乌龟温室养殖水中悬浮颗粒物的沉降特性

养殖水体中固体颗粒物的沉降特性对养殖池和沉淀池的优化设计非常重要。在乌龟温室养殖中期,取距池底 10 cm处的养殖水作为沉淀原样进行静态沉淀试验,测得原样的悬浮颗粒物质量浓度为(763±15.3) mg/L,粒径分布范围是1～300 μm,其中粒径>100 μm的颗粒物体积占20.4%,50～100 μm的占39.1%,<50 μm的占40.5%。结果表明：在一定的深度范围内颗粒物沉淀速率不受沉淀池深度影响,但若沉淀池太浅且颗粒物浓度较高时会发生拥挤和压缩沉淀;对于乌龟养殖中期的水体,确定了沉淀池的溢流速率和颗粒物去除率之间的关系,当溢流速率为0.0167 cm/s,悬浮颗粒物的去除率为24.9%,且溢流出的水体中总体积90%的颗粒物粒径<98.4 μm,50%的颗粒物粒径<41.9 μm;在龟鳖温室养殖池中设置平流式沉淀池可有效地进行悬浮颗粒物的管理和去除,且随着养殖水体中细微颗粒物的增加,溢流速率可随之减小。     

去除养殖水体悬浮颗粒的多向流重力沉淀装置设计及性能

为了高效去除循环水养殖系统中的固体悬浮颗粒物,研发了多向流重力沉淀装置,并对其水力特性及相关结构参数进行试验研究。该文以固体悬浮颗粒物去除率为试验指标,设计了5～40 min的水力停留时间（hydraulic retention time,HRT）及斜管填料规格参数的双因素试验。结果显示,随着HRT增加,多向流重力沉淀装置的固体悬浮颗粒物去除率呈显著上升的阶段性变化特征,但以HRT为20 min时沉淀装置的综合处理效果最优,最高平均去除率可达（58.57 %±10.12 %）,其中粒径小于20 μm的微颗粒去除率为19.5%,粒径大于60 μm的微颗粒去除率高达90.3 %;较小的斜管直径可显著提高多向流重力沉淀装置的固体悬浮颗粒物去除率,而斜管高度对去除率无显著影响。多向流重力沉淀装置用于去除循环水养殖系统中的固体悬浮颗粒物,是一种行之有效的方法。     

用于池塘养殖尾水处理的串联式旋流器水动力特性及分离效率

为了将多级旋流分离技术应用于池塘养殖尾水处理，并解决旋流器的水力停留时间短、分离效率低等问题，根据池塘养殖南美白对虾的尾水特点，结合工业标准150旋流分离器的结构参数，设计了一种串联式旋流分离器。该研究基于欧拉-拉格朗日方法，结合雷诺应力湍流模型与离散相模型，建立了串联式旋流分离器的三维两相内流场数值计算模型。在对比试验数据验证计算方法有效性和流场网格独立性的基础上，分析了进水口流量、锥角、颗粒粒径和密度等参数对旋流器的流场特征和分离效率的影响机制，并提出了多级"旋流+过滤"组合式池塘养殖尾水固液分离技术。研究表明：随着进水口流量在一定范围内增加，两级旋流器内流场的切向速度、轴向速度、分流比、压力降均增大，涡流强度增强，对于粒径为75 μm颗粒物的分离效率明显提高，而对于粒径为5 μm颗粒物的分离效率变化不显著；随着旋流器的锥角减小，水流阻力、压力降和分流比均降低，有助于增加颗粒物在旋流区的停留时间，从而提高其分离效率；随着颗粒物的密度和粒径增大，旋流器的分离效率提高，对粒径为75μm沉淀物的分离效率可达80%，对同粒径悬浮物的分离效率约为60%，但对于粒径为5 μm的2类颗粒物而言，分离效率的差别较小，均低于30%。研究结果可为串联式旋流器的结构优化设计及其在池塘水产养殖尾水处理中的应用提供理论依据。     

植物–微生物联合对土壤不同粒径组分中 PAHs 的修复作用

采用温室盆栽试验,在种植紫花苜蓿的同时,分别施加木霉菌剂、根瘤菌菌剂以及木霉与根瘤菌复合菌剂,并采用离心分级法将处理后土壤分为4个粒径团聚体,即细黏粒(0.1~1μm)、粗黏粒(1~5μm)、粉粒(5~50μm)以及细砂粒(50~250μm),分析了植物–微生物联合作用对不同粒径土壤中PAHs的去除效应。研究结果表明:紫花苜蓿–根瘤菌联合作用对PAHs污染土壤的修复效果最优,其降解率达60%以上。不同粒径组分中PAHs含量的分布表现为细砂粒粉粒粗黏粒细黏粒,且PAHs在不同粒径团聚体中去除率差异性较大。低环(2、3环)PAHs在各粒径组分中去除率较低(20%以下),并在不同粒径组分间呈非均衡分配状态;4环PAHs的去除主要集中在粉粒和细砂粒中,而5环PAHs的去除主要发生在细黏粒上。可见,PAHs在土壤不同粒径组分中分布特征及降解效应为进一步阐明PAHs污染土壤的生物修复机制提供了科学依据。     

间歇式双循环工厂化养殖系统构建及其养殖效果

为改善工厂化循环水养殖系统水质净化效果,提高养殖密度和成活率,构建了间歇式双循环工厂化养殖系统。通过间歇运行生物膜反应器增加水力停留时间,充分降解含氮污染物;连续运行弧形筛及时去除固体颗粒物。考察了该系统的启动过程及石斑鱼高密度养殖效果。启动初期,将硝化型生物絮团与海绵填料混合培养,生物膜22 d即可挂膜成功。以30.03 kg/m~3为初始养殖密度开展石斑鱼养殖试验,经66 d养殖,石斑鱼平均质量从(273.00±12.22)增至(552.52±107.04) g,最终养殖密度达到60.78 kg/m~3,成活率为100%。养殖过程中,生物膜逐渐适应养殖环境,氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮去除率从13.33%、14.84%增至93.73%、93.50%。此外,在弧形筛进水槽增加曝气形成曝气式弧形筛,可进一步除去细小颗粒物,有效控制养殖水体浊度。     

以聚丁二酸丁二醇酯为碳源去除含盐水体硝酸盐及其动力学模型

以固体碳源反硝化工艺应用于闭合循环养殖废水的脱氮提供理论和技术参数为目的,研究了以一种非水溶性可生物降解多聚物材料（BDPs）聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）作为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体的填料床反应器对含盐水体硝酸盐的去除效果及动力学特征。结果表明：水力停留时间对NO3--N去除效果影响较大,NO3--N去除率随水力停留时间延长而提高。在温度为(29±1)℃,进水NO3--N质量浓度为25～236 mg/L的条件下,进水NO3--N负荷低于0.32 kg/(m3·d)时,NO3--N体积去除负荷随进水NO3--N负荷的增加呈线性上升;进水NO3--N负荷为0.32 kg/(m3·d)时达到最大NO3--N体积去除负荷为0.21 kg/(m3·d);进一步提高进水NO3--N负荷则NO3--N体积去除负荷开始下降且出水中出现NO2--N积累。动力学研究结果表明以PBS为碳源和生物膜载体的反硝化速率遵循一级反应动力学。用Eckenfelder模型拟合,求出反应速度常数K值和常数n值且相关性良好。采用该动力学模型参数可以预测出水NO3--N浓度并用于实际闭合循环养殖系统的工程设计和优化运行。     

棉秆燃烧过程中的颗粒物排放特性

该文利用滴管炉结合DEKATI低压撞击采样器,研究燃烧温度和原料粒径对棉秆燃烧过程中颗粒物排放特性的影响,并结合扫描电镜和X射线光谱分析仪探讨了颗粒物的微观结构和元素组成.结果表明PM1排放量随燃烧温度升高而显著降低,从68.90 mg/m3降低至14.02 mg/m3;颗粒物总排放量从75.41 mg/m3降低至16.30 mg/m3;颗粒物分布峰值从0.609μm附近移至0.261μm附近;原料粒径减小使得PM1排放量下降,从39.84 mg/m3降低23.06 mg/m3,而PM1-10排放量增加,从5.18 mg/m3增至8.38 mg/m3.分析表明细颗粒物(0.028~0.261μm)主要由K、Cl及少量S元素组成,形成途径主要为碱金属化合物如KCl、KOH及K2SO4等的蒸发-凝集作用,并呈现较规则的微观结构,存在形式主要为KCl;粗颗粒物(1.590~9.860μm)主要由Ca、Mg及少量Si、P组成,主要通过大颗粒的破碎或富Ca、Mg和Si颗粒物的异质凝结转化形成,多呈较规则的球形结构;中间段颗粒物(0.261~1.590μm)属于过渡段,介于细颗粒物和粗颗粒物之间,微观结构较为复杂.     

不同粒径生物质灰渣填料净化生活污水的试验研究

以生物质灰渣为研究对象,采用室内土柱淋溶模拟法,研究了不同粒径组合的生物质灰渣对生活污水中化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH+4-N)的去除效果。结果表明:(1)COD的去除效果随粒径的增加而增加,L1处理(0.25~0.5mm粒径组合)对COD的去除效果最好,去除率在79.2%以上;(2)试验运行期间,出水TN浓度随进水次数的增加而增加,前期各处理均保持较高的TN去除率,整个试验过程L6处理对TN的去除效果最明显;(3)出水TP浓度随着试验的进行逐渐升高,在整个试验过程中,出水TP浓度表现为L6L5L2L3L1L4处理,其中L4处理对TP的去除效果稳定,平均去除率达48.7%,小粒径填料对TP的去除效果较差;(4)各处理均能有效的去除氨氮,去除率均在90%以上,但较大粒径的填料对氨氮的去除效果更好。总体而言,小粒径生物质灰渣对TN有较好的去除效果,大粒径填料L1处理对COD和氨氮去除效果较好,均一中粒径的L4处理对TP的去除效果较好。     

基于复合垂直流人工湿地的循环水养殖系统净化养殖效能与参数优化

该文对基于复合垂直流人工湿地(IVCW)的循环水养殖系统的净化效率、养殖效果和系统优化设计进行了研究.结果表明,在420 mm/d的水力负荷下,湿地可有效地去除循环水中的总悬浮物(去除率85%)、CODCr(去除率50%)、BOD5(去除率44%)、总氨氮(去除率53%)、亚硝酸盐(去除率83%)和硝酸盐(去除率54%),能够满足养殖用水的要求,整个试验期间系统实现了零污水排放.经过5个月的养殖,成功地将斑点叉尾鲴(Ictalurus punctatus)鱼苗(1.8 cm,0.08g)培育成鱼种(15.9 cm,33.9 g),成活率达到92.6%.在养殖容量、病害控制、成活率以及鱼体生长速度等方面均优于常规池塘养殖模式.建立了一个预测湿地与养殖池塘面积配比的数学模型,为实际应用和优化设计提供依据.     

硫酸钾肥对静止黄河水泥沙絮凝沉降的影响

为探索硫酸钾肥对黄河水泥沙在静止状态下沉降的影响,以硫酸钾浓度和泥沙粒径为参数,用移液管法研究了5种硫酸钾浓度和4种粒径范围段(<100,50~100,34~50,<34μm)黄河泥沙的沉降过程,探讨不同硫酸钾浓度对细颗粒泥沙沉降絮凝的影响。结果表明:硫酸钾浓度越大,含沙量下降越快,泥沙沉降速度越大,初始粒径<100μm,当硫酸钾浓度分别为0,2.86,7,14mmol/L时,沉降30min后相对含沙量分别为35.35%,30.75%,27.02%,14.00%,中值沉速ω50分别为1.55,3.00,3.91,4.93cm/min;泥沙初始粒径越小,硫酸钾促进絮凝沉降的作用越明显,<34μm的泥沙受硫酸钾影响最大,当硫酸钾浓度从0增大到60mmol/L时,初始粒径为<34μm的泥沙絮凝后的中值沉降速度从1.38cm/min增加到8.53cm/min,增加518.12%,初始粒径为34~50μm的泥沙絮凝后的中值沉降速度从6.29cm/min增加到8.43cm/min,增加34.02%,初始粒径为50~100μm的泥沙中值沉降速度从7.12cm/min增加到7.59cm/min,增加6.60%;泥沙粒径越小,硫酸钾浓度越大,对絮凝后中值粒径的影响越大,当硫酸钾浓度从0增大到60mmol/L时,初始粒径为50~100μm的泥沙絮凝后中值粒径与硫酸钾浓度之间无明显规律,不同处理间无显著差异,硫酸钾基本对该粒径段泥沙絮凝沉降没有影响,初始粒径为34~50μm的泥沙絮凝后的中值粒径从38.8μm增加到41.0μm,增大5.76%,初始粒径<34μm的泥沙絮凝后中值粒径从15.7μm增加到21.6μm,增大37.82%;絮凝后沉降泥沙中小粒径颗粒相对含量减少,大粒径颗粒相对含量增加,最大粒径变大,泥沙初始粒径为<34μm、硫酸钾浓度为60mmol/L处理絮凝后最大粒径为200μm。研究成果为解决水肥一体化过程中的滴灌堵塞问题提供了参考。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.