施用微量元素对菊苣修复铀污染土壤的影响

为了探究施用微量元素对植物修复铀污染土壤的影响,在0、50、100、150 mg·kg~(-1)铀污染土壤中,分别单独施用土壤背景值含量0、1倍和5倍的Mn、Zn、Cu、Mo、B,并测定菊苣实生苗和再生苗植株干重、植株铀含量和铀富集量。结果表明,在铀污染土壤中单独施用Mn、Zn、Cu、Mo、B后,降低了菊苣实生苗植株干重,也降低再生苗植株干重(Zn除外)。在50、100 mg·kg~(-1)铀污染土壤中,每千克土壤施用50 mg B,平均增加菊苣实生苗植株铀含量129.8%,平均增加菊苣实生苗植株铀积累量77.0%;在50 mg·kg~(-1)铀污染土壤中,每千克土壤施用50 mg B,增加菊苣再生苗植株铀含量80.1%,增加再生苗植株铀积累量17.87%。因此,在中低浓度铀污染土壤,施用适量的B肥,可以提高菊苣植株铀含量和铀积累量。本研究为提高铀污染土壤的植物修复效率提供了理论依据。     

锶及柴油胁迫下3种杨树对土壤锶的富集特征

为探究杨树对土壤锶污染的修复能力,以白杨、俄罗斯杨和青杨为试材,在100 mg·kg~(-1)Sr~(2+),15mg·kg~(-1)柴油,15 mg·kg~(-1)柴油+100 mg·kg~(-1)Sr~(2+)条件下处理60 d,通过测定杨树的生长指标及各器官Sr~(2+)富集浓度,探讨比较不同种的杨树对土壤Sr~(2+)的富集特征和富集能力差异。结果表明,单一Sr~(2+)胁迫能够促进俄罗斯杨和青杨幼苗的生长,对白杨的生长表现出一定抑制效应;而柴油污染胁迫对杨树的生长均具有明显的抑制作用,其中白杨对柴油胁迫的耐受性优于俄罗斯杨和青杨。单独Sr~(2+)胁迫下3种杨树幼苗各器官Sr~(2+)富集为叶根茎,其中白杨的总富集浓度最高,达到2.369 mg·g~(-1)DW,青杨最低,为1.203 mg·g~(-1)DW。在柴油和Sr~(2+)的复合胁迫下,白杨、俄罗斯杨和青杨对Sr~(2+)的富集浓度明显减小,分别为1.344、1.145和0.604 mg·g~(-1)DW;但白杨和俄罗斯杨富集特征变化不大,青杨Sr~(2+)富集浓度最大的器官由叶变为根。此外,柴油的施加对3种杨树转运能力的影响具有显著差异,其中白杨的转运能力增强了15.76%,青杨显著降低了61.83%,说明杨树对土壤Sr~(2+)及其与柴油复合污染胁迫都有较好的耐受及Sr~(2+)富集能力,其中白杨更适合作为污染治理树种。本研究结果为锶及柴油污染土壤的植物修复提供了参考依据。     

土壤Cr~(6+)胁迫下耐性植物筛选研究

采用无二次污染的生态修复方法,对土壤重金属Cr~(6+)污染的修复问题进行研究。通过探索土壤重金属Cr~(6+)对2种经济作物和5种观赏性植物种子的萌发率、根芽长度、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的影响研究,找到在土壤Cr~(6+)污染条件下适应性强的耐性经济和观赏修复植物。结果表明:土壤在50 mg·kg~(-1) Cr~(6+)胁迫下最优修复植物为牵牛花和高羊茅;土壤中25 mg·kg~(-1) Cr~(6+)胁迫下,优选凤仙、牵牛花和高羊茅进行植物修复。     

不同含磷化合物固化修复铀污染土壤的研究

为探究含磷化合物对铀(U)污染土壤的钝化效果,采用大棚盆栽试验,研究原铀污染土壤、模拟铀污染土壤(25、50 mg·kg~(-1))上施用过磷酸钙(SSP)、磷酸二氢钾(KH_2PO_4)和纳米羟基磷灰石(NHAP)对铀污染土壤铀形态和紫花苜蓿吸收转移铀的影响。结果表明,添加含磷化合物能够明显促进植物的生长,以添加过磷酸钙促进植物生长效果最好。与对照组相比,在原铀污染土添加SSP、KH_2PO_4、NHAP使紫花苜蓿植株铀含量分别减少了21.16%、40.59%、36.61%;在模拟铀污染量25 mg·kg~(-1)土壤中,添加SSP、KH_2PO_4、NHAP使紫花苜蓿植株铀含量分别减少了76.68%、89.67%、74.95%;在模拟铀污染量50 mg·kg~(-1)土壤中,添加SSP、KH_2PO_4、NHAP使紫花苜蓿植株铀含量分别减少了66.33%、81.07%、86.78%。针对3种铀污染土壤,KH_2PO_4降低植物富集铀的效果最好。3种含磷化合物均显著降低了土壤中铀的有效态含量,增加了毒性较低形态的含量以及毒性最低的残留态铀含量,这表明含磷化合物通过降低土壤中铀的有效态含量,从而减少铀向植物迁移。综上,含磷化合物对铀污染土壤有较好的钝化修复效果。本研究为初级农产品的安全提供了相对有利的土壤环境,同时为放射性核素污染土壤治理和环境修复提供了一定的参考。     

镉胁迫对黄麻光合作用及镉积累的影响

为揭示镉(Cd)胁迫下黄麻的光合耐性及其对Cd的富集特征,通过土壤盆栽试验分析了Cd胁迫下黄麻的生长、光合色素、气体交换参数及对Cd富集能力的变化。结果表明,当Cd浓度≤10 mg·kg~(-1)时,黄麻根长、株高和各器官生物量降幅较小;而当Cd浓度≥20 mg·kg~(-1)时,根长、株高和各器官生物量降幅进一步增大。随着Cd浓度的升高,黄麻叶片光合色素含量显著降低,但却能维持较高的Chla/b值,这可能有助于黄麻对Cd的耐性。Cd胁迫使净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)显著降低,但胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)随Cd浓度的升高而逐渐增大,表明黄麻光合速率的下降是由非气孔限制因素引起的。随着Cd浓度的升高,黄麻各器官Cd含量和累积量逐渐增大,在浓为100 mg·kg~(-1)Cd处理下,地上部和地下部Cd含量均达到最大值,分别为232.46 mg·kg~(-1)和186.98 mg·kg~(-1)。Cd胁迫下,黄麻地上部和地下部富集系数均大于1,各处理迁移系数在0.85~1.65之间,表明黄麻对Cd有较强的富集和转运能力。Cd浓度为5~10 mg·kg~(-1)时,Cd提取率超过1.9%。因此,黄麻是一种潜在的修复轻、中度土壤Cd污染的植物材料。本研究结果为挖掘新的植物修复材料提供了理论依据。     

紫花苜蓿、黑麦草和狼尾草对Cu、Pb复合污染土壤修复能力的研究

随着经济和社会的发展,土壤重金属污染对粮食安全及人类的身体健康构成了巨大的威胁,而目前对于土壤重金属污染的治理主要以植物修复为主。为了寻找适宜修复Cu、Pb复合污染土壤的牧草,采用盆栽试验法,将试验的植物设置9组处理:1组对照组(CK),不添加任何重金属盐;4组单一污染,即单一Cu低(Cu1,200 mg×kg-1)、高浓度(Cu2 400 mg×kg-1),单一Pb低(Pb1 300 mg×kg-1)、高浓度(Pb2 800 mg×kg-1);4组Cu、Pb复合污染(Cu1Pb1、Cu1Pb2、Cu2Pb1、Cu_2Pb_2)。通过比较紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、狼尾草(Pennisetum alopecuroides)的适应能力和富集特征,研究了这3种常见牧草植物对受Cu、Pb复合污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明:1)紫花苜蓿地上部和根部生物量均在Pb1处理组时最大,显著高于其他处理组;黑麦草地上部生物量在Cu1Pb1处理组最大,根部生物量在Pb1处理组最大;狼尾草地上部生物量在Cu_2Pb_2处理组最大,根部生物量在Cu2处理组最大。2)Cu单一污染下,狼尾草抗性系数最大;Pb单一污染下,紫花苜蓿抗性系数最大;Cu-Pb复合污染下,狼尾草的抗性系数较大。高浓度Cu处理组3种牧草植物的地上部生物量、根部生物量和抗性系数均呈现:狼尾草黑麦草紫花苜蓿,且狼尾草显著大于黑麦草和紫花苜蓿。3)种植3种牧草植物后,土壤重金属Cu、Pb含量均有所降低。在一定浓度下,土壤Cu-Pb重金属间会相互促进对方在牧草植物中的吸收。4)3种牧草中紫花苜蓿地上部对Cu的富集系数在Cu_2Pb_2处理组最大,达1.61;黑麦草根部对Cu的富集系数在Cu_2Pb_2处理组最大,达3.80;3种牧草地上部和根部对Pb的富集系数只在黑麦草根部的Cu1Pb1处理组时大于1,达1.46。5)黑麦草对Pb的吸收能力较强,且主要积累在根系;紫花苜蓿对Cu-Pb复合污染综合修复效果最好。紫花苜蓿和黑麦草分别在Cu-Pb复合污染和Pb单一污染土壤中对Pb的转运系数大于1,分别为2.72和2.06,反映其对土壤中的Pb具有富集潜力。综合表明,黑麦草对重金属Pb具有较强的耐性,在Pb单一污染土壤的植物修复及尾矿废弃地的植被重建中,可优先作为选择的材料;紫花苜蓿对重金属Cu、Pb均具有较强的耐性,在重金属Cu单一或Cu-Pb复合污染土壤的植物修复及尾矿废弃地的植被重建中,可优先作为选择的材料。     

毛竹对铀胁迫的生理响应与富集特性研究

为了探究毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)对水体铀污染的富集能力,于水培条件下,开展不同浓度铀胁迫对毛竹幼苗的生理影响以及铀富集特征研究。结果表明,随着铀浓度的增加,毛竹叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中最高铀浓度400 mg·L^-1下的Pn、Tr、Gs分别较对照显著下降了39.71%、18.81%和36.25%,而Ci上升并不明显;毛竹根、茎、叶铀含量逐渐增加,铀转移系数整体呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,而富集系数整体呈下降态势。此外,毛竹根富集系数高于茎、叶的富集系数,而茎杆的转移系数小于叶部转移系数,但毛竹根、茎、叶对铀的富集和迁移能力不同,较高的根系富集能力可减轻铀对茎叶的毒害作用。在400 mg·L^-1铀处理条件下,毛竹地上部和地下部干重、叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性均较对照显著减少,而丙二醛(MDA)含量却显著增加...     

镉-乙草胺胁迫对蚯蚓-土壤-玉米系统的影响

重金属与农药复合型污染成为重要的环境问题之一,然而当前关于两者共同作用对蚯蚓-土壤-植物系统的影响研究还很少。为了探讨镉-乙草胺复合污染对蚯蚓-土壤-玉米农田系统的生态毒理效应和生态过程的影响,本研究通过室内模拟试验,从镉-乙草胺复合胁迫下蚯蚓生理响应、土壤理化性质及玉米形态特征等变化,探讨两者复合污染对玉米生长的影响机制。结果表明:1)随着处理时间的延长,镉-乙草胺复合胁迫下蚯蚓体内SOD活性呈先降低再升高的趋势,而MDA含量呈先升高后降低的趋势;复合胁迫处理第2d和50d时, 20～30 cm土层的蚯蚓数量占所有土层蚯蚓总量百分比比对照分别增加1.34倍和1.14倍,蚯蚓对镉-乙草胺复合污染作出规避效应而向深层土壤迁移。2)镉-乙草胺复合胁迫下土壤有机质和速效磷含量与处理时间、处理方式、污染物无关,随着处理时间的延长,土壤碱解氮含量呈先显著降低后升高的趋势。3)处理第50d,30 mg·kg~(-1)镉、200 mg·kg~(-1)乙草胺及30 mg·kg~(-1)镉+200 mg·kg~(-1)乙草胺处理组玉米根数均显著低于对照,抑制率分别为23.21%、42.86%和50.00%,玉米生物量与株高呈相同趋势,即30mg·kg~(-1)镉处理200mg·kg~(-1)乙草胺处理30 mg·kg~(-1)镉+200 mg·kg~(-1)乙草胺处理。相关分析表明,两种污染物除对蚯蚓SOD活性产生拮抗效应外,对蚯蚓MDA、土壤养分与玉米生长指标均不存在交互作用。本研究得出镉-乙草胺复合污染促进蚯蚓向下迁移影响其垂直分布,并且可以通过改变土壤营养元素含量最终抑制玉米的生长。     

江西省葛种植区中重金属镉调查及其富集特征

为探明葛种植区域土壤和植株中重金属镉含量,对江西省18个葛种植区进行野外调查和室内分析,揭示葛对镉的富集特征及转运规律,为研究葛安全质量控制技术提供理论依据。结果表明:调查区域土壤有效态镉和全镉含量分别为0.002～0.21 mg·kg~(-1)和0.05～0.25 mg·kg~(-1),葛根、葛头、主藤、侧枝和叶片中镉含量分别为0.002～0.28 mg·kg~(-1)、0.14～1.38 mg·kg~(-1)、0.07～1.83 mg·kg~(-1)、0.04～1.80 mg·kg~(-1)和0.05～1.91 mg·kg~(-1);葛根、葛头、主藤、侧枝和叶片/土壤富集系数分别为:0.97、5.30、5.84、4.14和2.05,葛头、主藤、侧枝和叶片/葛根转运系数分别为11.64、8.54、6.16和3.56;不同部位镉含量表现为主藤(0.71 mg·kg~(-1))葛头(0.58 mg·kg~(-1))侧枝(0.51 mg·kg~(-1))叶片(0.28 mg·kg~(-1))葛根(0.11 mg·kg~(-1)),且主藤镉含量显著高于叶片和葛根(P 0.05);相关分析表明,土壤有效态镉和全镉与主藤、侧枝和叶片呈显著正相关,葛根与葛头、主藤和侧枝呈显著正相关。参考土壤镉含量、葛中镉含量、转运系数和富集特征等,并结合聚类分析表明江西省不同葛种植区中镉含量以渝水、兴国、德兴等地区较高,而永丰、南城、鄱阳、上高等地区较低;葛对重金属镉具有较强富集作用,种植过程中要选择土壤环境质量高的区域,避免高风险地区种植。     

混合接种3种微生物对凤眼莲吸附铀的影响

为探究微生物对植物修复铀(U)污染效果的影响,获得更好的放射性重金属生物修复模式。采用大棚水培试验,研究不同U浓度(5、15、25 mg·L-1)下混合接种3种微生物(枯草芽孢杆菌、胶质芽胞杆菌和黑曲霉)对凤眼莲的生物量及其U富集特征的影响。结果表明,微生物能够促进凤眼莲根系生长,其中以接种枯草芽胞杆菌与黑曲霉效果最好,5 mg·L-1时,凤眼莲根系干重最高增加了75.8%;接种胶质芽胞杆菌与黑曲霉能增强凤眼莲在较高的U浓度下的抗胁迫能力;3种微生物均降低了凤眼莲的根系U富集浓度,但促进了茎叶富集浓度,其中同时接种3种微生物的组合对根系富集浓度的降低效果最小,接种胶质芽胞杆菌与黑曲霉的组合在25 mg·L-1时茎叶富集浓度达到最大,为3.097 mg·L-1;枯草芽孢杆菌、胶质芽胞杆菌和黑曲霉均提高了凤眼莲在15、25 mg·L-1下的转运能力,5 mg·L-1时转运系数最高达0.28。综上,接种枯草芽胞杆菌与黑曲霉整体修复效果最佳。本研究为水体中重金属的生物修复提供了理论参考。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。