壳聚糖澄清芦柑果汁工艺条件的优化

为了制备稳定的澄清芦柑果汁,该文基于Box-Behnken试验设计,探讨了壳聚糖浓度、澄清温度、澄清时间对果汁澄清度的影响;建立了二次多项式回归模型,分析模型的有效性与因子间的交互作用,并对壳聚糖澄清芦柑果汁的工艺参数进行了优化。结果表明：壳聚糖澄清芦柑果汁的最佳工艺参数为：壳聚糖浓度0.80 g/L、温度59℃和时间71 min。在此最佳工艺条件下果汁透光率达到97.8%,且试验结果与模型预测值（98.3%）相吻合,所得回归模型拟合情况良好（R2=0.9886）,达到设计要求。进一步对经壳聚糖澄清后的芦柑果汁的相关指标进行测定,发现果汁中可溶性固形物、维生素 C 及总酸含量依次从11.30±0.15%、31.33±3.25 mg/100mL、0.71±0.00 g/100mL略降为9.50±0.25%、21.8±5.28 mg/100mL、0.51±0 g/100mL,而总酚、果胶、蛋白质质量浓度依次从990.3±8.02 mg/L、366±4.70μg/mL、595.53±20.62μg/mL减少为557.87±4.67 mg/L、186.24±44.32μg/mL、26.42±0.30μg/mL 有较明显下降,但澄清后的果汁非生物稳定性很好。该试验用响应面法优选出的澄清工艺合理可行,为芦柑果汁深加工及果汁产品开发提供了理论依据。     

柚皮苷酶对柑橘类果汁脱苦效果的研究

柑橘类果汁中的苦味物质主要有以柚皮苷、新橙皮苷等为代表的黄烷酮糖苷类化合物和以柠檬苦素、诺米林等为代表的三萜系化合物。由于这些苦味物质的存在，使得柑橘类果汁在饮用时令消费者难以接受，因此，在柑橘类果汁的加工中，脱除苦味物质具有十分重要的意义。利用柚皮苷酶对柑橘类果汁进行了脱苦研究，结果表明，柚皮苷酶最小用量为0.5 g·L^-1、果汁温度为45～70℃、果汁pH值为3～5、作用最短时间为60 min，脱苦率达85％以上；在单因素试验的基础上，通过正交试验，柚皮苷酶对柑橘类果汁脱苦的适合工艺条件是柚皮苷酶用量为0.5 g·L^-1、果汁温度为60℃、果汁pH值为4、作用时间为90 min。此研究结果为柑橘类果汁的生产提供了理论依据。     

果胶酶ROHAPECT D5L SPECCIAL对猕猴桃取汁和澄清稳定性的影响

研究了果胶酶ROHAPECT D5L SPECCIAL对猕猴桃出汁率、粘度、澄清度和冷热稳定性的影响。结果表明,此酶可以极大地改进猕猴桃果浆的出汁率和降低果汁的粘度,使果汁的澄清度加大,对冷冻和加热的稳定性加强。适合用作猕猴桃汁的加工,对猕猴桃浆的最佳条件为3PA/100 g果浆（相当于干酶63 g/1 000 kg果浆）,45 ℃下150 min。统计学上可能在3 PA／100 g,温度35 ℃下50 min达到相同的效果。     

响应面法优化盐渍藠头蒜素提取工艺参数

为了获得在自然pH值条件下利用果胶酶提取盐渍藠头中的风味物质蒜素的最佳工艺参数,以浸提温度、时间和果胶酶添加比为试验因子,蒜素含量为响应值,采用三元二次回归正交旋转组合设计进行了试验.结果表明,3个因素对蒜素含量的影响大小依次为提取温度＞保温时间＞果胶酶添加比;边际效应大小为提取温度＞保温时间＞果胶酶添加比;通过典形分析和岭脊分析确定果胶酶提取盐渍菖头中蒜素的最佳工艺参数为:浸提温度47℃、浸提时间3.3 h、果胶酶添加比0.77%,蒜素最高含量为0.274 g/(100 mL).所得回归模型拟合情况良好,达到设计要求.     

酶法处理柑橘果渣回收果汁技术与中试试验

以柑橘果渣为原料,研究酶法回收果汁工艺,并对工艺进行优化。通过单因素分析和响应面设计,考察酶用量、酶解时间、酶解温度、渣水比对酶法回收柑橘果汁的影响,确定了酶法回收柑橘果汁回归方程,当酶用量213.38 μg/L,酶解时间164.02 min,酶解温度53.76℃,渣水比1︰1.05时,预测的综合指标最佳,达到0.0138,验证试验的综合指标为0.0137,与预测的综合指标接近。利用优化后的工艺进行中试试验,动态跟踪了果汁的可溶性固形物、酸度、pH值和氨基酸的变化,将中试的回收果汁与柑橘还原汁进行感官评价,评价结果相似,可部分替代柑橘还原汁应用于橙汁饮料。     

双频超声协同强化提取黑米黑色素的试验研究

为进一步提高超声辅助提取黑米黑色素的效果,研究探讨了双频超声协同强化提取的方法。通过对pH值、提取时间、提取温度、液料比、乙醇浓度进行单因素试验,考察各因素对黑色素提取效果的影响,利用正交试验,优化其工艺条件。试验结果表明：各因素对黑米黑色素提取的影响大小依次为：pH＞乙醇浓度＞液料比＞温度＞时间。优化后的提取工艺条件为：pH值为2、超声时间为30?min、提取温度为50℃、液料比为30?mL/g、乙醇浓度为70%。在此条件下,得出平均提取率为6.85%。对比浸渍法、加热回流提取法,超声法提取黑米黑色素具有工艺简单、节省提取时间、溶剂用量少、提取效率高、减少黑色素损失的优点。     

枇杷叶黄酮类化合物的水浸提工艺研究

以提高水提液中黄酮类化合物浓度为目的,通过4组单因素试验和均匀试验研究了枇杷叶黄酮类化合物的最佳水提工艺。结果表明：在原料细度1.2 mm×1.3 mm,料液比34 g/250 mL条件下,枇杷叶黄酮类化合物的最优水提工艺条件为水的pH值8.0,水提温度100℃,水提时间105 min。按优化工艺条件水提的产品黄酮类化合物浓度0.979 mg/mL。     

红椎菌营养粉的制作工艺

采用酸性果胶酶对红椎菌液进行酶解,以透光率作为酶解效果指标,探讨酶的添加量、p H、温度变化对酶解效果的影响。结果如下:单因素实验结果发现,果胶酶添加用量0.4 g/kg、p H为3.5、温度为47℃时,酶解效果较佳;进一步优化的正交试验与单因素实验结果吻合。最后,将喷雾干燥获得的红椎菌粉辅以膨化土豆粉及大豆蛋白粉复配制成红椎菌营养粉。     

光合细菌协同产气肠杆菌联合发酵制氢试验

暗-光联合生物制氢是提高底物利用率和产氢潜力的有益探索。该文以玉米秸秆酶解液为产氢底物,采用光合细菌(HAU-M1)与产气肠杆菌(AS1.489)混合培养工艺,进行了同步糖化暗-光联合生物制氢试验研究。以累积产氢量为主要指标,利用单因素试验考察了底物质量浓度、初始pH值、光照强度、发酵温度对HAU-M1与产气肠杆菌混合培养条件下联合产氢的影响,并在单因素试验的基础上通过正交试验对产氢工艺参数进行了优化。结果表明:各工艺参数对HAU-M1与产气肠杆菌联合产氢影响的主次顺序为:发酵温度初始pH值底物质量浓度光照强度。发酵温度和初始pH值是影响HAU-M1与产气肠杆菌联合产氢的显著因素。HAU-M1与产气肠杆菌混合培养联合产氢的较佳工艺条件为:底物质量浓度35 g/L、初始pH值6.5、光照强度3 500 1x、发酵温度30℃,在此条件下,72 h的累积产氢量达到332.6 mL,单位产氢量为47.5 mL/g。该试验研究可为基于秸秆类生物质的暗-光细菌混合培养联合产氢的进一步研究提供参考。     

影响甘薯淀粉磷酸单酯取代度的因素研究

以磷酸二氢钠和磷酸氢二钠为酯化剂对甘薯淀粉进行酯化反应，研究不同因素对淀粉磷酸单酯取代度的影响。结果表明：甘薯淀粉磷酸单酯的取代度随酯化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间以及催化剂用量的增加而增大，随pH值升高先增后减，酯化剂配比和真空度对其影响不明显。固定酯化剂配比，制备甘薯淀粉磷酸单酯的最佳工艺条件为：反应温度130～140℃，反应时间2～3 h，pH值5.5～6.0、酯化剂的配比3∶1，催化剂用量为淀粉质量的4%～6%。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.