辐射灭菌技术在制药业上的最新应用进展

《60Co中药灭菌标准》发布以来,药品辐射灭菌技术得到广泛应用。本文从辐射剂量控制、药品包装及对功能成分影响等几个方面,介绍了该技术在制药业上的最新应用进展,并针对当前我国药品辐照灭菌存在的主要问题提出具体应对措施。对辐照灭菌技术在保健食品、酶制剂和缓控释胶囊的应用也作了专门介绍。     

聚四氟乙烯辐照裂解及超细粉加工研究

叙述了聚四氟乙烯超细粉的制备过程 ,研究了聚四氟乙烯原粉在不同辐照剂量处理后裂解的最佳工艺及物化性能测试     

牡丹组织培养研究进展

本文从牡丹组织培养对品种、外植体的选择、基本培养基类型、生长调节物质选择和组培苗的移栽等方面论述了牡丹组织培养的研究现状。牡丹的组织培养中,外植体多采用胚、腋芽、顶芽、茎尖、幼叶、叶柄和土芽(地下芽)等,并且培养经过低温诱导后的鳞芽,可显著提高萌发率;在愈伤组织诱导试验中,选择分化程度较低的材料(如土芽),容易脱分化,获得愈伤组织;在牡丹的增殖培养中,6-BA起到了不可或缺的作用;生根培养中常使用的生长调节物质有IBA、NAA和IAA。此外,还探讨了牡丹组织培养研究中存在的问题,以及未来的研究和发展方向。     

转酿酒酵母海藻糖合成酶基因(TPS1)玉米植株的获得

PCR克隆测序发现,酿酒酵母AS.1416菌株的海藻糖合成酶基因TPS1与原报道序列发生了11处单碱基突变,其中10个突变发生在编码区域,但9个是同义突变,不影响编码蛋白的氨基酸序列。只有1135位的G变为A,使编码蛋白的第355个甘氨酸变成了天冬酰胺。用单子叶植物逆境诱导启动子mwcs120启动TPS1基因构建表达载体,基因枪法转化玉米胚性愈伤组织,PCR检测获得阳性植株,平均达到0.56%的转化率。     

水稻高无机磷突变籽粒检测方法的简化

以1份高无机磷(HIP)突变体(HIPi1)及其亲本协青早B(协青早B)为材料,研究了样本前处理、提取时间和温度、显色时间等因素对水稻籽粒中无机磷(Pi)含量测定结果的影响,提出了适用于HIP水稻突变籽粒筛选和育种的简化检测方法,并将其应用于明恢86突变体的筛选,获得了7份HIP株系。     

杜鹃抗盐突变体的筛选

利用杜鹃的离体叶片诱导不定芽 ,发现MS +BA2 0ppm +ZT0 1ppm培养基不定芽分化率最高。用γ射线作诱变剂 ,对离体叶片产生的不定芽进行了耐盐筛选 ,得到了耐 0 5%、0 7%和 1 %NaCl的变异株系 ,并对变异株系进行了初步鉴定。     

混合重金属离子诱导的鲫鱼DNA损伤与基因表达

本研究结果表明 ,混合重金属离子诱导了鲫鱼鱼鳃、肝脏组织产生脂质过氧化作用 (LPO) ;鱼鳃、肝脏组织中的LPO产物丙二醛 (MDA)含量与暴露浓度呈指数效应关系 ;鱼鳃、肝脏的指数方程分别为Y =e- 2 87X + 0 6 87和Y =e- 2 19X + 0 115;LPO引发了DNA链的断裂损伤 ;3H TdR在鱼鳃、肝脏细胞DNA中大量掺入 ,并与重金属离子暴露浓度间呈双向效应 ;重金属离子的暴露极大地提高了鲫鱼肝脏DNA的总甲基化水平 ;重金属离子的毒性作用干扰了鲫鱼细胞的正常生理周期和基因的表达 ,是引发水生生物基因毒性作用的主要机制。     

氮锌复合作用对单播和混播牧草氮素来源的影响

在亚热带中山草地黄棕壤上研究了氮锌复合作用对单播和混播牧草氮素来源的影响 ,结果表明 :施氮降低了白三叶前期固氮百分数 ,但低水平施氮显著提高了白三叶后期固氮百分数。在各种施氮水平下 ,施锌 6mg kg之处理 %Ndfa最高。施氮显著降低了氮转移的数量 ,低量施锌促进了氮转移 ;施氮促进了牧草对肥料氮的吸收 ,所有施氮水平下 ,单播黑麦草 %Ndff以施锌 6～ 2 0mg kg较高。在施氮 3 0～ 90mg kg,混播黑麦草和混播白三叶 %Ndff以施锌 6～ 2 0mg kg较低 ;单播和混播黑麦草 %Ndfs随施氮水平增加显著下降 ,施锌对单播黑麦草的 %Ndfs影响不明显。在所有施氮水平下 ,施锌 6～ 2 0mg kg减少了混播白三叶和混播黑麦草对土壤氮的吸收     

工业用高芥酸油菜育种与应用

本文介绍了芥酸及其主要衍生产品的用途,重点综述了高芥酸油菜种质资源、常规育种和生产应用以及利用基因工程提高油菜种子芥酸含量的研究进展,指出了当前高芥酸油菜育种与应用中存在的主要问题并提出了相应建议。     

中国式综合辐照站(γ装置)规范化管理研究

本文对我国综合辐照站的规范化管理进行了探讨,分析了我国综合辐照站管理中存在的各种问题,提出了在人员管理、安全管理、质量管理、客户管理、仓储管理、进出货管理、生产管理和效益管理等方面的规范化举措。     

Protein Profile and Molecular Markers Related to the Baking Quality of Brazilian Wheat Cultivars

To carry out wheat breeding programs, proteins were identified and quantified (through sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [SDS‐PAGE] and size‐exclusion high‐performance liquid chromatography [SE‐HPLC]) and six allele‐specific markers were tested on 45 Brazilian cultivars. A microscale baking test was applied to associate analytical and genetic responses with baking quality. The results suggested a prevalence of the subunits 2* and 1 in chromosome 1A; 7+8, 7+9, and 17+18 in 1B; and 5+10 in 1D; absence of 1BL/1RS translocation in 62.2% of the genotypes; and presence of Pinb‐D1b and Glu‐A3d in 8.9% of the genotypes. The average SE‐HPLC values were 37.50 and 45.42% for polymeric protein in total protein (PPP) and unextractable polymeric protein (UPP), respectively, and 1.29 for the gliadin‐to‐glutenin (GLI/GLU) ratio, with significant variation among the genotypes (P ≤ 0.05). The baking test also showed a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) between the cultivars under the same conditions. The cultivars without the 1BL/1RS translocation with rye also showed better results for UPP, PPP, and GLI/GLU in relation to those possessing translocation. These results corroborate for selection of HMW subunits 5+10, cultivars without translocation with rye, with high UPP values and a balanced GLI/GLU ratio (around 1.0) with the objective of obtaining greater wheat baking quality.     

Comparison of Endoproteinases of Various Grains

Two‐dimensional isoelectric focusing (IEF) × PAGE gels were used to compare the endoproteolytic (gelatinase) activities of germinated barley with those of bread and durum wheat, rye, triticale, oat, rice, buckwheat, and sorghum. Barley was used as the standard of comparison because its endoproteinase complement has been studied previously in the greatest detail. The characteristics of the grain proteases were appraised from their migration patterns and by how they were affected by pH levels. All of the germinated grains contained multiple enzyme activities and their separation patterns and pH levels were at least similar to those of barley. The proteinases of the bread and durum wheats, rye, oat, and sorghum were most similar to those of barley, whereas the other grains provided more varied patterns. The rice and buckwheat proteinases developed much more slowly than those of the other grains. The activity patterns of the triticale resembled those of the parents, wheat and rye, but the triticale contained many more activities and higher overall proteolytic activities than any of the other species. These results should be applied to scientific or commercial procedures with caution because grains contain potent endogenous proteinase inhibitors that could inactivate some of these enzymes in various tissues or germination stages.     

黏类小麦CMS不育基因rfv1的分子细胞遗传学跟踪鉴定及定向转育研究

为了实现黏类小麦雄性不育基因rfv1的定向转育,创制优良的黏类非1BL/1RS小麦雄性不育新保持系,本研究以1BS上带有不育基因rfv1的非1BL/1RS小麦变种SP4、莫迦小麦为供体材料,以杀雄剂途径培育的小麦强优势组合西杂1号和西杂5号杂交小麦新品种的母本西农Fp1和西农Fp2为受体材料,采用专一核置换回交转育方法,同时结合根尖细胞学镜检、复合引物PCR及SDS-PAGE和A-PAGE技术,进行不育基因rfv1定向转入的鉴定,旨在育成既携带rfv1不育基因,又具有西农Fp1和西农Fp2核遗传背景的黏类非1BL/1RS小麦雄性不育新保持系。结果如下：（1）根尖体细胞随体鉴定和复合引物PCR分析表明,该法不仅能准确鉴定出1BL/1RS纯合易位系,还可鉴定出1BL/1RS·1BL/1BSrfv1 易位杂合体,两者结果一致。其中复合引物PCR更适合于回交后代中大量目标植株的筛选,为小麦雄性不育基因rfv1定向转移到1BL/1RS易位系提供了准确的鉴定方法与依据;（2）利用SDS-PAGE技术对供试材料进行高低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的分析表明,在低分子量谷蛋白D亚基区存在莫迦小麦和SP4的特征带;而SP4的高分子量谷蛋白亚基区的6+8亚基,也可以作为示踪小麦雄性不育基因rfv1定向转移到非1BL/1RS易位系的特征亚基条带;（3）A-PAGE技术对醇溶蛋白的分析表明,在ω-醇溶蛋白区也发现莫迦小麦和SP4不同于西农Fp2的特异蛋白条带,也可作为示踪小麦雄性不育基因rfv1定向转移到非1BL/1RS易位系的特征蛋白条带。本研究成功地将小麦杂种优势利用中的杀雄剂法和三系法相结合,促进了小麦杂种优势利用新技术体系的建立。同时该方法亦可应用于黏类小麦雄性不育恢复基因Rfv1的定向转育,进而可实现小麦由生理型不育向遗传型不育的定向转化,以探索一套杂交小麦强优势组合多途径利用的新方法。     

Relationship Between the Qualitative and Quantitative Compositions of Gluten Protein Types and Technological Properties of Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat Derived from Triticum durum and Aegilops tauschii

The contribution of the diploid wheat species Aegilops tauschii (Coss.) Schmall to the technological properties of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was previously studied by the investigation of synthetic hexaploids derived from tetraploid durum wheat (T. turgidum L.) and three diploid Ae. tauschii lines. The results indicated that bread volume, gluten index, SDS‐sedimentation volume, and maximum resistance of gluten were significantly influenced by the Ae. tauschii lines. To determine the relationship between technological properties and qualitative and quantitative compositions of gluten proteins, the flours of parental and synthetic lines were extracted using a modified Osborne fractionation. Gliadin and glutenin fractions were then characterized by reversed‐phase (RP) HPLC on C₈ silica gel. The HPLC patterns revealed typical differences between synthetic and parental lines. The gliadin patterns of three synthetic lines and the glutenin patterns of two synthetic lines were more similar to that of the diploid Ae. tauschii parents involved in the hybrids. In the glutenin pattern of one synthetic line, characteristics from both Ae. tauschii and the durum wheat parents were observed. The amount of total gliadin and gliadin types of the synthetic lines was mostly intermediate between those of the durum and Ae. tauschii parents. The amounts of total glutenin and glutenin types (HMW and LMW subunits) of the synthetic lines were generally higher than those of the parental lines, and the ratio of gliadins to glutenins was significantly decreased. High positive correlations were found between the amount of total glutenins, HMW, and LMW subunits and bread volume, maximum resistance and extension area of gluten, and SDS‐sedimentation volume. The ratio of gliadins to glutenin subunits had a strong negative influence on these properties. The protein content of the flours and the amount of total gluten proteins were not correlated with any of the technological properties. Results on the relationship between biochemical characteristics and the breadmaking properties indicated that wheat prebreeding would benefit from studies on protein types and quantification in the choice of parents. In addition, the potential of the diploid Ae. tauschii for improvement of breadmaking quality should be further exploited.     

Adsorption Studies of Interaction Between Water‐Extractable Nonstarch Polysaccharides and Prolamins in Cereals

Adsorption of cereal storage protein and nonstarch polysaccharides onto methylated silica surfaces, as measured by ellipsometry, was used to study possible interactions between those components. All fractions, rye secalin, wheat gliadin, rye arabinoxylan, and wheat arabinogalactan peptide, were surface‐active to some degree. Sequential adsorption of rye arabinoxylan and wheat arabinogalactan peptide on top of gliadin and secalin, respectively, indicated that an interaction occurred. As ionic strength and pH influenced both the adsorption and the interaction of the components studied, these phenomena are believed to be of electrostatic nature.     

辐射选育小麦易位系的研究

辐射处理六倍体小黑麦黑杂266×普通小麦克79F3-392的F0种子,通过一定的选育程序,选出了龙辐麦4号,龙辐10946和龙辐10877 3个易位系,经Giemsa-C带技术鉴定,其易位形式分别为6BS/6RL,2AS/2RL和7RL/7AL。酯酶同工酶和过氧化物同工酶的分析表明,3个易位系和黑杂266具有共同的特征酶带。试验证明,3个易位系具备双亲的优良特征特性,其中龙辐麦4号已由黑龙江省品种审定委员会审定推广种植。     

Globulin Expression in Grain of Australian Hard Wheat Cultivars Is Affected by Growth Environment

Our aim was to study changes in wheat proteomes across different growth locations as the first step in linking protein composition with functional changes in grains produced with commercial production systems. Soluble and insoluble proteins were extracted sequentially from grain of three commercial wheat cultivars grown at four locations in New South Wales, Australia, during a single season. Bands were separated with SDS‐PAGE and identified by peptide mass fingerprinting. Quantitative changes in the electrophoretic patterns were observed mainly in the insoluble polypeptides of molecular mass 40,000–70,000 for all three cultivars grown at two of the four locations. These proteins were identified as mainly globulin and serpin isoforms, as well as triticin. Other proteins with changed expression included disease‐resistance proteins, class III peroxidase, starch branching enzyme I, β‐amylase, and storage proteins. Two‐dimensional electrophoretic analysis was performed on two of the same wheat cultivars grown at one of the locations during two consecutive seasons. Protein spots that varied between seasons consisted of globulin and serpin isoforms, triticin, HMW glutenin, γ‐gliadin, starch branching enzyme IIb, and α‐amylase. The implications of the upregulation of globulin and triticin on whole meal flour quality, through their participation in polymerization of the gluten network, are considered.     

The significance of organic‐anion exudation for the aluminum resistance of primary triticale derived from wheat and rye parents differing in aluminum resistance

Eight primary octoploid triticale genotypes (xTriticosecale Wittmack) derived from four wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) and two rye inbred lines (Secale cereale L.) differing in aluminum (Al) resistance were investigated with respect to their response to Al supply. Aluminum‐induced inhibition of root elongation (48 h, 25 µM Al supply), callose formation, and the accumulation of Al in root tips (4 h, 25 µM Al supply) were used as parameters to assess Al resistance. Using these parameters, the existing information on Al resistance of the wheat and rye cultivars was generally confirmed. The triticale cultivars showed a wide range of Al resistance amongst the Al‐sensitive wheat and the Al‐resistant rye cultivars. The rye parents and the Al‐resistant wheat parent Carazinho were characterized by Al‐induced exudation particularly of citrate but also of malate from whole root systems of 14 d old seedlings (8 h, 50 µM Al supply). Regression analysis revealed that the degree of Al resistance of the triticale genotypes was closely related to the Al‐induced citrate exudation, which was mainly controlled by the Al resistance of the wheat parent.     

Gliadin Electrophoretic Analysis of the Genetic Integrity of Wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) Accessions After Frequent Seed Reproductions

A standard electrophoretic method for wheat cultivar identification was used on single seeds to analyse the genetic integrity of 11 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) accessions after up to 24 seed reproductions in the Gatersleben genebank. It was clearly demonstrated that the gliadin pattern of single seeds can be used to analyse the genotype composition of wheat accessions. Stability of electrophoretic banding patterns was detected in eight accessions. Very week genetic drift was observed in three accessions. Our investigations confirm experiences of the successful utilisation of protein markers for cultivar verification and genetic integrity testing and demonstrate the high standard of wheat accessions maintenance in the Gatersleben genebank.     

HMW-glutenin and gliadin variations in Tibetan weedrace, Xinjiang rice wheat and Yunnan hulled wheat

Nine Tibetan weedrace, 9 Xingjiang rice wheat and 14 Yunnan hulled wheat accessions were evaluated for the variability of HMW-glutenins and gliadins. Higher variability was observed for both HMW-glutenins and gliadins in Tibetan weedrace and Xingjiang rice wheat, while lower variability was observed in Yunan hulled wheat. There were 4 HMW-glutenin and 9 gliadin patterns in 9 Tibetan weedrace accessions, 5 HMW-glutenin and 8 gliadin patterns in 9 Xingjiang rice wheat accessions, and 3 HMW-glutenin and 8 gliadin patterns in 14 Yunnan hulled wheat accessions. In Xinjiang rice wheat, one accession (i.e. Daomai 2) carried subunits 2.1 + 10.1 encoded by Glu-D1, which is very rare in common wheat.