围封禁牧对退化草原土壤性状的影响

以希拉穆仁草原为研究对象,通过对比分析不同围封年限草原土壤机械组成、含水率、容重、孔隙度、有机质含量、碱解氮及速效磷、钾等各项指标,探讨了围封对低山丘陵退化草原土壤性状的影响。结果表明,随着围封年限的增加,草原0-20 cm土层土壤黏粒含量、孔隙度逐年增大,容重和含水率逐渐降低。随着围封时间的延长,土壤速效钾含量逐年降低,土壤有机质、速效磷、碱解氮含量逐渐增加。回归分析结果表明,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷以及速效钾含量的变化同围封年限有显著的相关性。由此可见,围封是促进退化草原土壤改良及植被恢复的一项有效措施。     

不同放牧强度对肃北高寒草原土壤肥力的影响

对肃北高寒草原不同放牧强度下不同土层的土壤肥力变化等进行了研究.结果表明:(1)高寒草原土壤物理性质的变化对土壤化学性质具有重要的调控作用.土壤化学性质对土壤肥力的演变则具有关键影响.(2)随着放牧强度的提高,0-10 cm,10-20 cm土层土壤容重均呈不同程度的增加,土壤孔隙度、土壤含水量则分别呈显著的递减趋势.(3)轻度放牧草地土壤有机质、土壤全氮含量高于中度放牧和重度放牧草地,20-30 cm土层有机质随放牧强度的增大呈明显下降趋势,即随放牧强度的增大草地深层土壤肥力呈退化趋势;肃北高寒草原的速效养分以多氮少磷富钾为特点,土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量在总体上随放牧强度的增加呈下降趋势.(4)在剖面上不同土层0-10 cm.10-20 cm.20-30 cm.随着土层深度的增加土壤有机质、pH值、土壤全氮、土壤速效氮、速效磷含量呈增加趋势.相反速效钾呈下降趋势.     

放牧对植物群落特征和土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

[目的]探讨放牧对羊草群落和贝加尔针茅群落的影响,为草原土壤的保护和草原自然保护区建设提供科学依据。[方法]以呼伦贝尔草甸草原为样地,采用野外调查和实验室分析相结合的方法。[结果]在放牧干扰下,以羊草为建群种的群落所受的影响比贝加尔针茅群落小,植物群落盖度、高度和Simpson指数明显高于贝加尔针茅群,物种多样性更丰富,生长情况相对更好。羊草草原土壤全氮、全磷和有机质含量高于贝加尔针茅草原土壤。各放牧区土壤微生物数量均表现为:细菌放线菌真菌;垂直分布为0—10cm10—20cm;土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、转化酶活性、全N,全P和有机质等0—10cm土层的均高于10—20cm。相关分析表明,植物群落α多样性与土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性、全N,全P和有机质等呈显著正相关。[结论]适度放牧有助于提高草甸草原羊草群落和贝加尔针茅群落α多样性、土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性。两个群落相比较,羊草群落更适合放牧。     

非腐解有机物对新修梯(条)田土壤的培肥效果

在新修梯 (条 )田黑垆土上进行的 2 0年秸秆还田定位试验和黄绵土施用非腐解玉米秸秆盆栽试验结果一致表明 ,秸秆直接施用较腐熟土粪更能显著提高土壤松结合态腐殖质和土壤五碳糖、六碳糖的含量 .连年施用秸秆后 ,松结合态腐殖质达到腐殖质总量的 30 %左右 ,松紧腐殖质比值接近 1∶1 ;土壤中与有机质分解转化密切相关的脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性较施化肥和粪肥显著增加 ;同时秸秆有活化土壤磷素和减缓磷吸附固定的作用 .因此 ,施用非腐解有机物是快速提高梯田土壤有机质 ,加快土壤腐殖质更新 ,增产稳产 ,保证农业持续发展的重要培肥措施之一 .     

腾格里沙漠边缘区植被恢复与土壤养分变化研究

为了研究腾格里沙漠东缘植被恢复过程中不同阶段土壤养分和pH值的变化,在研究区从东向西分别采集6种植被恢复阶段的土壤,分别测定了其pH值、有机质和全效速效养分含量。结果表明,沙丘固定过程中,土壤有机质和全氮含量都呈逐渐增加趋势,分别从1.32和0.025g/kg增加到1.89和0.061g/kg,均达到了显著水平。半固定沙丘速效氮、速效钾含量均明显增加,发展为固定沙丘后由于大量植物的生长土壤速效氮、速效钾含量反而比半固定沙丘低。荒漠草原土壤中有机质、全氮及速效氮含量最高,退化草原速效磷含量比荒漠草原略高,差异不显著随退化荒漠草原恢复进程,人工梭梭林速效磷含量降低,速效钾总体呈显著增加趋势pH值以人工梭梭林较低。植被恢复过程中,沙生植被的存在对有机质和氮素的富集起着决定性作用,随着流沙固定和退化荒漠草原恢复,土壤有机质、氮和磷的含量增加,土壤有机质含量与土壤全氮、全磷和有效氮的含量呈较强的正相关关系。     

青藏高原高寒草原与草甸土壤可蚀性的关键因子

[目的] 探讨青藏高原高寒草原与草甸土壤可蚀性特征差异,为高寒草原草甸土壤可蚀性研究提供重要参考。[方法] 选取18个变化因子作为草原与草甸土壤可蚀性评价的影响因子,运用主成分分析、逐步回归分析以及通径分析法,确定高寒草原与草甸土壤可蚀性的主要影响因素,筛选青藏高原高寒草原与草甸土壤可蚀性的关键因子。[结果] 高寒草原土壤可蚀性主要受土壤粒径与团聚体特征两方面的影响,高寒草甸土壤可蚀性主要受粒径孔隙分布、有机质、团聚体特征和渗透性能的影响;高寒草原土壤可蚀性的关键因子为：粉粒、团聚体平均质量直径（MWD）、团聚体>2 mm粒级结构体破坏率（PAD_>2）和>0.25 mm粒级结构体破坏率（PAD_>0.25）,草甸土壤可蚀性关键因子为：粉粒、黏粒、>1 mm粒级结构体破坏率（PAD_>1）和饱和导水率。[结论] 草原与草甸土壤主要在颗粒机械组成、有机质含量、含水量等方面表现出较大差异,草甸土壤状态更适合于植被发育。     

锡林河流域温带草原土壤的净氮矿化研究

氮素矿化是决定土壤供氮能力的重要过程，也是目前国内外研究的热点。该文采用树脂芯方法测定了内蒙古锡林河流域不同温带草原土壤在雨季期间的净氮矿化率，对树脂芯方法在温带草原的应用效果进行了评价。结果表明，实验期间贝加尔针茅草原、羊草草原和大针茅草原土壤的平均日净氮矿化率分别为0.035、0.120和0.125 kg/(hm²·d)；树脂芯方法对草原土壤氮转化过程干扰较小，是自然条件下研究温带草原土壤净氮矿化的有效手段。     

西南亚马逊草原和森林土壤CO_2流通研究

在西南亚马逊地区,由于森林的迅速砍伐,导致了土壤CO2的流通。研究结果表明:所有土地覆盖类型中,CO2通量在湿季最大而在干季降低。土壤呼吸与土壤持水孔隙显著相关,与温度无关。与成熟林和次生林相比,草原的CO2年通量最大,其中一些草原具有较大的土壤C储存量。草原土壤呼吸产生CO2的13C值证明草原具有高呼吸速率几乎全部是源自草根呼吸和草残留物的分解,说明草原生产力较高;与森林土壤相比,草原土壤C循环的通量更大,这可能是由于草原土壤具有更广泛的地下C的分布。次生林的土壤呼吸速率与成熟林近似,所以在土壤呼吸速率和林龄或森林生物量之间没有任何相关。因此,该地区C的地下分布并不与植被高度相关。这些森林和草原土壤呼吸速率的年/季差异,反映了土壤C的流通而非生态系统中C储量的大量净变化。     

徐淮黄泛平原土壤有机质空间变异特征及主控因素分析

土壤有机质含量是估算土壤碳储量、评价土壤肥力和质量的重要指标,精确估算土壤有机质含量具有重要意义.本研究在徐淮黄泛冲积平原西北部选取了一个24 km×24 km方形区域为研究区,按照套合采样方法,采集了168个耕作层土样,测定分析土壤有机质含量和机械组成,运用地统计学方法和GIS技术研究了徐淮黄泛平原区表层土壤有机质含量的空间变异特征,利用方差分析和回归分析定量分析了区域内土壤有机质空间变异的影响因素.统计结果表明,研究区土壤有机质含量为21.80-7.43 gkg-1,属中等水平,变异系数为34.08％,属中等变异强度;地统计分析表明,研究区具有强烈的空间自相关性,结构变异占主导作用,各向异性显著,在45°方向上变异程度最剧烈,土壤有机质呈条带状分布,自东北向西南呈递减趋势;方差分析和逐步回归分析表明,土壤机械组成是研究区土壤有机质空间变异的主控因素,能够独立解释空间变异的64.9％,其次是土地利用、成土母质、土壤类型,四个因子对土壤有机质空间变异的综合解释为74.6％.     

青藏高原不同类型草地土壤磷素分布及其影响因素

磷是限制草地生态系统生产力的关键性养分元素,阐明青藏高原草地土壤磷素分布特征及其影响因素对于维持该区域草地生态系统的可持续发展具有重要意义。沿青藏高原从西北至东南的水平样带采集不同类型草地(即草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原)的土壤样品,研究土壤全磷、有效磷、无机磷组分和有机磷组分的分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:土壤全磷和有效磷含量以草甸草原最高,其次为荒漠草原和典型草原。各类型草地土壤的无机磷组成均以酸溶态无机磷为主;草甸草原土壤的有机磷组成以氢氧化钠态有机磷为主,而典型和荒漠草原土壤则以酸溶态有机磷为主。不同类型草地相比,草甸草原土壤的水溶态、碳酸氢钠态和氢氧化钠态无机磷以及各形态有机磷含量均显著高于典型和荒漠草原,而荒漠草原土壤的酸溶态无机磷含量显著高于草甸和典型草原。冗余分析指出,土壤有机碳、年均降雨量是影响全磷和有效磷的主要因子,年均降雨量和游离氧化铁是影响无机磷组分的主要因子,而pH、年均气温、地上生物量和年均降雨量是影响有机磷组分的主要因子;结构方程模型指出,草地类型对无机磷组分和有机磷组分都有直接的影响,年均温度和容重对无机磷组分也有直接的影响,而海拔、年均降水量和年均气温通过草地类型对无机磷组分和有机磷组分产生间接的影响。研究结果对于青藏高寒草地生态系统磷素养分的有效管理,进而实现该区域草地资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。     

20年来我国潮土区与黑土区土壤有机质变化的对比研究

对潮土区和黑土区的土壤样品进行采集和分析,结合第二次土壤普查资料,研究潮土区和黑土区土壤有机质的时空变化特征。结果表明潮土区土壤有机质含量呈现提高的趋势,黑土区土壤有机质含量呈现降低的趋势。出现这种变化的结果都与耕作制度,尤其是施肥管理水平等人为因素有密切的关系。     

PARTITIONING OF HEAVY METALS IN PODZOL SOILS CONTAMINATED BY MINE DRAINAGE WATERS,DALARNA, SWEDEN

The discharge of acidic mine drainage waters onto a hillslope in Dalarna, central Sweden, has lead to the contamination of the podzol soils with Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn and sulfate. Samples from contaminated and reference soils have been collected for chemical and mineralogical analyses. Jarosite is identified by x-ray diffraction analysis as a precipitate in the upper horizons (A, E, B) of the contaminated soils, where the soil acidity (pH_KCl～2.6) promotes jarosite stability. The sequential chemical extraction of soil samples indicates that, in the reference A horizon, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn are bound primarily to cation exchange sites and organic matter. In the A horizon of the contaminated soils closest to the rock dump, metal partitioning is dominated by the Fe oxide fractions, despite the high organic matter content; Pb is almost completely bound to crystalline Fe oxides, possibly adsorbed to Fe oxides or occuring in a jarosite solid solution. In the reference B and C horizons, Cu, Ni and Zn are primarily adsorbed/coprecipitated in the Fe oxide fractions, while Pb remains with a large fraction bound to organic matter. In the Fe-rich B horizon of the contaminated soils, the partitioning of the metals in cation exchange sites and to organic matter has greatly increased relative to the reference soils, resulting from the mobilization of organo-metal complexes down the profile.     

Colluvisols under cultivation in Schleswig-Holstein. 1. Genesis,definition and geo-ecological significance

In Schleswig-Holstein, F.R.G., two typical soil associations from loamy boulder marl and loamy pleistocene sands were mapped and ecologically characterized in order to show the necessity of an adequate classification of Colluvic Cumulic Anthrosols (Colluvisols). More than 50% of the original soils have been altered by erosion. The depth of the colluvic wM horizon ranges between 10 cm and more than 100 cm. The amounts of soil organic matter and plant available nutrients are much higher in the Colluvisols than in the haplic soils. Soil classification does not deal with all these aspects with regard to mapping of colluvic soils. In the German soil classification adequate and ecologically significant definitions and instructions of the nomenclature of colluvic soils are not available. Therefore, a proposal is presented to classify colluvic soils. In addition the threshold value of 0.6% soil organic matter in sandy parent material is too low in order to distinguish a Bv from a M horizon; 1.0% would be a more acceptable value. It would be necessary to investigate yield on erodic, non-erodic and colluvic soils in order to determine the effect of erosion and accumulation on crop yield.     

Accumulation and transformation of organic matter in different-aged dumps from sand quarries

The accumulation and transformation of organic matter were studied in chronoseries of different-aged (3-, 10-, 20-, 30-, 43-, and 60-year-old) soils and a background (reference) plot. The ecogenetic succession of plants on sand quarry dumps was characterized. It was shown that the pedogenesis rate was closely related to the rate of phytocenosis development, and the thicknesses of organic and mineral horizons increased synchronously. The profile distribution of organic matter in young soils was estimated as an ectomorphic distribution, and the humus reserves in the mineral horizons of the same soils were comparable with the reserves of organic matter in the litters. The illuvial horizons of the soils under study played a significant role in the deposition of carbon dioxide; the resistance of organic matter to mineralization increased with age. In the soil chronoseries, the combustion heat of litter organic matter increased, as well as the content of energy accumulated in the litters. The composition of humus differed strongly between the eluvial and illuvial horizons; in the chronosequence, the relative content of humic acids increased in the E horizon, and that of fulvic acids increased in the B horizon. The effect of the phytocenosis on the soil was increasingly mediated with time. The accumulation and transformation of organic matter were the leading pedogenic processes at all stages.     

Cryptopodzolic Soils in Switzerland

Cryptopodzolic Soils are characterized by a thick blackish-brown mineral horizon rich in organic matter, the dark colour of which masks the morphological characteristics of podzolization. Little is known about the specific site factors that lead to the formation of these soils. Four representative soil profiles from a typical toposequence between 1700 and 500 m above sea level in southern Switzerland, embracing Haplic Podzols, Humic Cambisols and Cryptopodzolic Soils, are described morphologically, chemically and physically. The Cryptopodzolic Soils in this region are characterized by weak to moderate A1 and Fe translocation, and by a uniform incorporation of organic matter deep into the soil. The most prominent feature is the exceptional stability of the soil organic matter with a maximum in the spodic horizon. All these characteristics can be explained by the unique combined effect of a mild, wet climate, an Fe- and Al-rich acid bedrock and a litter layer providing dissolved organic matter rich in polyphenolic substances with strong metal-binding properties.     

Microbial complexes of therapeutic mud from Lake Tinaki-1

The number and biomass of prokaryote microorganisms in the therapeutic mud from the saline Lake Tinaki-1 (Astrakhan oblast) were studied. In the therapeutic mud of this lake, the organic matter decomposition is performed by bacteria, whose number is 250 million/g, which is an order of magnitude lower than the number of bacteria in the soils of the Volga River delta. The therapeutic mud is of the chloride type of salinization. It has a low organic carbon content, which is related to the low bacterial population in it. Among the ecological-trophic groups of microorganisms in the mud of Lake Tinaki-1, halophilic ones prevail. The highest carbon content of the microbial biomass (0.06 mg/g) was characteristic of the therapeutic mud, which is interpreted as an organic horizon of the soil profile studied. The share of carbon of the microbial biomass in the carbon of the mud organic matter varied from 0.5 to 1.4%.     

亚热带山地草甸土性态的变异及其在中国土壤系统分类中的地位

为了解我国亚热带地区山地草甸土性态的变化和成土特点,从福建、浙江、江西、安徽、湖南和贵州等省采集了20个代表性山地草甸土剖面,详细观察了土壤剖面形态特征,分析了土壤颗粒组成、有机质、阳离子交换量(CEC)、酸度、氧化铁形态和黏土矿物类型等指标,并从诊断分类的角度探讨了它们在中国土壤系统分类中的地位。结果表明:这一地区的山地草甸土表层有机质积累均非常明显,颜色普遍呈黑色和深褐色,土壤酸化明显,土壤氧化铁游离度多在40%以下,土壤CEC较高。但研究也发现,不同样点之间土壤的土体厚度、剖面构型、黏化状况、有机质垂直分布、氧化铁含量、矿物类型及其诊断层和诊断特性均有较大的差异。土体构型大致有Ah-C、Ah-Bw-C、Ah-Bt-C和Ah-G-C等4类。根据中国土壤系统分类的诊断标准,可把研究的20个剖面归并为均腐土、潜育土、淋溶土、雏形土和新成土等5个土纲,下续分为6个亚纲、10个土类和15个亚类。研究认为,在地理发生分类中笼统地把这些土壤归为一个土类存在边界不明确等问题。     

Soils of Low-Mountain Landscapes of North Karelia

Soils of low-mountain landscapes in the northwest of Karelia have been studied. The soil cover of the studied area is mainly represented by Al–Fe-humus soils (Podzols); thin soils (Leptosols) are widespread. Characteristic morphological features of all the studied soils are relatively shallow profiles, high stone content, and underlying by hard bedrock with fine earth material in crevices between large boulders. The studied soils have the high carbon and low nitrogen content, which points to unfavorable conditions of organic matter transformation. The content of most macro- and microelements is not high, which is typical for soils of the region; the content of copper and zinc exceeds the regional background two–three times. Regularities of the vertical zonality in the properties of soils of mountain ecosystems manifest themselves in decreasing thickness of the soil profile at higher altitude above sea level in parallel to decreasing thickness of the layer of loose rocks, while the stone content increases. In soils of the forest-tundra zone, the organomineral horizon with the high organic matter content is formed immediately under the forest litter. The litter horizon is the soils of this zone is characterized by increased concentrations of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and zinc.     

Study of a toposequence for variability in micronutrients from the moist subhumid Siwalik agro-ecological subregion of Punjab

A toposequence from the moist subhumid Siwalik agro-ecological subregion ofPunjab was studied for available and total micronutrient variability. The toposequence showed the least developed soils with only an A–C horizon sequence on steep slopes and a well-developed profile with an argillic horizon on moderate slopes. The soils consist of a variety of minerals and thus belong to the mixed mineralogy class. There were higher levels of DTPA-extractable micronutrients in the surface horizon than in the subsurface horizon due to their association with organic matter through chelation and adsorption. The surface horizons have relatively lower total micronutrient contents than the subsoil horizons. Soils from moderate slopes and lower terraces showed higher total micronutrients contents in the middle horizons, suggesting some redistribution of the constituents due to the illuviation process of pedogenesis. DTPA-extractable and total micronutrients showed an irregular increasing trend from the steep slope to the lower terrace soils. The DTPA-extractable micronutrients showed relatively greater variability (8–107%) than the corresponding total micronutrient contents (2–34%), suggesting the relatively dynamic nature of the former. Variability in DTPA-extractable and total micronutrients within and among the different soils was caused by several processes involved in the differentiation ofmicronutrients. DTPA-extractable micronutrients show the influence of organic matter through the processes of chelation and adsorption, whereas total micronutrients varied due to differences in pedogenic processes of eluviation/ illuvial on different landscapes and textural variation.