补偿容量及运行电压.介绍了采用遗传算法求解以网损最小为目标的该优化模型的主要步骤和处理方法,用实际10 kV配电线路的仿真计算验证了在电压/无功优化模型中计及无载调压分头位置优化必要性和可行性.     

考虑分布式电源影响的配电网降损分析

配电网的降损节能始终是电力行业业内人士关注的重要问题之一。该文研究通过分布式电源（distributed generation,DG）的配置实现配电网降损的方法。首先,在不考虑DG接入最大容量限制的前提下,在负荷均匀分布条件下的配电网,以降损效果最明显为原则,确定了配置DG的“2/3原则”。对于负荷非均匀分布条件的配电网,根据“2/3原则”确定DG的初始配置点,然后在满足功率平衡、节点电压、线路传输功率、DG接入容量限制的条件下,以负荷的平均功率因数为基准,以配电网的损耗最小为原则确定DG配置容量和位置。以实际配电网为例,进行计算、分析和比较,结果表明,该文提出的方法在不同负荷情况下降损效果非常明显。利用该文提出的方法,可以有效地实现配电网降损节能的目标,而且在实际配电网中非常容易使用。     

配电线路无功优化就地控制与系统控制效果比较

针对就地控制策略的不足,该文提出一种系统控制策略,即一种采用考察整条线路无功补偿效果的控制策略。在补偿容量和补偿位置确定的条件下,通过控制电容器的投切达到配电线路无功运行优化的目的。对基本TS算法作了改进,以网损最小为目标进行无功优化控制。用.NET编写程序,比较了2种控制策略下,某条10 kV线路日无功负荷水平时段的电容器投切、有功损耗以及电压情况。计算结果表明,在相同的安装位置和补偿容量下,系统控制策略对配电线路的降损节能效果更显著。     

面向高比例分布式光伏发电消纳的复合型需求侧响应控制

在大力推进分布式光伏发电的形势下,利用负荷侧灵活性资源提升光伏消纳水平并改善电网运行经济性已成为促进新能源发展的重要措施,如何高效进行需求侧响应控制是目前该领域研究的关键问题之一。传统的峰谷分时电价仅根据区域电网内的负荷变化的总体情况确定分时段电价实现削峰填谷,该方法未考虑区域内新增电源的发电特性,从而导致负荷调整的灵活性较差,无法有效解决区域内光伏消纳的问题。该研究针对光伏装机比例较高的区域配电网尤其是乡村配电网,提出一种基于优化调整分时电价时段的激励型需求侧响应和区域集中优化调控相结合的配电网复合型需求响应控制策略。该策略首先结合负荷需求和光伏出力曲线对分时电价峰谷时段进行因地制宜的自适应调整;其次,基于新的电价时段进行用户侧分布式最优出力计划建模,并给出用户侧可削减、可时移负荷的响应调整范围的计算方法;最后由区域调度中心实现负荷集中控制。通过算例对比验证该文方法在计及用户舒适度的基础上,弃光率和系统综合运行成本较优化前均有明显降低,解决了含高比例光伏配电网的光伏消纳及经济运行问题,为配电网精细化管理水平的提升提供了理论依据。     

基于改进卡尔曼滤波算法的雷达定量降雨估算

针对雷达定量降雨估算误差较大的问题,本文提出一种使用改进卡尔曼滤波对雷达估算值进行校准的方法。先确立G/R(自动气象站测量值/天气雷达估算值)校准因子模型,并应用普通卡尔曼滤波方法对G/R校准因子建立预测系统和测量系统,同时引入系统参数的校准过程和系统误差的自适应估计过程,动态调整卡尔曼滤波中各项参数值;最后将滤波后的G/R因子用于校正雷达定量降雨估算,得到较准确的降雨估算值。利用长春市天气雷达2015年8月19-20日和2016年月8月6-7日两次降雨过程的雷达产品和加密自动站逐小时的降雨资料,对卡尔曼滤波方法进行检验分析。结果表明:改进卡尔曼滤波和普通卡尔曼滤波校准后雷达降雨估算结果优于未校准的降雨估算结果,普通卡尔曼滤波方法和改进卡尔曼滤波方法的平均相对误差分别从0.6047减至0.3557和0.2645,从0.8052减至0.3096和0.1715,且改进算法效果优于普通卡尔曼滤波算法,校准后雷达降雨估算准确度明显提高。     

基于遥感的东北地区水稻延迟型冷害动态监测

水稻延迟型冷害大范围准确的同步跟踪监测,可为提高稻米品质和产量提供帮助。在明确东北地区水稻种植区域和水稻低温冷害年的基础上,基于MODIS MOD13A2数据产品划分了东北地区水稻各发育普遍期植被指数判识指标的参考范围,构建了基于地理信息的水稻发育期模型,在此基础上制作了水稻静态发育期空间分布图,并以2009年5月24日和8月7日为例开展了东北地区水稻延迟型冷害动态监测的应用研究。结果表明:东北三省发生较大范围水稻延迟型冷害的年份有2002年、2003年、2008年和2009年,其中黑龙江省是水稻延迟型冷害的重灾区;EVI在水稻发育期判识中较NDVI更具优势;利用经度、纬度和海拔高度与日序的相关关系构建水稻发育期模型,推算无观测地区的发育期具有一定的可行性;在同一时间东北三省各地的水稻发育期分布推算结果的基础上,实现了2009年5月24日和8月7日东北地区水稻延迟型冷害动态监测,所得监测结果与2009年农业气象观测记录在时间和空间上有很好的一致性,监测结果正确。     

新疆棉田小区域碳变化量研究

为研究膜下滴灌条件下棉田小区域碳变化量,在棉花生长期内采用Li-8100A土壤碳通量自动测定仪和LCpro+光合仪连续观测不同样地土壤呼吸速率和净光合速率。结果表明:不同样地的土壤呼吸速率日变化均表现为单峰型曲线,峰值出现在16:00;而棉田净光合速率日变化则表现为单双峰曲线交替变化规律。两者月变化均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,7月土壤呼吸速率和净光合速率达到最大值。不同样地间土壤呼吸速率和净光合速率存在差异,土壤呼吸速率表现为垄间>垄上>裸地,净光合速率表现为垄间>垄上。棉田小区域在棉花整个生育期内均表现为碳汇,6-9月棉田净固碳总量为2 203.7 C g/m^2,光合作用固碳量为土壤呼吸排碳量的2.67倍。     

基于大系统递阶理论的区域抗旱应急调水方案

为了解决旱情紧急情况下关中西部各灌区和各用水部门之间的用水矛盾,该文以大系统递阶理论为基础,采用动态规划方法建立了以总用水量最大为目标的区域水量优化调配模型,根据需水与来水的不同频率组合,拟定了3种一级备选配水方案（第3方案有27种二级备选配水方案）,通过对各方案调度结果分析,并考虑实际调度运行的可操作性,推荐采用第3种方案以夏灌调水量作为主要控制因素进行归类合并后形成4灌区11种调水方案。该调水方案在2005－2007年的实际使用中,取得了很好的效果,对该区域的抗旱应急调水提供了科学依据。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI