NaCl处理对高、低芥酸油菜种子萌发和离体茎尖生长的影响

以2份高芥酸油菜绵油13号、高芥4号和2份低芥酸油菜绵恢PS-1-2、绵恢8号为试验供体材料,观察了组织培养条件下,NaCl胁迫对高、低芥酸油菜种子萌发和离体茎尖生长的影响。结果表明:经4g/L NaCl浸种和培养基中添加10g/L NaCl均对种子萌发率产生抑制作用,且高芥酸油菜种子的萌发率明显高于低芥酸油菜。比较2种方式浸种11d的萌发率,为4g/L NaCl浸种的低芥酸油菜材料高于无菌水浸种的材料,高芥酸油菜的表现则相反。培养基中添加6g/L NaCl对离体培养茎尖的存活率产生明显的抑制作用,高芥酸油菜茎尖生长的受抑制程度明显低于低芥酸油菜。可以得出结论,供试的高芥酸油菜在萌发和离体培养阶段的耐NaCl性明显优于低芥酸油菜。     

不同播期下低芥酸油菜利用氮肥的研究

应用~(15)N示踪法,对甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)低芥酸品种“中油低芥三号”在不同播期下对氮肥的利用进行了研究。结果表明,在正常播期范围内,早播油菜比晚播油菜的氮吸收总量,吸收自肥料氮的百分率、氮肥利用率、氮肥生产效率、磷吸收量和磷生产效率都明显增加。因此生物产量、菜籽产量、产油量和含油率都显著提高。菜油中芥酸含量随播期推迟而稍有上升、但差异不显著。     

油菜籽芥酸含量遗传调控研究进展

油菜籽芥酸含量的遗传调控对培育工业用高芥酸油菜和食用低芥酸油菜新品种具有重要意义。本文在介绍油菜籽芥酸生物合成过程和甘油三酯组装特点的基础上,对油菜高芥酸和低芥酸基因工程研究进展进行了综述,旨在为今后进一步开展油菜籽芥酸含量遗传调控研究提供参考。     

Artificial miRNA调控甘蓝型油菜芥酸的研究

芥酸是重要的工业原料,主要来源是甘蓝型油菜种子,为调节甘蓝型油菜种子内芥酸含量,针对甘蓝型油菜芥酸合成过程中的关键酶基因Bnfad2设计特异性amiRNA,并构建种子特异表达载体,转化高芥酸甘蓝型油菜品种MY15和低芥酸甘蓝型油菜品种LEA01,并对转化植株T_0种子脂肪酸进行分析。结果表明,转化的高芥酸甘蓝型油菜芥酸的增加最高达到5.12%,最低2.11%;而转化的低芥酸品种,最高仅为0.45%,最低只有0.16%,而且所有转化低芥酸材料的芥酸含量都小于1%;同时转化种子内油酸的含量得到了明显的提高,最低为4.99%,最高达到了10.71%,亚油酸降低的幅度十分明显,最大降幅达到17%。表明amiRNA技术可以通过影响脂肪酸合成过程中特定基因的表达,有效改变种子内脂肪酸的组成,从而改变其营养结构,提高营养价值,进一步提高油菜种子的附加值。本研究为运用amiRNA技术调节油菜脂肪酸组成和改变其营养结构提供了一定理论依据。     

油菜种子油酸含量的遗传改良

油菜是我国重要油料作物,菜籽油是我国城乡居民消费的主要食用油之一。菜籽油中的油酸营养价值很高,同时油酸也是一种重要工业原料。本文从国内外高油酸油菜育种现状、油菜籽油酸含量的诱变改良、遗传调控以及分子标记鉴定和QTL定位等几个方面介绍了油菜种子油酸含量遗传改良研究进展,旨在为今后进一步开展油菜高油酸育种研究提供参考。     

转基因油菜超油2号外源基因流散的生态风险

目前,在油菜上培育出的转基因品种主要是抗除草剂的.转基因油菜的基因漂移受许多因素影响,如释放面积、传粉方式和花期同步率等(浦惠明等,2005;Rieger et al,2002).本研究的转基因供体油菜是超高油高芥酸转基因油菜的新品种超油2号(陈锦清等,1999),本研究通过GUS组织化学分析法检测超油2号基因流散的生态风险.     

生物技术在高羊茅育种研究中的应用

高羊茅(Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.)是一种重要的牧草和草坪兼用型草种,在农牧业和草坪业中均占据重要地位。本文对高羊茅的育种历史和现状作了概述,综述了高羊茅分子生物学研究和利用生物技术创新种质的进展,旨在为开展高羊茅生物技术育种提供参考。     

分子标记在油菜育种中的应用

油菜是世界上重要的油料作物之一,为了提高油菜的产量,各国都致力于油菜的育种工作。随着分子生物学的迅速发展,分子标记技术广泛地应用油菜育种。本文从遗传和物理图谱构建、基因的定位与克隆、数量性状位点的遗传分析、遗传多样性的评估、分子标记辅助选择等方面,综述了分子标记在油菜育种中的应用。     

~(60)Coγ射线对双低甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)的辐射效应

用~(60)Coγ射线0、80、100、120、140、160krad的剂量辐射处理3个双低(低芥酸、低硫甙)甘蓝型油菜品种的干种子,从形态学、细胞学和生物化学3个方面研究了M_1代的剂量效应。结果表明,田间出苗率、成株率、产量、自交结果率、角果长度、每果粒数、自交结籽率和粗脂肪含量与剂量拟合曲线负相关,形态畸变率和染色体畸变率与剂量拟合曲线正相关,种子的芥酸和亚麻酸含量、菜饼的硫甙和蛋白质含量随着剂量的增加而呈不规则性变化。形态学效应、细胞学效应和生物化学效应之间关系密切,相关显著。3个品种的辐射敏感性顺序为中双2号>中双1号>中双3号。     

空间环境诱发作物突变的筛选技术及其应用

本文综述了作物经过空间诱变后的突变分析鉴定技术及其应用。分析鉴定技术主要包括:形态学鉴定技术、细胞学鉴定技术、物理学鉴定技术、同工酶鉴定技术、生理指标鉴定技术、分子标记鉴定技术以及其他一些鉴定技术,同时综述了各种鉴定技术在水稻、玉米、小麦、番茄、辣椒、油菜等作物上的应用情况。     

Optimization of Process Parameters for Removal of Arsenic Using Activated Carbon-Based Iron-Containing Adsorbents by Response Surface Methodology

Rhizoremediation is a complex type of green clean-up technology that involves both plants and the rhizosphere-associated microorganisms to decompose hazardous compounds. The success of the strategy strongly depends on plant tolerance towards the pollutant, as well as plant's interactions with the rhizospheric microbes. The microorganisms may be stimulated by the secreted root exudates, which results in an increased breakdown of contaminants in the rhizosphere. The main goal of this study was to establish a potential rhizoremediation combination for a diesel-polluted site. Inoculation of plant roots or seeds with indigenous rhizospheric populations is a common approach in the rhizoremediation. However, we introduced hydrocarbon-degrading consortia (M10, R3, and K52) that were previously isolated from crude oil-contaminated soil instead of indigenous microbes. Bioaugmentation with these petroleum degraders was applied to screen four high biomass crop species (Indian mustard, alfalfa, high erucic acid rapeseed, HEAR, and low erucic acid rapeseed, LEAR) for their tolerance towards diesel oil. At no pollution, a promoting effect of M10 bacteria could be observed on germination and root elongation of all plant species. Moreover, M10 consortiums increased the germination index at 6,000 mg diesel oil per kilogram dry soil in the case of Indian mustard, alfalfa, and HEAR. The latter species was found to increment its dry weight upon bioaugmentation with M10 bacteria and all diesel oil treatments (6,000 and 24,000 mg diesel oil per kilogram dry soil). The initial results indicate HEAR and the M10 bacterial consortium as a promising plant–microbe tandem for a long-term rhizoremediation process.

     

氮、磷、钾、硼肥对甘蓝型油菜籽品质的影响

以多个正在大面积应用的甘蓝型油菜品种为研究对象,在长江流域冬油菜主产区的10个省（市）布置氮、磷、钾和硼肥田间肥效试验共284组,通过多点试验分别探讨当前生产条件下施用氮、磷、钾、硼肥对双低和双高甘蓝型油菜籽含油量、蛋白质、芥酸、硫甙的影响。结果表明,双低油菜籽平均含油量为41.66%,双高油菜含油量明显低于双低油菜,仅为38.92%。氮、磷、钾和硼肥施用对油菜籽的品质效应在不同试验点表现不尽相同,其总体趋势是:在磷、钾、硼肥基础上施用氮肥提高籽粒蛋白质含量而降低油分含量,且随氮肥用量的增加效果更明显,施氮对双高油菜油分及蛋白质含量的影响程度大于双低油菜;施磷、钾或硼肥有提高油菜籽含油量而降低蛋白质含量的趋势;施肥对油菜籽硫甙和芥酸含量有一定影响,但对品质影响不大。油菜籽含油量与收获指数、千粒重显著正相关,与蛋白质含量呈负相关。研究结果显示,在施氮的基础上配合施用磷、钾和硼肥能减少因施氮引起的油分损失。     

Effect of Boron on Dynamic Change of Seed Yield and Quality Formation in Developing Seed of Brassica napus

Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is one of main oil crops in the world and also a potential bioenergy crop. Because of the sensitivity of Brassica napus to boron (B) deficiency and the wide distribution of low available-B soils in main areas of rapeseed production, more and more attention is being paid to the effect of B nutrition on yield and quality of rapeseed and its regulation mechanism. In this study, a field plot trial was conducted to examine the effects of B on dynamic changes of seed yield and quality formation in developing rapeseed. The results showed that B significantly increased seed yield compared with the low B control, which was attributed to an increase in the number of seeds per pod and pods per plant. During the seed development period, dry matter accumulation of seed followed a typical S-shaped curve at the two B treatments, but seed weight accumulated faster in plants supplied with sufficient B than those with low B. The dry weight of the podwall in high B treatment showed rapid increase at the early stage of seed development and decreased rapidly in later periods compared with low B. This suggested that applying B improved the accumulation of seed dry matter in early stages of seed development and substance transport from podwall to seed in later stages, which resulted in high seed yield. No significant effect of B on oil content, erucic acid and glucosinolate contents was found. However, B maintained a lower level of erucic acid and glucosinolate contents at whole seed development process and resulted in a lower ratio of erucic acid (22:1)/oleic acid (18:1) compared with that of low B treatment. These results suggested that application of B could heighten seed yield and improve oil quality for rapeseed in soils with low available B.     

高密度直播油菜高产优质和氮肥高效的适宜氮肥施用模式

【目的】探讨高密度直播油菜(36×104plant/hm2)的合理氮肥管理措施。【方法】2011-2012年油菜季选用甘蓝型油菜品种德油6号,在成都平原稻-油轮作区开展了氮肥施用量、施氮方式对油菜产量、品质和氮肥利用率影响的大田试验。氮肥施用量试验在相同施氮方式(底肥+1次苗期追肥)下设置5个施氮水平(N 0、90、180、270和360 kg/hm2);施氮方式试验在同等施氮量(N 225 kg/hm2)条件下,设置3种施氮方式(一次性底施、底肥+1次苗期追肥、底肥+2次苗期追肥)。【结果】直播油菜农艺性状都随施氮量增多而呈增加趋势,而施氮方式对株高、一次分枝数和单株角果数无显著影响。增施氮肥可显著提高油菜籽粒产量和菜油产量,含油率则有所下降。随施氮量增加,油菜籽芥酸含量呈上升趋势,而硫甙含量略呈降低趋势。施氮方式对油菜籽含油率、芥酸和硫甙含量均无显著影响。油菜产量和氮肥贡献率(NCR)都随施氮量(90 270 kg/hm2)加大而提高,当施氮量继续增加(360kg/hm2)时却出现明显下降。但180与270 kg/hm2两施氮量处理间的油菜产量、氮肥贡献率(NCR)和氮肥表观利用率(REN)均无显著差异。随施氮量增加,氮肥农学利用率(AEN)、氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)和氮肥表观利用率(REN)表现出明显降低趋势。当施氮量≥270 kg/hm2时,氮肥农学利用率(AEN)、氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)和氮肥表观利用率(REN)均显著低于90 kg/hm2处理。同等施氮量下,氮肥分期施用可以提高直播油菜籽粒产量和菜油产量,并以底追两次施氮相对较高。底追两次施氮方式的氮肥利用率(AEN、PFPN、NCR、REN)均相对高于其他施氮方式。【结论】在本试验中等肥力条件下,高密度直播油菜(36×104plant/hm2)的合理氮肥施用模式为施氮量180kg/hm2和底追两次施氮方式。     

Formation of modified fatty acids and oxyphytosterols during refining of low erucic acid rapeseed oil

Formation of trans fatty acids and cyclic fatty acid monomers was investigated during refining of low erucic acid rapeseed oil. The first steps of the refining process, that is, degumming, neutralization, and bleaching, hardly modified the fatty acid profile. In contrast, deodorization produced substantial quantities of trans fatty acids (>5% of total fatty acids) and small amounts of cyclic fatty acid monomers (650 mg of cyclic fatty acid monomers/kg of oil) when severe conditions (5-6 h at 250 degrees C) were used. Alpha-linolenic acid was the main precursor of cyclic fatty acid monomers. The influence of deodorization on the chemical composition of low erucic acid rapeseed oil was studied additionally. Whereas free fatty acids, peroxides, and tocopherols decreased, neither total polar compounds nor oxyphytosterols changed during deodorization. Oxyphytosterols were identified by GC-MS. Three oxyphytosterols not yet observed in oil were tentatively identified as 6beta-hydroxycampestanol, 6beta-hydroxysitostanol, and 6beta-hydroxybrassicastanol. Brassicasterol oxides were the most abundant oxyphytosterols.     

不同氮水平对优质甘蓝型黄籽杂交油菜产量和品质性状的影响

以油研9号、10号为材料,研究不同氮肥施用水平对优质杂交油菜8个品质性状的影响,结果表明:氮肥对优质杂交油菜的含油率、芥酸、硫甙、种子蛋白质产生极显著的影响,对油酸影响不显著。对亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生烯酸的影响因品种而显著程度不同。含油率与施氮量间呈极显著的负相关,芥酸、花生烯酸与施氮量间呈极显著正相关,亚麻酸与施氮量间呈显著或极显著正相关,硫甙、亚油酸与施氮量间呈显著或极显著负相关,油酸与施氮量间呈不显著或显著正相关;各品质性状与施氮量间的相关性是完全一致的,只是相关显著程度不同。各品质性状间含油率与硫甙呈极显著正相关,与种子蛋白质呈极显著负相关。芥酸与种子蛋白质、亚麻酸、花生烯酸间均呈极显著正相关。硫甙与种子蛋白质、花生烯酸呈极显著负相关,与亚油酸呈显著正相关。种子蛋白质与花生烯酸呈极显著正相关。其它品质性状间的相关性是完全一致的,只是相关的显著程度不同。在本试验的土壤肥力条件和施氮水平范围内,获得最高产量和油产量的施氮量分别为210.kg/hm2和195.kg/hm2,且在获得高产时完全可保证油和饼粕的品质优良。     

硼钼锌配合对甘蓝型油菜产量和品质的影响

通过水泥池小区试验,研究了B、Mo、Zn配合对甘蓝型油菜双低品种华双4号产量和品质的影响。结果表明,B、Mo、Zn配合产量最高,比对照增产20.7%;两种微量元素配合时,以BMo配合最佳,其产量与BMoZn配合差异不显著,BZn或MoZn配合仅比对照略有增产。BMoZn配合的每角粒数居各处理首位,每株角果数居第二,BMo配合的每株角果数和千粒重处于各处理首位。试验还表明,凡有配施硼的处理,即:BMo、BZn和BMoZn,有利于提高华双4号菜籽的含油量;凡配施锌的处理,即:MoZn、BZn和BMoZn,有利于提高华双4号菜籽的蛋白质含量。微量元素的各种配合均可降低华双4号菜籽的硫甙、芥酸含量;BZn配合具有最高的油酸含量,较低的棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸含量,对改善华双4号菜籽的脂肪酸组分配比最为有利。对于双高(高硫甙、高芥酸)油菜,只考虑提高其产量及含油量,以BMo配合较好;而对优质的双低(低硫甙、低芥酸)油菜,其饼粕所含的蛋白质可以直接作为动物饲料,因此在提高其产量、含油量,改善油分品质的同时,还要兼顾其蛋白质含量,则以BMoZn配合效果最好。     

不同施肥处理对油菜产量及品质的影响

通过在姜堰地区的大田试验,研究了不同施肥处理条件下油菜产量及籽粒品质的变化.试验设10个肥料处理:对照(不施肥,CK),缺氮(PKB)、缺磷(NKB)、缺钾(NPB)处理,大量营养元素平衡施肥处理(NPK)、增施微量营养元素处理(NPKB、NPKBZn),不同氮肥施用量处理(1/2N+PKB、3/2N+PKB、2N+PKB).结果表明:①缺失氮、磷、钾中任何一种养分时均能降低油菜产量,且当氮肥施用量为N 18 kg/667m2时,产量最高,而硼和锌肥对油菜增产没有显著效果.②在氮、磷、钾缺素处理中,油菜硫甙含量大小顺序为NKB＞ PKB＞ NPB,芥酸含量大小顺序为PKB＞NKB＞NPB,油菜含油量没有显著变化,油酸含量为NPB＞NKB＞PKB,蛋白质含量在PKB处理下最低.③在NPK处理平衡施肥条件下,施加硼肥能显著降低硫甙和芥酸含量,显著增加油菜含油量、油酸、蛋白质含量;继续增施锌肥对油菜含油量没有显著影响,但能进一步显著降低硫甙和芥酸含量,并显著提高油菜油酸和蛋白质含量;④油菜硫甙对氮肥施用量具有拐点效应.油菜芥酸含量随着氮肥施用量的增加而显著降低.氮肥施用过高(2N+PKB)显著降低含油量.氮肥施用量对蛋白质的影响趋势和油酸一致,即先随施氮量(＜ 12 kg/667m2)的增加而显著增加,而进一步增施氮肥则没显著变化.