海南砖红壤的微形态特征以及南方网纹红土与砖红壤环境意义的差异

主要运用土壤微形态学、粘土矿物学和土壤化学方法,对海南岛三个不同母质的砖红壤剖面的微形态特征和成壤过程进行研究,并将网纹红土和砖红壤进行比较.结果表明,砖红壤典型的微形态特征为易风化矿物颗粒和粘粒胶膜的缺失、均质状的b-垒结以及风化成因铁锰质结核的出现;典型的成壤过程为强烈的化学风化、红化、均质化、淋溶以及显著的脱硅富铝化过程.随着成土母质和土壤排水条件的变化,砖红壤的微形态特征亦有所差异.而我国南方的网纹红土的发育程度低于砖红壤,不宜被划分为砖红壤或氧化土,而更趋向归入老成土,在我国土壤发生学分类中大致相当于红壤.     

滇桂地区变性土的发生特性和系统分类研究

本文研究了我国西南地区变性土的形成条件和发育程度，并结合世界主要分类系统进行了分类研究。结果表明，相对于地带性土壤而言，变性土风化成土作用较弱，发育程度较低，土壤中元素的淋溶迁移及相对富集程度也远低于地带性土壤。由于粘粒含量尤其是粘粒矿物组成的差异，变性土表现出极高的膨胀潜势。通过研究，本文还对我国土壤系统分类中变性土土钢、亚纲、土类等的划分标准和依据及变性土性土的确立等提出了见解。     

变用扫描电镜对几种土壤特征层的微形态观察

近十年来,扫描电镜已在土壤微形态和矿物风化超微特征方面广泛应用,丰富了微土壤学的研究内容^[3,4]。本文应用JEM-100B电子显微镜二次电子扫描附属装置对东北地区几种土壤(表1)的特征层进行了观察,试图通过对土体中粘粒和其它细土物质部分的表面形态、空间排列和它们在形成微孔隙中的结构特征观察,进一步认识土壤中粘粒和某些细土物质的性状和作用。     

典型土壤动物体表形态减粘脱土的初步研究

土壤动物的不粘土特性,对于地面机械减粘脱土的仿生研究具有重要意义。本文利用实体显微镜和扫描电镜对典型土壤动物穿山甲、蝼蛄、蚂蚁和蜣螂等的体表形态进行了观察研究。结果表明,上述土壤动物具有类似波纹状的体表结构,并用波形表面模型进行了减粘脱土的机理分析。     

土壤粘附仿生研究(二) 典型土壤动物体表形态减粘脱土的初步研究

土壤动物的不粘土特性,对于地面机械减粘脱土的仿生研究具有重要意义。本文利用实体显微镜和扫描电镜对典型土壤动物穿山甲、蝼蛄、蚂蚁和蜣螂等的体表形态进行了观察研究。结果表明,上述土壤动物具有类似波纹状的体表结构,并用波形表面模型进行了减粘脱土的机理分析。     

北京地区不同土纲典型剖面的土壤微形态特征

以北京地区不同土纲典型剖面为例,通过观察土壤薄片,利用ENVI图像统计分析功能,从土壤微结构、粗骨颗粒、土壤形成物与孔隙几个方面研究其微形态特征。结果表明:北京地区不同土纲典型剖面土壤之间微形态差异明显。淋溶土典型剖面土壤发育完全,Bt层常见到黏粒淀积胶膜;雏形土与新成土土壤微结构发育程度较低,没有淀积黏粒存在,但雏形土形成了B层,存在孔洞状结构,钙积现象明显,土壤发育较新成土成熟。人为土明显表现出大量人类活动的痕迹,侵入物、动植物遗迹多见,土壤发育最为成熟。     

水耕人为土某些氧化还原形态特征的微结构和形成机理

结合微形态观察和特征微区化学成分的电子能谱测定，对水耕人为土几种典型的氧化还原形态特征的结构进行了解析，并在此基础上提出了它们的形成机理。结果表明，根孔／裂隙淀积铁质胶膜形成于还原亚铁离子在根孔或裂隙面的氧化富集，该过程是Fe2＋吸附于铝硅酸盐粘粒表面被氧化；根际铁质同心圆的形成涉及反应—转移—反馈的自组织过程，导致条带状富铁与贫铁区域的形成；淋失胶膜可分为铁锰淋失胶膜和粘粒淋失膜（淋余膜），二者在微结构和化学成分上有明显不同，后者不仅铁锰的淋失更甚，而且伴随铝硅酸盐粘粒的分解。     

元谋干热河谷冲沟沟头土壤结构对入渗性能的影响

元谋干热河谷冲沟沟头土壤的渗透性是制约坡面径流,遏制沟头前进的重要因素,也间接影响着沟头土体崩塌方式。通过对元谋干热河谷区,3种典型土壤(燥红土、变性土和古红土)沟头表层土壤结构指标的测定和对入渗速率的野外定点观测,分析表层土壤结构特性及其分维特征对入渗过程的影响。结果表明:燥红土和变性土土壤结构要优于古红土;土壤颗粒和微团聚体分维数随着粉粘粒(<0.02mm)含量的增加而增大,随着砂砾(0.02～2mm)含量的增加而减小;孔隙分维数与颗粒分维和微团聚体分维呈负相关。3种土壤的入渗速率较低,用通用经验公式能够较好的模拟这3种土壤的入渗过程(R2>0.99)。表层土壤的非毛管孔隙和颗粒分维(D粒)对燥红土和古红土的初渗速率影响最大,毛管孔隙度、D粒和孔隙分维(D孔)对变性土的初渗速率影响最大,除了D粒的偏相关系数为负相关外,其余的影响因素都呈正相关;燥红土和变性土的毛管孔隙、D孔对稳渗速率影响最大,D孔和微团分维(D微)对古红土稳渗速率影响最大。     

南疆平原干旱土的微形态特征

通过野外调查 ,应用扫描电镜和偏光显微镜等手段 ,结合理化分析 ,研究了南疆平原干旱土的微形态特征和母质成因。结果表明 :南疆平原干旱土含有大量的由砂质原生矿物组成的骨骼颗粒 ,在这些颗粒之间填充着细粉砂质原生矿物及由隐晶质、微晶质碳酸盐和粘粒所组成的细粒物质。大部分原生矿物外形完好。同一剖面从表层向下骨骼颗粒增多 ,细粒物质减少。南疆平原干旱土的基本垒结类型为斑晶骨骼嵌埋状、聚积状和漂白砂型微垒结。土壤形成物主要是铁质、碳酸盐和石膏浓聚物 ,石灰、石膏的形态和其含量有关。碳酸盐一般以内晶霜形式存在 ,含量高时出现自生方解石颗粒、胶膜、凝团、凝块和凝粒 ;石膏以隐晶质、微晶质及针状、纤维状晶体的方式散布于细粒物质当中 ,石膏含量高时呈纺锤形晶体 ;在铁质粘化层中粘粒和粉砂明显增多 ,铁质浓聚物以铁染基质存在。石英砂表面超微结构特征表明 :南疆平原干旱土的母质搬运距离较短 ,同一剖面有不同的成因或多种成因组合 ,各种成因的母质都受到风成作用的影响 ,具有风蚀、风积的特征。     

黄河下游不同质地潮土孔隙形态特征

土壤颗粒排列及形成的团聚结构是影响孔隙形态的基本因素,为直观观察与定量测算不同质地土壤的孔隙形态及其变化特征,于山东省东昌府区采集壤土、粘壤土、砂壤土样品,通过常规方法和土壤薄片,研究了土壤孔隙形态特征。结果表明:(1)土壤容重均随深度增加而增加。土壤孔隙度均为表层向下逐渐减少且10月份低于6月份。(2)砂质壤土孔隙形状均以简单堆集孔隙为主。而粘壤土、壤土则以复合堆积孔隙为主,且土壤团聚作用较强。(3)砂质壤土的孔隙平均当量直径(ED)及孔隙形状系数(S)明显高于粘壤土及壤土,而砂质壤土的孔隙复杂度(D)明显低于粘壤土及壤土。且ED及S值分别与土壤砂粒含量呈显著正相关,与粉、粘粒含量呈显著负相关;D值与砂粒含量呈显著负相关,而与粉、粘粒含量呈显著正相关。综上,土壤质地(即砂、粉、粘粒含量)能够影响土壤孔隙形态。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI