黄秋葵实时荧光定量PCR内参基因的克隆与筛选评价

为筛选黄秋葵实时荧光定量PCR的稳定内参基因,本研究以绿白1号为试验材料,根据黄秋葵RNA-seq数据库,筛选并验证获得18SrRNA、ACT、EF-1α、TUA、TUB、GAPDH等6个内参基因ORF序列;以黄秋葵不同组织、不同发育时期果实、不同发育时期叶片和低温、高温、干旱胁迫处理的叶片为材料,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析测定基因表达量,并结合GeNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper软件评价6个内参基因的稳定性。结果表明,6个基因在不同组织、各发育阶段及不同胁迫下均有表达,但表达稳定性不尽相同,其中,EF-1α在黄秋葵果荚发育、高温胁迫下表达稳定性最好;18SrRNA在黄秋葵各组织、叶发育和干旱胁迫下表达稳定性最优;ACT在低温胁迫下表现最稳定。此外,在29个处理中,18SrRNA、EF-1α、ACT表达均较稳定,可以用于荧光定量表达分析。本研究结果为黄秋葵基因功能分析和调控机理研究提供了基础。     

西南鸢尾花色变异实时定量PCR内参基因的筛选与验证

为筛选适用于不同花色西南鸢尾花色合成途径相关基因表达分析的内参基因,本研究根据西南鸢尾及其白花变型白花西南鸢尾花蕾组织的转录组测序数据,筛选了6个常用内参基因(ɑ-TUB、β-TUB、AQP、ACT、GAPDH、UBQ),同时以百合18S做为对照内参基因,在西南鸢尾及其白花变型白花西南鸢尾的花蕾组织中,分别通过反转录PCR(RT-PCR)初筛和RT-qPCR检测表达量,并利用geNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper软件对7个候选内参基因的稳定性进行评价。RT-PCR初筛结果显示,7个候选内参基因引物的特异性均较好,在6个样品间没有明显差异;RT-qPCR分析表明,7个候选内参基因的表达量存在一定差异,其中18S表达量最高,UBQ最低;geNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper分析结果表明,ACT表现最稳定,最适合做为内参基因,β-TUB相对稳定性最低;以Actin为内参对西南鸢尾类黄酮/花青素和类胡萝卜素2类色素合成途径中部分相关基因的RT-qPCR分析结果与转录组测序结果相一致。本研究为鸢尾属植物花色素合成相关基因表达分析内参基因的筛选以及鸢尾属植物资源利用和花色育种研究提供了理论参考。     

不同处理对海沃德猕猴桃内源ABA相关代谢基因表达的影响

为在分子水平阐明外源乙烯利、1-MCP和ABA处理对海沃德猕猴桃内源ABA合成代谢的影响,并揭示ABA调控果实后熟机理。本研究以海沃德猕猴桃果实为试验材料,利用外源乙烯利、1-MCP和ABA处理猕猴桃果实,分别运用高相液相色谱(HPLC)和RT-qPCR分析20℃贮存条件下对猕猴桃内源ABA合成、信号通路相关基因XanDH、PYR/PYL、PP2C、ABF的表达量影响。结果表明,乙烯利处理下PP2C和ABF基因表达量在DAH17~DAH58都显著低于对照组,XanDH和PYR/PYL在DAH17均显著高于对照组,而后迅速回落。在ABA处理下XanDH基因表达量呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势,在DAH17表达量最高。PP2C和PYR/PYL在DAH17经历高峰后逐渐回落至低水平,与对照组差异显著。ABF在采后前期有较高的表达量,经历峰值后急速回落,在后熟中后期表达水平较低。1-MCP处理下,在整个后熟阶段,XanDH的表达量均显著高于对照组,在DAH17达到最大值,随后逐渐降落。与对照组相比,PP2C基因表达量持续上升,ABF基因持续下调;PYR/PYL在DAH17表达量最高而后下调,但仍显著高于对照组。表明乙烯利、1-MCP、ABA处理对海沃德猕猴桃内源ABA合成、信号传导有较大影响,本试验结果为进一步探究外源乙烯利、1-MCP和ABA对猕猴桃果实采后衰老的调控作用及机理提供了一定的理论依据。     

水分胁迫对葡萄果实白藜芦醇合成相关基因表达的影响

为探究水分胁迫对葡萄果实白藜芦醇合成的影响,本研究以赤霞珠为试验材料,对其进行不同程度水分胁迫处理,测定葡萄果实白藜芦醇含量及白藜芦醇生物合成相关基因表达量。结果表明,葡萄果实进入转色期,PAL、4CL、STS基因随白藜芦醇合成而大量表达;不同水分胁迫处理均能增加葡萄果实白藜芦醇含量,同时提高白藜芦醇合成相关基因的表达量,不同水分胁迫处理间存在差异;水分胁迫对果实转色前期和后期PAL、STS基因表达的促进作用最为显著,但水分胁迫显著降低了CHS基因的表达量。相关性分析表明,白藜芦醇含量与PAL、STS基因的表达量呈显著正相关,表明水分胁迫主要通过诱导PAL、STS基因表达来增加果实白藜芦醇含量。本研究结果为进一步阐明葡萄白藜芦醇合成调控机制奠定了理论基础。     

铁皮石斛PRC2复合体成员的鉴定及对胁迫响应的表达分析

为了探讨PRC2复合体在铁皮石斛生长发育和胁迫响应中的功能,通过生物信息学方法筛选了铁皮石斛PRC2核心成员DcCLF、DcSWN、DcEMF2、DcFIE和DcMSI1,借助酵母双杂交技术分析了它们之间的互作关系,利用半定量PCR分析了PRC2核心成员的组织表达谱,通过荧光定量PCR检测了它们对非生物胁迫(低温、高温、脱水)和病害胁迫(齐整小核菌、灰葡萄孢霉菌)的响应情况。结果表明,铁皮石斛PRC2复合体包含5个成员:E(z)同源基因DcCLF和DcSWN、Su(z)12基因DcEMF2、ESC基因DcFIE、p55基因DcMSI1,且这5个成员间的互作关系基本符合模式植物的互作模式,也存在物种特异性,表明PRC2复合体在进化中既有保守性也有特殊性。PRC2核心成员在铁皮石斛根、茎、叶、花蕾、成花中均有表达,但不同基因的表达存在组织差异性。同时,PRC2成员响应不同的环境和病害胁迫:DcCLF受低温、高温和脱水等各种环境胁迫的显著诱导;DcMSI1和DcEMF2在齐整小核菌侵染下表达明显上调,而DcSWN在灰葡萄孢霉菌侵染下受诱导程度最大。铁皮石斛PRC2复合体在生长发育和胁迫应答中发挥重要作用,可为分子辅助育种提供关键靶标基因。     

MpCYS4基因对苹果褐斑病病原菌侵染的响应表达及其转化株系抗性鉴定

为探究半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(cystatin)基因MpCYS4在苹果响应苹果褐斑病病原菌侵染过程中的功能,以苹果矮化砧木M26野生型和MpCYS4过表达株系#1、#3、#4为材料,利用实时荧光定量PCR分析苹果褐斑病病菌侵染后MpCYS4基因在苹果叶片中的表达变化;同时,对转MpCYS4基因苹果叶片的褐斑病抗性进行鉴定,并对MpCYS4融合蛋白进行体外诱导纯化和抑菌活性分析。结果表明,MpCYS4基因的表达受褐斑病侵染诱导,其过量表达提高了苹果叶片对褐斑病的抗性,且经体外纯化的MpCYS4融合蛋白能够有效抑制褐斑病病原菌孢子的萌发和菌丝生长,表现出显著的抑菌活性。本研究结果为进一步探索MPCYS4的生物学功能及其抗病作用机制奠定了基础。     

葡萄BBX基因家族的鉴定与表达分析

BBX转录因子家族参与植物幼苗的光形态建成、开花、光周期调控及避荫反应等,在高等植物的生长发育过程中起到重要作用。为了解葡萄中BBX基因家族功能,本研究利用生物信息学方法对葡萄BBX基因家族成员的数量、结构、启动子、氨基酸特性、染色体定位及基因进化进行分析。结果表明,葡萄BBX家族有25个成员,以酸性蛋白为主;亚细胞定位表明,有4个分泌途径信号肽,VvBBX2、VvBBX5、VvBBX7、VvBBX20;有2个叶绿体转运肽,VvBBX23、VvBBX24;有1个线粒体靶向肽VvBBX1。染色体定位分析发现,25个VvBBXs基因主要分布在1、3、4、5、7、9、11、12、14、18、19共11条染色体上;系统发育进化分析发现葡萄BBX家族成员分为5个亚家族;葡萄与拟南芥的同源性分析发现,葡萄BBX蛋白家族有很强的保守性;在葡萄BBX基因启动子序列中含有光相应元件、激素类响应元件、低温响应元件等多种顺式作用元件。葡萄BBX基因家族在不同发育时期不同葡萄组织中的表达谱显示,该基因家族具有一定时空表达特异性;不同光照条件下,葡萄BBX基因的相对表达量有显著变化,这表明葡萄BBX基因家族与光形态建成及光合作用有着密切的关系。本研究结果为葡萄BBX基因家族的进一步功能分析提供了重要研究基础。     

桃果胶裂解酶编码基因PpPL1的鉴定及其在果实成熟软化过程中的表达

为了深入了解桃果胶裂解酶(PL)家族编码基因的功能,本研究利用生物信息学方法对桃基因组中的PL基因进行鉴定,并对这些基因在硬质型桃和溶质型桃果实成熟软化过程中的表达差异进行分析。结果表明,从桃基因组中共鉴定出20个PL基因,所有的PpPL蛋白都含有Pec-Lyase-C结构域,但其中只有4个PpPL(PpPL7、PpPL8、PpPL12、PpPL17)包含Pec-Lyase-N结构域。Pec-Lyase-N的保守性表明其可能是执行果胶裂解功能所必须的功能团。聚类分析表明,桃PL基因可以分为5类:这与模式植物拟南芥和番茄PL基因的聚类模式一致。基因表达分析表明,6个PL基因在桃果实成熟过程中高表达,其中PpPL1基因在有名硬质型桃成熟过程中表达量很低,而在黄金蜜3号溶质型桃成熟阶段高表达。序列比对和聚类分析发现,PpPL1基因与果实软化相关的番茄SLPL高度同源。以溶质型桃湖景蜜露和硬质型桃夏之梦为试材,检测采后软化过程中PpPL1的表达,结果表明PpPL1基因是与桃果实的成熟软化相关的主要基因。本研究结果为进一步探究PL基因家族在桃果实软化中作用的分子机理奠定了基础。     

刺葡萄愈伤组织UFGT基因克隆及表达分析

为从细胞水平上揭示刺葡萄3-O-类黄酮葡萄糖基转移酶(UFGT)基因调控花青素合成的功能,以刺葡萄愈伤组织为试验材料,根据刺葡萄愈伤组织转录组UFGT序列片段,利用RT-PCR结合RACE技术克隆得到VdUFGT基因,并对其进行生物信息学和表达特性分析。结果表明,VdUFGT基因cDNA和DNA开放阅读框(ORF)分别为1 371 bp和1 448 bp,包含2个外显子和1个内含子,编码456个氨基酸,为带负电荷的不稳定的亲水性蛋白,具有一个UDPGT结构域,是UDPGT超家族成员,包含UDP-黄酮糖基转移酶特征区域。由UFGT同源基因编码蛋白所构建的系统发育树,与植物进化的关系相一致,6个葡萄属植物聚为一支。RT-qPCR分析表明,刺葡萄红色愈伤组织VdUFGT转录水平极显著高于白色愈伤组织,培养25 d的2个细胞培养物差异可达79倍;在刺葡萄愈伤组织连续培养过程中,红色愈伤组织中VdUFGT转录水平变化幅度较大,在愈伤组织快速生长中期和衰老初期分别出现峰值,而刺葡萄白色愈伤组织VdUFGT转录水平与红色愈伤组织相比变化幅度不大,且始终维持在一个较低的水平。说明VdUFGT对刺葡萄红色愈伤组织细胞培养物中的花青素生物合成有重要的调控作用,这种调控作用主要发生在刺葡萄愈伤组织细胞快速生长中期和细胞衰老初期。本研究结果为进一步阐明VdUFGT调控刺葡萄细胞花青素合成的机制奠定了理论基础。     

高羊茅细胞色素FaP450基因克隆及其在非生物胁迫下表达分析

细胞色素P450属于一种含亚铁血红素单加氧酶的超基因家族,在植物多种代谢途径与防御反应中起着重要作用。为探究细胞色素P450基因在高羊茅中的表达模式,本研究采用cDNA末端快速扩增技术从高羊茅叶片中克隆了细胞色素P450基因,命名为FaP450。FaP450全长1 737 bp,含1 437 bp的开放阅读框,共编码478个氨基酸,具有P450基因家族典型的P450结构域。系统进化树分析表明,高羊茅FaP450与禾本科植物小麦、山羊草的P450蛋白亲缘关系较近。荧光定量PCR表明,高羊茅FaP450基因受干旱、高温、氮胁迫及盐胁迫的诱导表达上调,表明该基因与非生物胁迫的抗性相关。构建FaP450超量表达载体,利用农杆菌侵染法转化拟南芥,对其进行低氮胁迫,发现低氮胁迫下FaP450基因过量表达植株的鲜重与根长显著高于野生型,表明FaP450基因的超量表达可以增强拟南芥对低氮的适应性。本研究为深入探索P450基因家族在牧草生长发育与抗逆功能的研究奠定了理论基础。     

Ripening-induced changes in grape skin proanthocyanidins modify their interaction with cell walls

Proanthocyanidins were isolated from the skins of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes at different stages of grape development in order to study the effect of proanthocyanidin modification on the interaction with grape cell wall material. After veraison, the degree of proanthocyanidin polymerization increased, and thereafter was variable between 24 and 33 subunits as ripening progressed. Affinity of skin cell wall material for proanthocyanidin decreased with proanthocyanidin ripeness following veraison. A significant negative relationship (R2=0.93) was found for average proanthocyanidin molecular mass and the proportion of high molecular mass proanthocyanidin adsorbed by skin cell wall material. This indicated that as proanthocyanidin polymerization increased, the affinity of a component of high molecular mass proanthocyanidins for skin cell wall material declined. This phenomenon was only associated with skin proanthocyanidins from colored grapes, as high molecular mass proanthocyanidins of equivalent subunit composition from colorless mutant Cabernet Sauvignon grapes had a higher affinity for skin cell wall material.     

玉米TRV-VIGS的优化与顶腐病抗病基因的鉴定

烟草脆裂病毒(TRV)介导的基因沉默方法简便易行,但在常规试验条件下按照报道的方法操作沉默玉米基因的效率较低,难以实际应用。为了优化TRV-VIGS体系,并鉴定顶腐病抗病基因,本研究以玉米八氢番茄红素脱氢酶(PDS)基因为靶基因,构建沉默载体pTRV2-ZmPDS,从浸种处理、农杆菌菌株、真空辅助渗入和共培养时间4个试验因素优化玉米TRV-VIGS体系,提高基因沉默效率。结果表明,无菌水浸泡种子24 h,剥去种皮后用LB4404农杆菌菌株真空渗入处理60 min,再共培养10 h时,全株白化苗占出苗植株总数的25.1%~29.3%,较优化前沉默比率(3.0%)提高了8~10倍。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,与对照和未白化植株相比,白化植株的ZmPDS基因转录水平显著降低。应用优化的TRV-VIGS体系沉默ZmMAC3基因,高抗顶腐病的玉米杂交种先玉335在接种亚粘团镰孢菌后表现出典型的顶腐病病症,表明,与双子叶植物相似,MAC3蛋白是玉米内生免疫和抗病所必需的关键调控因子。综上所述,优化后的TRV-VIGS体系可以应用于玉米基因功能的鉴定。     

HPLC determination of extractable and unextractable proanthocyanidins in plant materials

This study developed a method for the determination of extractable and unextractable proanthocyanidins. Extractable proanthocyanidins were separated according to their degree of polymerization using normal phase HPLC. Unextractable proanthocyanidins were measured after acid-catalyzed depolymerization as flavan-3-ols (terminal units) and benzylthioethers (external units). Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used for the identification of proanthocyanidins in the samples. Hubaux-Vos detection limits were 0.01-0.15 ng/injection for extractable proanthocyanidins, with recovery rates from 69 to 91%. Detection limits for unextractable proanthocyanidin derivatives were 0.002-0.035 ng/injection with 80% recovery. The developed method was applied to the analysis of several fruit and berry samples. Results showed great variation in the proportion of unextractable proanthocyanidins in total proanthocyanidin content between samples, being highest in the green variety of table grape (63%) and lowest in the apple cultivar 'Valkeakuulas' (4.1%). The method reported herein is reliable and gives valuable information on the nature of proanthocyanidins in plant-derived foods.     

刺梨及其近缘种质叶片主要活性物质含量及抗氧化性分析

为明确刺梨及其2个近缘种质无籽刺梨和无刺刺梨叶片中活性物质含量变化及其对抗氧化能力的贡献,本研究以刺梨、无籽刺梨和无刺刺梨为试验材料,测定其不同叶龄叶片(幼叶、成熟叶和老叶)中维生素C(Vc)、总三萜、总酚、总黄酮含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化,并用铁离子还原(FRAP)、2,2'-联氨-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)和1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基(DPPH)3种体系分析其体外抗氧化能力,同时对5种抗氧化活性物质进行主成分分析。结果表明,3个材料的不同叶龄叶片中,总酚、总黄酮、Vc含量和SOD活性变化以及3种抗氧化活性均依次表现为成熟叶>幼叶>老叶,而总三萜含量均在老叶中为最高;3个试验材料成熟叶中,无刺刺梨的总酚含量及其对ABTS自由基的清除能力、刺梨的Vc含量及其对DPPH自由基的清除能力,以及无籽刺梨的SOD活性及其对FRAP抗氧化能力均高于其他2个材料,刺梨老叶中的总三萜含量显著高于其他2个材料。相关性分析表明,总酚、总黄酮、Vc与3种抗氧化方法测定结果呈显著正相关;主成分分析表明,成熟叶中具有抗氧化能力的5种活性物质对抗氧化能力贡献依次表现为总酚、Vc>总三萜、SOD>总黄酮,且3种主成分的累计贡献率达90%以上。本研究结果为了解和开发利用上述3个蔷薇属种质叶片功能成分提供了理论依据。     

Quantitative fractionation of grape proanthocyanidins according to their degree of polymerization.

A method was developed for the fractionation of grape (seed or skin) proanthocyanidins according to their degree of polymerization. After precipitation in chloroform/methanol (75:25, v/v), the grape proanthocyanidins were deposited onto an inert glass powder column and sequentially dissolved in several fractions by increasing proportions of methanol in the solvent. Each fraction from each proanthocyanidin source was quantified and characterized after acidic degradation with phenylmethanethiol (i.e., thiolysis). The comparison of data from total extract and successive fractions showed that a quantitative separation was achieved so that estimation of polymer size distribution in relation to other compositional characteristics (proportions of prodelphinidin units, galloylation rate) was thus possible. Mean degree of polymerization of separated proanthocyanidins ranged increasingly from 4.7 to 17.4 in seed (8.1 for total extract) and from 9.3 to 73.8 in skin (34.9 for total extract). The method proposed is very interesting for the study of grape proanthocyanidins according to their degree of polymerization because it gives both qualitative and quantitative information especially on the highly polymerized forms, which were not fractionated by previous techniques.     

Supplementation with grape seed polyphenols results in increased urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic Acid, an important metabolite of proanthocyanidins in humans

Grape seed extract provides a concentrated source of polyphenols, most of which are proanthocyanidins. Polymeric proanthocyanidins are poorly absorbed in the small intestine of humans, and exposure may result from metabolism to phenolic acids by colonic bacteria. Any biological effects of proanthocyanidins may be due to the phenolic acid metabolites. Several phenolic acids have been identified as proanthocyanidin metabolites, but these may be derived from a range of other dietary sources. The aim of this study was to determine if 24-h urinary excretion of specific phenolic acids increased significantly and consistently following regular supplementation with grape seed extract. In a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial, 69 volunteers received grape seed extract (1000 mg/day total polyphenols) or placebo for 6 weeks. Supplementation with grape seed polyphenols resulted in a consistent increase in the excretion of 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid (3-HPP, P < 0.001) and 4-O-methylgallic acid (P < 0.001) and a less consistent increase in the excretion of 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (P = 0.002). The observed increase in 3-HPP is in line with the suggestion that this compound is a major phenolic acid breakdown product of proanthocyanidin metabolism in vivo.     

Berry integrity and extraction of skin and seed proanthocyanidins during red wine fermentation

In this study, microscale fermentations were conducted on Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot. Five treatments were established varying from 0-100% crushed fruit (25% increments x 5 replicates). Caps were kept submerged throughout the experiment, and fermentation temperatures were maintained at 25 degrees C. Samples were collected throughout fermentation and from the free run and press wine at the time of pressing. Proanthocyanidins were determined by acid-catalyzed depolymerization in the presence of phloroglucinol, followed by reversed phase, high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Total proanthocyanidin extraction increased with time in all treatments. In addition, crushing increased the rate at which proanthocyanidins were extracted. When the extraction of skin and seed proanthocyanidins were monitored separately, skin proanthocyanidin extraction rate exceeded that for seed proanthocyanidins and followed a Boltzmann sigmoid extraction model. The highest proanthocyanidin concentration for skin (435 mg/L) and seed (344 mg/L) was observed for the 75% crushed fruit treatment at the time of pressing (17 days). The highest skin proanthocyanidin proportion (79%) was observed for the 75% crushed fruit treatment on day 9 with a total proanthocyanidin concentration of 439 mg/L. For all treatments, skin proanthocyanidin extraction reached a plateau concentration prior to pressing, with the plateau concentration increasing with crushing. Seed proanthocyanidin concentration increased throughout maceration.