基于遥感技术的苕溪流域水土流失动态监测研究

以多源遥感影像为信息源，基于ArcGIS平台的空间分析与数据管理等功能，获取苕溪流域土地利用、植被覆盖、水土保持措施等数据，对降雨、土壤、地形、植被、水土保持措施等数据进行处理，提取各土壤侵蚀因子，应用中国土壤流失方程(CSLE)计算土壤侵蚀模数，得到苕溪流域水土流失动态监测成果。监测结果表明，2020年苕溪流域土地利用以林地、建设用地和耕地为主；耕地主要分布在≤2°坡度级；植被覆盖状况良好，九成以上的园、林、草地植被覆盖度大于60%;流域水土流失总面积304.45 km~2,侵蚀强度以轻度侵蚀为主；水土流失主要分布在茶园、人为扰动用地、其他林地及旱地，其中极强烈及以上侵蚀主要分布在人为扰动用地、茶园和坡耕地；整体来看，土壤侵蚀强度改善的区域面积大于加剧的区域面积。     

基于RUSLE的引黄入晋北干线沿线地区土壤侵蚀定量研究

[目的]分析引黄入晋北干线沿线地区土壤侵蚀时空分布特征及其主控因子,为当地水土保持和生态环境建设提供科学的理论依据。[方法]以引黄入晋北干线沿线地区为研究区,基于GIS和RS技术,利用2005,2010,2015年3期Landsat遥感影像,DEM,LUCC,月降水资料,计算土壤侵蚀模数,并分析研究区土壤侵蚀强度的时空变化特征及与主控因子间的关系。[结果]2005,2015年为轻度侵蚀,2010年为中度侵蚀,从2005—2010年土壤侵蚀模数增长80.91%,2010—2015年土壤侵蚀模数降低47.87%,呈先增后减,总体减小的趋势;以北干线为界,界线两侧土壤侵蚀差异显著,朔州市辖区的土壤侵蚀面积和土壤侵蚀量最大。R因子与土壤侵蚀呈正相关,当土壤类型为栗褐土,坡度为8°~15°,土地利用类型为耕地时土壤侵蚀面积最大,当坡度大于25°,土地利用类型为草地和林地时土壤侵蚀量最高。[结论]引黄入晋北干线的施工加剧了沿线地区土壤侵蚀,降雨、土壤类型、坡度、土地利用类型作为主控因子与该地的土壤侵蚀分布联系紧密。因此应确定水土保持重点区域,有针对性地制定水土流失防治措施,改善生态环境。     

阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀的时空变化及驱动力

[目的]分析2000—2020年阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀时空变化及其影响因素,为该区土壤侵蚀治理与国土空间规划提供科学指导。[方法]基于降水、土地利用、土壤和遥感影像等数据,采用GIS技术和RUSLE模型开展研究。[结果](1)2000—2020年阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀强度主要以微度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀为主,高等级侵蚀面积不断增加,阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀状况十分严峻;(2)阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀严重区主要分布在阴山山脉沿线和内蒙古多伦县大部分地区;(3)土地利用类型是阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀主要影响因子,各因子解释力大小依次为：土地利用类型>植被覆盖度>降雨>坡度。土地利用类型为耕地,植被覆盖度小于0.3,坡度在15°～20°和降雨量在365～413 mm之间的地区为高风险侵蚀区域。[结论]阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀程度整体偏高。植被覆盖度低的耕地和草地应为阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀治理重点区域,应采取植树造林种草,扩大林草覆盖面,改善植被覆盖率,降低地表径流速率,提高下渗能力,来控制土壤侵蚀发生。     

本溪县水土流失重点治理区土壤侵蚀评价

以本溪县水土流失重点治理工程万利项目区为例,采用2009—2019年土地利用数据、土壤类型数据、DEM数据、水文站月降雨量等数据率定CSLE方程的相关参数,运用ArcGIS技术计算万利项目区土壤侵蚀强度,进一步分析土壤侵蚀与坡度、土地利用变化间的关系。结果表明:土壤侵蚀强度在不同坡度带上存在较大差异,土壤侵蚀敏感区以15°～25°坡耕地为主;草地、耕地和林地为项目区主要土地类型,具有草地与林地面积逐渐增大、耕地面积不断减少的变化特征;小流域退耕还林措施的实施,可在一定程度上降低土壤侵蚀强度和面积;土壤侵蚀强度与土地利用变化之间的关系密切,草地和林地土壤侵蚀强度较弱、耕地土壤侵蚀相对较强。耕地的减少、林地和草地面积的增大能够明显减弱侵蚀;坡度和土地利用方式为制约土壤侵蚀空间分布的主要因素,15°～25°坡耕地为今后水土保持的重点治理区。     

黄土丘陵区县域土壤侵蚀定量研究

为了探讨黄土丘陵区彭阳县的土壤侵蚀状况,以彭阳县为研究区,2015年ZY-3遥感影像、NDVI、降雨量、DEM(25 m)、宁夏土壤普查数据等为数据源,结合GIS和RS,采用中国土壤侵蚀模型(CSLE)对彭阳县土壤侵蚀进行定量研究,从坡度、土地利用类型、植被盖度3个方面分析了研究区土壤侵蚀的空间分布特征。研究结果表明:(1)彭阳县年均侵蚀模数为1027.21 t/(km^2·a),年侵蚀总量为2.6×10^6 t,各侵蚀等级面积占比随侵蚀强度等级的增强而递减;(2)彭阳县土壤侵蚀与坡度密切相关,随着坡度的增加,土壤侵蚀加剧,且在坡度为15°~35°的区域侵蚀总量最大;(3)不同土地利用类型的水土保持效益为:耕地>林地>园地>草地>建设用地>其它用地>未利用地;(4)植被覆盖对土壤侵蚀的抑制作用显著。研究结果表明,定量研究彭阳县的土壤侵蚀状况,可为县域水土流失治理提供科学依据。     

基于GIS和RUSLE的高山峡谷区土壤侵蚀研究——以云南省泸水县为例

[目的]研究区域土壤侵蚀,揭示水土流失的空间分异规律,为区域水土保持和生态农业建设提供理论指导依据。[方法]应用GIS和RUSLE模型对云南省泸水县的土壤侵蚀进行研究。RUSLE模型中的因子包括降雨侵蚀力、土壤可蚀性、坡度坡长因子、植被覆盖和水土保持措施因子,运用GIS空间分析模块,获取泸水县土壤侵蚀模数空间分布图,根据SL 190-2007的分级标准进行土壤侵蚀强度分级,并分析该区土壤侵蚀强度空间分布格局。[结果](1)从各强度侵蚀面积上看,泸水县2014年土壤侵蚀以微度侵蚀为主,占总面积的86.86%,但从平均土壤侵蚀模数看,土壤侵蚀量为4.24×10~6 t,平均侵蚀模数为1 373.1t/(km~2·a),土壤侵蚀强度属于轻度侵蚀;(2)土壤侵蚀较严重区与未利用地、耕地空间分布基本一致,在坡度25°~50°的范围内,侵蚀面积占总侵蚀面积的75%,并且在该坡度段上的耕地面积占总耕地的63%,剧烈侵蚀集中分布在未利用地上,中度以上剧烈以下强度侵蚀集中分布在该坡度段上的耕地上,说明该坡耕地、未利用地对土壤侵蚀的贡献最大,要加强对未利用地的生态治理。[结论]坡度大,陡坡垦殖和未利用地的不合理利用是该区土壤侵蚀加重的主要原因,坡度在25°以上的地区不适宜耕种,应优化农业产业结构如实施退耕还林还草等措施,才能有效的保持水土。     

基于RUSLE模型的梅河口市土壤侵蚀动态分析

[目的]定量分析区域土壤侵蚀强度动态变化及其影响因素,为区域水土保持工作提供科学依据。[方法]基于3S技术,采用RUSLE模型计算吉林省梅河口市2010年和2017年的土壤侵蚀模数,并从土地利用类型、坡度和水土保持措施3个方面分析土壤侵蚀变化特征。[结果](1)梅河口市2010年、2017年的平均土壤侵蚀模数分别为698.75,678.25t/(km~2·a),土壤侵蚀状况有所改善。(2)梅河口市的土壤侵蚀与坡度和土地利用有关,95%的土壤侵蚀分布在坡度15°坡地,土地利用以耕地和林地为主的区域。(3)2010—2017年,水保项目实施区域的平均土壤侵蚀模数下降了154.08t/(km~2·a),土壤侵蚀量减少了2.65×10~4 t。[结论]水保项目的实施在改善水土保持功能上取得较大的成效,但治理后的区域仍存在一定强度的侵蚀,且土地利用的不利转变加重了区域土壤侵蚀。因此,区域水土流失治理工作需考虑多部门协同,从源头上遏制发生水土流失的不利因素。     

基于CSLE模型的陕北纸坊沟流域土壤侵蚀评价

[目的]对陕北纸坊沟流域土壤侵蚀状况进行评价,为该流域不合理土地利用方式的调整和优化以及水土流失治理措施的合理布设提供科学依据。[方法]以陕西省安塞县纸坊沟流域为研究区,基于ArcGIS技术,利用2005—2016年纸坊沟流域水文站月降雨量数据、DEM数据、土壤类型数据和土地利用数据,率定中国土壤流失方程(CSLE)的相关参数,计算研究区的土壤侵蚀强度,对土地利用变化与坡度和土壤侵蚀强度之间的关系进行分析。[结果](1)研究区内不同坡度带上的土壤侵蚀强度差异较大,15°～25°左右的坡耕地是土壤侵蚀的敏感部位。(2)纸坊沟流域内土地以林地、耕地、草地为主,耕地面积不断减少,林地和草地面积不断增加。该区域实施退耕还林后,土壤侵蚀的面积与强度整体呈现改善趋势;土地利用变化与土壤侵蚀强度具有密切联系,表现为耕地的土壤侵蚀强度较强,林地和草地侵蚀强度相对较弱,说明增加林地和草地面积,减少耕地面积,能够显著减弱土壤侵蚀。[结论]研究区内土壤侵蚀空间分布受土地利用方式和坡度制约,该区今后水土流失治理的重点区域是15°～25°左右的坡耕地。     

福贡县土壤侵蚀时空变化及其影响因素分析

开展福贡县土壤侵蚀时空动态变化分析,对当地的水土流失防治和国土空间规划具有重要意义。研究基于降雨、土地利用、土壤和植被覆盖度等数据,采用GIS技术和RUSLE模型分析了福贡县2002年、2010年和2018年的土壤侵蚀时空变化和影响因素。结果表明:(1)福贡县土壤侵蚀强度主要以微度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀为主; 2002—2010—2018年平均土壤侵蚀模数不断下降,微度侵蚀面积不断增加,福贡县土壤侵蚀状况呈现改善趋势;(2)福贡县土壤侵蚀严重区主要分布在怒江两岸,近16 a福贡县74.73%以上的区域土壤侵蚀强度未发生改变,整体好转,表明退耕还林等工程实施对抑制土壤侵蚀强度有一定效果;(3)土地利用类型是福贡县土壤侵蚀的主要影响因子; 各因子解释力的大小依次为:土地利用类型、植被覆盖度、年均降雨量、海拔、坡度。海拔1 005～1 523 m、坡度>35°、年均降雨量1 482～1 671 mm、植被覆盖度<0.3、土地利用类型为未利用地的区域被识别为高风险侵蚀区。结合福贡县实际,坡耕地应为福贡县土壤侵蚀治理的重点区域。     

基于RUSLE的蔗区小流域土壤侵蚀特征研究

[目的] 探讨广西壮族自治区典型赤红壤集约化蔗区小流域的土壤侵蚀状况,以及土壤侵蚀强度与不同坡度、土地利用类型的关系,为广西集约化蔗区小流域防治土壤侵蚀提供科学参考。[方法] 在GIS空间分析技术支持下,利用修正的通用土壤流失方程（revised universal soil loss equation,RUSLE）对其进行定量估算。[结果] ①那辣小流域坡度在0°~35°之间,坡耕地（甘蔗）、林地（桉树）分别占土地利用总面积的82.85%,10.99%,道路和沟渠共占6.16%。2020年流域平均土壤侵蚀速率为22.97 t/（hm²·a）,属轻度侵蚀水平,是水利部规定的南方红壤丘陵区土壤允许流失量5 t/（hm²·a）的4.6倍;②流域土壤侵蚀主要发生在5°~25°的坡度范围内,是预防和治理水土流失的重点区域;③不同土地利用类型中,平均侵蚀速率最大的是林地（桉树）,为53.59 t/（hm²·a）,分别是坡耕地（甘蔗）、道路、沟渠的2.84,2.12,27.91倍。[结论] 应用RUSLE模型通过借助软件输入相关参数和处理数据,即可估算出蔗区土壤侵蚀及不同坡度、土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀强度分布特征,应合理规划并利用管理好流域的坡耕地（甘蔗）、林地（桉树）、道路等土地利用类型,采取具有针对性的、有效的水土保持措施。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。