北方耕地和蔬菜保护地土壤磷素状况研究

以北方一般耕地和蔬菜保护地为供试土壤 ,研究了不同种植条件下土壤磷素状况 ,蔬菜保护地土壤磷素的空间分布特性。结果表明 ,蔬菜保护地土壤全磷、无机磷、有机磷、Olsen-P的平均含量是一般耕地土壤的 2.7～14.0倍 ,土壤Olsen P占全磷的比率 ,Ca₂-P ,Ca₈-P ,Al-P占土壤无机磷的比率显著高于一般耕地土壤。蔬菜保护地土壤各形态磷素主要积累在 0～20cm土层 ,并随土层深度的增加各形态磷素的含量逐渐降低 ,各土层Olsen-P ,Ca₂-P ,Ca₈-P ,Al-P含量降低幅度明显高于Fe-P ,O-P ,Ca₁₀-P含量的降低值     

不同磷源对设施菜田土壤速效磷及其淋溶阈值的影响

土壤中磷的移动性不仅取决于磷的数量且与磷肥形态有关。了解不同磷源（有机肥和化肥）对设施菜田土壤磷素的影响对于指导科学施肥和面源污染防治至关重要。本文选取河北省饶阳县3种不同磷含量的农田土壤（未种植过蔬菜的土壤、种植蔬菜30年的塑料大棚土壤和种植蔬菜4年的日光温室土壤）为研究对象,采用室内培养试验和数学模型模拟方法研究有机无机磷源对设施菜田土壤磷素的影响,确定无机肥和有机肥源土壤磷素淋溶的环境阈值。结果表明添加有机肥和无机磷肥都会显著增加3种不同种植年限设施菜田土壤速效磷（Olsen-P）和氯化钙磷（CaCl₂-P）含量,但增加速度不同。对于未种植过蔬菜的低磷对照土壤,磷投入量高于50 mg·kg^-1（干土）后,无机肥比有机肥显著提高了土壤Olsen-P含量。对于已种植蔬菜30年的塑料大棚土壤,高磷投入时[300 mg·kg^-1（干土）和600 mg·kg^-1（干土）],无机肥比有机肥显著提高了土壤Olsen-P含量,低于此磷投入量时有机肥和无机肥处理之间没有显著差异。3种不同农田土壤CaCl₂-P的含量所有处理均表现出无机肥显著高于有机肥处理,尤其是在高磷量[>300 mg·kg^-1（干土）]投入时表现更加明显。两段式线性模拟结果表明,设施菜田土壤有机肥源磷素和无机肥源磷素淋溶阈值分别为87.8 mg·kg^-1和198.7 mg·kg^-1。随着土壤Olsen-P的增加,添加无机肥源磷对设施菜田土壤CaCl₂-P含量的增加速率是有机肥源磷的两倍。因此,建议在河北省高磷设施菜田应减少无机磷肥的投入,特别是土壤速效磷高于198.7 mg·kg^-1的设施菜田应禁止使用化学磷肥和有机肥,在土壤速效磷低于198.7 mg·kg^-1的设施菜田应加大有机肥适度替代无机肥技术的推广。     

石灰性土壤无机磷的形态分布及其有效性

本文应用蒋柏藩和顾益初(1989)提出的石灰性土壤无机磷的分级方法,对我国北方主要的石灰性土类进行了无机磷形态分级的研究,并对其有效性作出了初步评价。供试的甘肃、陕西和河南的16种土壤的无机磷形态的分布情况为:Ca₂-P平均占无机磷总量的1.34%,Ca-P占9.91%,Al-P占4.27%,Fe-P占4.40%,O-P占10.9%,Ca₁₀-P占69.1%。生物试验的结果表明:Ca₂-P型的磷酸盐是最有效的,也是作物磷素营养的主要来源;Ca₈-P、Al-P和Fe-P可以作为缓效磷源;Ca₁₀-P和O-P只是一种潜在磷源。本研究为石灰性土壤无机磷的研究和磷肥的合理施用提供了理论依据。     

种植年限对设施菜田土壤剖面磷素累积特征的影响

以山东寿光集约化设施菜田为研究对象,分析了不同种植年限设施菜田土壤磷素投入和土壤磷素累积的差异,比较不同种植年限土壤剖面中无机磷、有机磷、Olsen-P和CaCl2-P含量的变化特征。结果表明：磷素过量积累是设施菜田的显著特征,主要由于有机肥以粪肥投入为主,复合肥中P素比例偏高,收获作物带走量仅占磷素投入的7.2%;随着种植年限增加,P素累积现象明显,过量的磷素盈余导致了土壤剖面中不同形态磷含量的上升,其中以无机磷尤其明显;用来表征土壤有效磷指标的Olsen-P与CaCl2-P有显著的相关性,研究区域中当土壤（Olsen-P）达到80.7mg·kg-1时,土壤CaCl2-P开始显著升高,增大了设施菜田磷素淋溶风险。     

不同种植年限黑土型蔬菜保护地磷素状况的研究

采用石灰性土壤无机磷形态分级方法,对不同种植年限的蔬菜保护地0～60cm土层土壤磷素形态及其含量特征与差异进行了研究.结果表明:哈尔滨市蔬菜保护地土壤磷素处于大量积累状态,其中全磷、速效磷、有机磷、Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P在0~20era土层积累较多,且随土层深度的增加各形态磷的...     

不同温室蔬菜种植模式下土壤磷素形态分布与转化

采用蒋柏藩-顾益初无机磷分级浸提法,研究了15a长期有机、综合和常规种植3种温室蔬菜生产体系下石灰性土壤磷形态分布及转化特征。结果表明:种植模式及施肥年限对土壤有机磷含量和各形态无机磷含量均有显著影响,且交互作用显著。随着施肥时间延长,3种种植模式土壤有机磷含量与无机磷形态Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Fe-P含量不断升高,Al-P、O-P、Ca_(10)-P含量呈现不规则变动,差异较小;有机模式土壤有机磷含量与无机磷形态Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Fe-P含量均高于常规和综合模式,O-P、Ca_(10)-P含量略小于常规和综合模式。在各磷素占比中,中等活性磷源(Ca_8-P、Fe-P、Al-P)潜在磷源(O-P、Ca10-P)有效磷源(Ca_2-P)。表层土中有机磷占全磷的8%～23%,亚表层土中有机磷占全磷的6%～13%。有机模式促进了无机磷各形态之间、有机磷和无机磷形态之间的转化过程,0～20 cm土层的磷素转化比20～40 cm更活跃。     

不同年限温室土壤磷素变化分析

温室大量施肥引起土壤磷素水平极高,为明确温室土壤磷素变化特点,以露地土壤为CK,选择种植模式相近、种植年限不同的温室土壤,通过相关分析和通径分析,阐明各形态磷素变化特点及其与有效磷的关系。结果表明:土壤各形态磷素均随种植年限的延长而增加,以Ca_8-P和Ca_(10)-P的含量最高。各年限温室土壤Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P和Al-P均显著高于露地CK,第10年和第14年无显著差异;温室土壤Ca_(10)-P和O-P只在第14年时与CK有显著差异。同年限温室间的极差随年限延长而逐渐加大。温室土壤有效磷、全磷和无机磷总量均显著高于CK,有效磷第10年最高达420.00 mg kg~(-1),无机磷占全磷的百分比保持相对稳定。相关分析和通径分析表明,Ca_2-P和Ca_8-P对土壤有效磷的直接影响和综合影响均呈正相关,而A1-P和Fe-P对有效磷综合影响呈正相关,但直接影响为负相关,这可能与温室土壤p H降低使Fe和Al大量溶解而和磷发生沉淀反应有关。     

制种玉米连作恒量施磷对灌漠土与潮土中磷素利用的影响

[目的]研究恒量外源磷施用对玉米种子生产的影响,为合理施磷提供依据。[方法]通过大田定位与实验室分析相结合,选用河西走廊石灰性潮土及灌漠土定位施肥。[结果]制种玉米连作8a,恒量磷二铵525kg/(hm^2·a)施用,除无机态二钙磷(Ca_2-P)外,2种不同土类总磷(T-P)、速效性磷(Av-P)、总无机磷(T-IP)、总有机磷(T-OP),以及其他各分级无机、有机磷组分均显著增加。无机磷占全磷总量65.2%~70.2%,有机磷占全磷总量6.5%~11.4%。无机磷中十钙磷(Ca₁₀-P)>八钙磷(Ca8-P)>铝磷(Al-P)>铁磷(Fe-P)>闭蓄态磷(O-P)。有机磷中活性有机磷(MLO-P)>高稳性(HRO-P)>中稳性有机磷(MROP)>活性有机磷(LO-P)。随连作年限增加,灌漠土Ca₁₀-P在连作第5a达到最大,Al-P,O-P均持续增加;潮土Ca₁₀-P持续增加,Fe-P,O-P在连作第5a达到最大,磷增加量为3.94%~37.28%。0—60cm土层,两种土类无机磷各组分含量均呈现由表层至下层递减特点,但不同分级磷在不同土层所占比例不同,Ca₁₀-P,Al-P,O-P,MRO-P底聚,Ca_2-P,HRO-P表聚,制种玉米连作生产8a,磷肥最大表观利用率为4.89%,磷素活化系数<2%,外源磷肥以174.3kg/(hm^2·a)残余在土壤中。[结论]制种玉米连作,总磷转化率低,磷素移动缓慢,大部分以溶解性较低的磷素形态在土壤表层积累,但随连作年限增加,土壤对磷素的固持及转化率下降,表现底聚趋势,对生态环境健康存在极大风险,应减量或停止施磷。潮土磷肥施用应采取更加合理措施。     

北方耕地和蔬菜保护地土壤磷素状况研究

以北方一般耕地和蔬菜保护地为供试土壤 ,研究了不同种植条件下土壤磷素状况 ,蔬菜保护地土壤磷素的空间分布特性。结果表明 ,蔬菜保护地土壤全磷、无机磷、有机磷、Olsen-P的平均含量是一般耕地土壤的 2.7～14.0倍 ,土壤Olsen P占全磷的比率 ,Ca2-P ,Ca8-P ,Al-P占土壤无机磷的比率显著高于一般耕地土壤。蔬菜保护地土壤各形态磷素主要积累在 0～20cm土层 ,并随土层深度的增加各形态磷素的含量逐渐降低 ,各土层Olsen-P ,Ca2-P ,Ca8-P ,Al-P含量降低幅度明显高于Fe-P ,O-P ,Ca10-P含量的降低值     

石灰性土壤无机磷有效性的研究

本文概要地介绍了作者推荐的关于石灰性土壤无机磷分级体系的建立依据,并将该分级体系中的Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P和Ca₁₀-P与张守敬的土壤无机磷分级体系进行了比较。根据对土壤中无机磷形态的分析,以及系列的生物试验结果,对石灰性土壤中不同形态无机磷的有效性进行了初步评价。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。