严重侵蚀退化马尾松林地植被恢复土壤养分的制约性因子

[目的]揭示马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林地植被恢复的土壤养分制约性因子,为严重侵蚀退化马尾松林地植被恢复提供理论依据。[方法]通过在福建省长汀县河田镇花岗岩风化红壤区,植被恢复差异较大的4种马尾松样地的0—5,5—20,20—40cm的土壤养分试验分析。[结果](1)恢复较差的马尾松林地的有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾含量均较低,土壤保肥能力差,养分易随土壤侵蚀而流失。(2)所有样地的有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷,速效钾含量变化规律基本上为:恢复较差恢复中等恢复较好恢复好。(3)有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷,速效钾极显著正相关(p0.01),且在第1主成分上的载荷分别为0.921,0.931,0.974,0.906,0.874。(4)4种恢复样地土壤表层全钾差异不显著,其他层土壤规律不明显,植被恢复好的样地的pH值最小,但是马尾松林下植被生长良好。[结论]有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾植是马尾松林地植被恢复主要制约因子,全钾、pH值不是马尾松林地植被恢复制约性因子。     

三江源区草地退化与人工恢复对土壤理化性状的影响

以三江源区不同退化程度的天然草地及不同恢复年限的人工草地为研究对象,系统分析土壤理化性质随取样深度的动态变化。结果表明:(1)人工草地土壤含水量及全氮、全钾、全磷、速效钾、速效磷的含量随恢复年限均表现出先减小后增大的"V"形变化趋势;(2)随着退化程度增加,退化草地土壤中含水量逐渐降低,全氮、全钾、有机质、速效钾含量未表现出逐渐降低趋势,而草地的裸斑面积、土壤及养分的流失量逐渐增加;(3)人工草地及退化草地土壤中全氮、速效钾、有机质含量均随着取样深度增加而逐渐降低,草地恢复年限和退化程度基本不影响养分在土壤中的空间分布;(4)人工草地建设使退化草地有机质、全氮、全钾的含量增加,尤其有利于0-4cm的土壤养分增加。因而,人工草地建设可以作为三江源区退化草地土壤恢复的措施之一。     

不同放牧强度对肃北高寒草原土壤肥力的影响

对肃北高寒草原不同放牧强度下不同土层的土壤肥力变化等进行了研究.结果表明:(1)高寒草原土壤物理性质的变化对土壤化学性质具有重要的调控作用.土壤化学性质对土壤肥力的演变则具有关键影响.(2)随着放牧强度的提高,0-10 cm,10-20 cm土层土壤容重均呈不同程度的增加,土壤孔隙度、土壤含水量则分别呈显著的递减趋势.(3)轻度放牧草地土壤有机质、土壤全氮含量高于中度放牧和重度放牧草地,20-30 cm土层有机质随放牧强度的增大呈明显下降趋势,即随放牧强度的增大草地深层土壤肥力呈退化趋势;肃北高寒草原的速效养分以多氮少磷富钾为特点,土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量在总体上随放牧强度的增加呈下降趋势.(4)在剖面上不同土层0-10 cm.10-20 cm.20-30 cm.随着土层深度的增加土壤有机质、pH值、土壤全氮、土壤速效氮、速效磷含量呈增加趋势.相反速效钾呈下降趋势.     

植被混凝土护坡基材p H、有机质及其与速效养分的相关性分析

采集了宜昌境内4处采用植被混凝土生态防护边坡的33个基材土壤样品,对其pH值、有机质和速效N、P、K含量进行测定,分析pH值、有机质含量与速效养分含量的相关性.结果表明:植被混凝土护坡基材pH值为7.73～8.39,属于微碱性和碱性土壤;有机质含量为9.29～18.75 g/kg,属于极低水平和较低水平;速效氮含量为34.34～46.10 mg/kg,速效磷为96.86～146.13 mg/kg,速效钾为196.98～333.53 mg/kg.4个边坡的速效氮含量均属于较低水平,速效钾、速效磷含量均为高水平.pH与有机质、速效K含量呈极显著负相关,与速效N和速效P含量均呈负相关,但不显著;有机质与速效N含量呈极显著正相关,与速效K和速效P含量均呈负相关,但不显著.表明植被混凝土护坡基材的pH值和有机质影响着土壤速效养分的含量.     

不同生态修复技术长期应用对风沙土土壤养分的影响

通过田间试验,对比分析了不同沙地生态修复技术长期应用对风沙土土壤pH值和有机质、氮、磷、钾等土壤养分的影响,结果表明,在长期生态修复作用下,风沙土土壤pH值和全钾含量变化较小,土壤有机质、氮、磷和速效钾含量均有不同程度的增加。人工种植作物的修复方式有利于有机质、氮、磷和速效钾含量的增加,其中:人工种植甘草土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷含量增长最多,10年后分别可达到11.42 g/kg、0.110 9 g/kg和25.46 mg/kg;人工种植花生土壤碱解氮、全磷和速效钾含量最高,10年后分别可达到55.04 mg/kg、0.127 2 g/kg和145.80 mg/kg;生物网方格固沙、林草复合培育和草场培育等主要依靠自然修复的修复技术,土壤养分含量增长缓慢。     

冀西北坝上地区退化防护林的土壤性质

为了解冀西北坝上防护林退化与土壤性质的关系,以河北省张北坝上地区杨树防护林为研究对象,比较了不同退化程度杨树防护林的土壤养分和土壤硬度。研究结果表明:1随林分退化程度的增加,土壤硬度和出现钙积层的概率均有增加的趋势。2除速效钾表现出明显差异外,不同退化程度防护林土壤有机质、全磷、速效磷、全氮、碱解氮、全钾含量无明显差异。3张北坝上地区土壤养分含量总体处于较低水平。根据全国第2次土壤普查养分分级标准,其有机质为4级,磷素和氮素为6级,钾素为5级。4土壤有机质含量与全氮、碱解氮、全钾、速效钾、全磷和速效磷含量呈显著或极显著正相关关系,全氮与碱解氮、全钾与速效钾含量呈显著正相关关系,全磷与速效磷含量没有明显的相关关系。尽管张北坝上的地区土壤养分含量普遍较低,但防护林退化程度与多数土壤养分含量没有明显的相关关系,而与土壤硬度的高低及钙积层的有无具有一定的相关性。     

不同治理措施对秦巴山区渣场土壤养分与植被恢复的影响

通过对不同治理措施下渣场土壤养分状况的差异性进行分析,系统地探讨不同治理措施对渣场土壤养分含量和植被恢复的影响。结果表明:渣场形成初期土壤养分含量比较贫乏,但随着恢复年限的增加会有一定程度的增加趋势,不同恢复年限之间渣场土壤全氮、铵态氮、速效钾和有机质含量差异极显著(P<0.01),硝态氮含量差异显著(P<0.05),速效磷含量差异不显著;不同覆土厚度的渣场除了速效磷含量差异显著以外,其他土壤养分含量差异极显著,说明覆土厚度对渣场土壤养分含量和植被恢复有一定的作用;渣场形成初期,若进行人工恢复植被,会使渣场土壤养分在短期内小于自然恢复植被的渣场,但是随着恢复年限的增加,以及人工植被改良土壤的作用,从而使进行人工恢复植被的渣场土壤养分含量大于自然恢复植被的渣场。     

城市不同功能区绿地土壤理化性质及微生物生物量的分布特征

为提高城市绿地生态系统服务功能和促进城市可持续发展，本文研究了南京市不同功能区绿地表层土壤养分和微生物量的分布特征。结果显示，土壤pH整体呈碱性且容重偏大；公园绿地土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量显著高于道路绿地；不同功能区绿地土壤有机质含量无显著差异，但公园绿地土壤微生物量碳含量和微生物熵显著高于居住区和道路绿地；公园绿地土壤结构和养分均优于道路绿地。土壤微生物量碳含量与有机质、全氮和速效钾含量呈极显著正相关，与速效磷含量呈显著正相关，与容重呈极显著负相关；土壤有机质与全氮和速效钾含量呈极显著正相关，与速效磷含量和pH无显著相关性，与容重呈显著负相关。因此，勤松土，合理施肥，增加枯枝落叶等凋落物覆盖，提高土壤养护管理水平对修复城市土壤生态和建设生态城市具有重要意义。     

围封禁牧对退化草原土壤性状的影响

以希拉穆仁草原为研究对象,通过对比分析不同围封年限草原土壤机械组成、含水率、容重、孔隙度、有机质含量、碱解氮及速效磷、钾等各项指标,探讨了围封对低山丘陵退化草原土壤性状的影响。结果表明,随着围封年限的增加,草原0-20 cm土层土壤黏粒含量、孔隙度逐年增大,容重和含水率逐渐降低。随着围封时间的延长,土壤速效钾含量逐年降低,土壤有机质、速效磷、碱解氮含量逐渐增加。回归分析结果表明,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷以及速效钾含量的变化同围封年限有显著的相关性。由此可见,围封是促进退化草原土壤改良及植被恢复的一项有效措施。     

黄河源区人工草地植被群落和土壤养分变化

[目的]研究黄河源区不同年限人工草地植被群落特征和土壤养分的动态变化,揭示高寒地区人工草地稳定机制与演替规律,为退化高寒草甸(湿地)的近自然恢复和缩短退化草地恢复时间提供理论依据。[方法]选择黄河源区青海省玛沁县3,11,17 a单播垂穗披碱草人工草地,对植被与土壤养分特征进行调查。[结果]随着种植年限增加,人工草地优势种垂穗披碱草盖度降低,植物总盖度、生物结皮盖度、杂类草盖度以及生殖枝数量呈倒"V"型变化,而原生植被莎草科植物盖度、物种多样性逐渐增加,17 a人工草地中莎草科植物的盖度是3,11 a的10倍;人工草地土壤养分中全氮、全钾、速效氮、速效钾以及有机质随年限增加呈现积累趋势,土壤pH值逐渐趋于中性。土壤全氮含量在不同恢复年限之间差异最大,平均准确率降低度为25.71,有机质含量次之,其平均准确率降低度为18.55,而全钾含量及均匀度指数最小,平均准确率降低度均小于5。[结论]高寒地区人工草地群落结构和土壤营养随着建植时间的延长在逐渐恢复,建植17 a的人工草地土壤全氮、有机质含量仅是原生高寒草甸土壤的50%左右,因此,17 a人工草地土壤养分完全恢复还需要较长时间。     

Effects of Haloxylon spp. of Different Age Classes on Vegetation Cover and Soil Properties on an Arid Desert Steppe in Iran

In arid regions, afforestation has been considered as a method for ecological revival in terms of vegetation enrichment and soil amelioration. In this study, the effects of afforestation with Haloxylon spp. on vegetation cover and soil properties were measured < 3, 3, 6, and 25 years after planting in an arid desert in Iran. Soil samples were collected at two depths (0-30 and 30-60 cm) under and between shrub canopies. Afforestation succession significantly affected plant community characteristics. In total, 16 species from 8 families and 15 genera were observed along the afforestation successional gradient. Plant species richness and diversity and vegetation cover increased slowly during the succession, and reached the maximum values in the area where Haloxylon had been planted for 25 years. Soil nutrient values gradually increased during the succession, and the levels of organic matter, total nitrogen, available potassium, and available phosphorus were significantly higher under Haloxylon canopies than between them. Afforestation reduced soil pH under and between Haloxylon canopies during the succession, while soil electrical conductivity followed an opposite pattern. Haloxylon planting increased the silt content in the 0-30 cm soil layer. Our results suggest that Haloxylon establishment plays an important role in the reestablishment of desertified ecosystems in arid regions.     

荒漠草原沙漠化对土壤无机碳和有机碳的影响

以空间代替时间的方法,通过对宁夏荒漠草原不同沙漠化阶段土壤有机碳(SOC)和无机碳(SIC)的研究,探讨荒漠草原沙漠化对土壤SIC、SOC及不同粒径组分土壤SIC、SOC分布特征的影响。结果表明:(1)随着荒漠草原沙漠化程度的加剧,0—10cm土层各粒径组分土壤SIC和SOC含量呈下降趋势。半固定沙地和流动沙地各粒径组分土壤SIC含量均表现为黏粉粒无机碳(CSIC)>细砂粒无机碳(FIC)>粗砂粒无机碳(CIC),而SOC含量均表现为细砂粒有机碳(FOC)>粗砂粒有机碳(COC)>黏粉粒有机碳(CSOC)。(2)随着荒漠草原沙漠化程度的加剧,0—30cm土层土壤无机碳(SICD)、土壤有机碳(SOCD)和土壤总碳(STCD)密度均表现为荒漠草原>固定沙地>半固定沙地>流动沙地。固定沙地、半固定沙地和流动沙地土壤SOCD、SICD分别比荒漠草原降低了18.5%,57.7%,60.5%和6.7%,35.9%,47.0%。(3)0—10cm土层各粒径组分土壤SOC和SIC含量、全土SOC含量与0—30cm土层SOC和SIC均呈显著正相关关系,其中土壤粗砂粒有机碳和粗砂粒无机碳对SOC影响最大,而土壤黏粉粒有机碳和黏粉粒无机碳与全土SIC含量呈显著负相关关系。因此,沙漠化防治对于减少荒漠草原土壤碳损失极为重要。     

荒漠草原沙漠化对土壤物理和化学特性的影响

以宁夏中北部荒漠草原不同沙漠化阶段(荒漠草地、固定沙地、半固定沙地、流动沙地)草地土壤为研究对象,研究不同沙漠化阶段土壤容重、孔隙度、土壤有机碳、全氮含量、碳密度、氮密度、NH4+-N和NO–3-N的变异规律,分析荒漠草原沙漠化对土壤物理和化学性质的影响。结果表明:固定沙地、半固定沙地和流动沙地0～30 cm土层土壤容重较荒漠草地分别升高了0.3%、2.9%和2.4%。土壤孔隙度随草地沙漠化加重整体表现为线性递减趋势。同一沙漠化阶段,随着土层深度的增加,土壤容重表现出先降低后升高趋势,而土壤孔隙度表现出相反的变化。随着荒漠草原沙漠化程度加剧,NH4+-N、NO–3-N、土壤有机碳、全氮含量和碳氮密度均呈线性下降趋势。与荒漠草地相比,流动沙地0～30 cm土层土壤NH4+-N、NO–3-N、土壤有机碳、全氮含量和碳氮密度分别降低了27.4%、31.8%、44.8%、56.7%、43.5%和55.7%。荒漠草原沙漠化破坏了土壤物理和化学性状。     

青藏高原三江源区不同恢复期高寒草甸土壤线虫群落演变

青藏高原三江源地区的高寒草甸面临着严峻的退化问题，人工建植是三江源地区退化草地的重要修复方式。为探究地下生物对草地人工恢复措施的响应，本研究比较了三江源地区高寒草甸不同恢复期人工草地(建植1、5和10 a)的土壤线虫群落变化。结果显示：与原生植被样地相比，所有恢复期样地的植物地下生物量降低，土壤容重、pH、全磷、全钾和硝态氮含量升高，表明人工草地系统的初级生产力和土壤特性尚未恢复到原生草地状态。不同恢复期样地中土壤线虫的均匀度和多样性指数均显著高于原生植被样地。此外，不同恢复期样地的线虫多度、代谢足迹以及成熟度指数均随恢复年限的增加而增加。相关性分析结果表明，土壤线虫多度与植物地下生物量、土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、矿质氮和速效氮含量显著正相关(P<0.05)，与土壤pH、全钾和容重显著负相关(P<0.05)。尽管三江源区退化草地的人工恢复措施尚未完全恢复牧草生产力至原生植被状态，但土壤生物结构及功能具有改善的趋势，显示该地区退化草地生态系统具有较强的恢复潜力。     

Vegetation characteristics and soil properties in grazing exclusion areas of the Inner Mongolia desert steppe

In arid and semi-arid desert steppe areas, grazing exclusion with fencing is widely regarded as an effective strategy for restoring degraded vegetation and enhancing the quality of degraded soil. In this study, we hypothesized that grazing exclusion caused by fencing enhances both vegetation and soil properties, and that the longer an area is fenced, the more considerable the improvement. We conducted an observational study wherein random sampling was utilized to select 9 plots fenced for ten or more years, 25 plots fenced for four to nine years, 25 plots fenced for one to three years and 29 free-grazing plots within an area of approximately 63,000 km² of Inner Mongolia desert steppe. A one-way ANOVA revealed no significant differences in the characteristics of grassland vegetation or soil properties between grasslands fenced for one to three years and free-grazing grassland. After 4 years of fencing, noticeable increases in above-ground biomass, litter content, Simpson index, soil organic carbon, and available nitrogen were observed. Significant positive differences in vegetation coverage, height, species richness, soil available phosphorus, and available potassium were associated with plots with a minimum of 10 years of fencing. The soil layer with the greatest difference in the fenced-in areas for soil organic carbon was at 0–25 cm. For available nitrogen and available phosphorus, fencing produced the most significant differences in the 0–20 cm soil layer, while for available potassium, fencing produced the most significant differences in the 0–30 cm soil layer. However, the fencing did not indicate any statistically significant differences in terms of clay, silt, and sand content in any soil layer. The data support our hypothesis that grazing exclusion improves both vegetation and soil properties, and that longer periods of grazing exclusion result in greater degrees of improvement. This research offers technical guidance for the reasonable choice of fencing time across a vast area of the Inner Mongolian desert steppe.     

长顺冗雷河小流域草地治理模式下土壤肥力评价

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,对贵州省长顺县冗雷河小流域坡耕地、人工草地和天然草地3种地类的全氮和碱解氮,全磷和有效磷,全钾和有效钾,酸碱度,有机质进行了研究,以层次分析法进行肥力综合评价,揭示冗雷河小流域草地治理模式下对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:坡耕地实施人工种草措施后,土壤全氮含量相对增加42.64%,碱解氮增加50.86%,中层和下层（20—30 cm）土壤碱解氮改善最为明显;土壤全磷含量相对增加45.24%,有效磷降低23.58%,坡耕地相比草地在全磷含量上相对较为匮乏,但用于作物吸收的有效磷素却高于人工草地;土壤全钾和有效钾含量降低,pH值无变化,其中全钾含量相对降低43.28%,有效钾降低37.32%;土壤有机质含量相对增加77.24%,其中表层（0—10 cm）、中层和下层土壤有机质含量分别提升48.06%,85.58%和107.78%,中层和下层土壤有机质含量改善幅度大。天然草地综合肥力指数最大,坡耕地最小,天然草地综合肥力指数是人工草地的1.09倍,是坡耕地的1.14倍,人工草地是坡耕地的1.05倍。土壤肥力整体水平上得到提升。     

温带沙漠土壤空间分布的尺度依赖性研究

Spatial variation is a ubiquitous feature of natural ecosystems, especially in arid regions, and is often present at various scales in these regions. To determine the scale dependence of the heterogeneity of soil chemical properties and the dominant scales （factors） for soil heterogeneity in arid regions, the spatial variability of soil resources was investigated in the Gurbantunggut Desert of Central Asia at the scales of 10-3, 10-2, 10-1, 100, 101, 102, 103 and 104 m （from individual plant to population or community to ecosystem）. Soil chemical properties including pH, electrical conductivity （EC）, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus, and available phosphorus were considered in the investigation. At a scale of 10-1 m, which represented the scale of individual plant, significant enrichment of soil resources occurred under shrub canopy and ＂fertile islands＂ formed in the desert ecosystem. Soil EC exhibited the largest heterogeneity at this scale, indicating that individual plants exerted a great influence on soil salinity/alkalinity. Soil nutrients exhibited the greatest heterogeneity at a scale of 102 m, which represented the scale of sand dune/interdune lowlands （between communities）. The main important factors contributing to soil spatial heterogeneity in the Gurbantunggut Desert were individual plants and different topographic characteristics, namely, the appearance of vegetation, especially shrubs or small trees, and existing sand dunes. Soil salinity/alkalinity and soil nutrient status behaved differently in spatial heterogeneity, with an inverse distribution between them at the individual scale.