移动式太阳能增氧机的增氧性能评价

为改善池塘养殖环境,设计了一种移动式太阳能增氧机,由光伏供电装置和水面行走装置搭载涌浪机而成,能在水面沿钢丝绳移动并利用涌浪机的波浪增氧和水层交换作用,大范围扰动水体并为池塘增氧。该研究的目的是通过机械增氧效率检测、提水能力测定和池塘增氧能力测定3个试验,评估太阳能增氧机的机械增氧性能、水层交换性能和实际应用效果,以期全面了解移动增氧机增氧能力。结果表明,该移动式太阳能增氧机最大机械增氧能力为1.24 kg/h,动力效率2.59 kg/(k W·h);最大提水能力1 254.4 m3/h,提水动力效率2 613.3 m3/(k W·h);并在晴好天气白天(09:00—19:00),在对照组底层溶氧为3.1~3.8 mg/L时,大幅度提升池塘底层溶氧水平,最高时达7.8 mg/L,维持池塘上下溶氧均匀度72%~84%,极大改善了底层溶氧环境。数据表明移动式太阳能增氧机具有良好的机械增氧和水层交换性能,因而能有效改善池塘底层溶氧环境,提高上下水体溶氧均匀度。该研究结果可为太阳能增氧机的进一步推广应用提供数据支撑。     

菜-鱼复合设施种养系统构建与运行试验分析

针对工厂化循环水养殖废弃物资源化利用难题，该研究将传统鱼菜共生技术进行改进，提出并构建一种菜-鱼复合设施种养模式。通过设计3路水循环工艺流程，将工厂化循环水养殖、蔬菜无土栽培(即鱼菜共生系统)与传统土壤种植结合，以促进水产养殖固液废弃物全循环利用。基于质量平衡原理，根据投饲量和养殖尾水排放量提出鱼菜生物量配比和发酵装置体积计算方式，以提高系统营养物质利用效率。建立一套中试系统，使用该系统同时养殖大口黑鲈、种植水培生菜和番茄160 d，结果显示：鱼类生长良好，最终养成密度为41.6 kg/m³，特定生长率为0.42%，存活率99.95%，饵料系数为1.4；蔬菜长势良好，收获水培生菜1 205 kg，收获番茄果实2 400 kg。水质情况总体稳定：总氨氮平均浓度为(0.83±1.46)mg/L、亚硝酸盐平均浓度为(0.035±0.062)mg/L、硝酸盐平均浓度为(25.1±8.06) mg/L、溶解氧浓度范围为4.25～7.16 mg/L、p H值平均为6.8；水产养殖废弃物发酵后，可使水体中总磷含量提高141%，钾离子含量提高7%；系统经济效益和生态效益较好：年利...     

Design and experiments of automatic feeding system for indoor industrialization aquaculture

为了提高室内工厂化水产养殖自动投饲系统定时、定量精度,并减少养殖过程中的饲料浪费,降低劳动强度,运用轨道传动、滑轨供电、超声波定位、无线通讯和计算机软件等技术开发了新型轨道式自动投饲系统。计算分析得,当选用HW100×100型钢制作轨道,以直径为0.06 m的T型锻钢轨道轮、减速比为20∶1的2级传动齿轮组和24 V直流电机驱动系统行走时,电机功率需0.2 kW以上,转速为2 000 r/min,输出扭矩要求0.58 N·m以上。应用Solidworks软件设计了轨道式自动投饲系统样机,并进行了投饲量精度和定位误差性能测试试验,结果表明：该系统可以顺利完成自动启停与运行控制,其行走速度达到19 m/min,定位误差在58～118 mm范围内,料仓储料量20 kg,投饲能力3 kg/min,投饲量误差在0.5%～2.2%范围内。研究结果可为轨道式自动投饲系统设计与后续研究提供参考。     

基于无线传感器网络的节能型水产养殖自动监控系统

水产养殖的规模化发展和人力成本的不断上升迫切需要建立水质参数的无人值守自动监控系统。该文提出了一种基于改进型低能耗分层分群协议（LEACH）的Zigbee无线传感网络的水质监测和基于西门子PLC的变频增氧控制系统。在LEACH-C通信协议中,由基站根据各节点剩余能量的估算值选定簇首,达到各节点供电电池剩余能量的均衡,同时从系统的实际控制精度出发,当节点测量到的溶解氧浓度值与上次发送值误差在0.02 mg/L范围内时,不向簇首发送数据,达到节约供电电池能量的目的,经试验发现采用优化后的LEACH-C协议,比采用常规的LEACH协议网络有效寿命延长33.33%。适合鲈鱼生长的水体溶解氧质量浓度大于4.5 mg/L,但随着浓度的上升增氧效率将逐步降低,因此设定应急增氧的区间为4.5～5.5 mg/L。控制系统根据无线传感网络测量的溶解氧质量浓度值,采用PI-PID控制水体溶解氧浓度。保证了水体溶解氧质量浓度始终适合鱼类生长。通过试验验证,与人工粗略控制相比,这种控制方法大幅降低了人力成本和节约了51%的电能。该文可为水产养殖自动控制研究提供参考。     

移动式太阳能增氧机的研制

为提高池塘养殖的机械增氧效率,应用Solidworks软件设计了移动式太阳能能增氧机,该设备由太阳能动力组件、水面行走机构、增氧装置和运动控制系统等组成。移动式太阳能增氧机可在水面自主行走,产生波浪和实现上下水层交换。性能测试表明,移动式太阳能增氧机的光照启动强度为17 000 lx,空载噪声为75.3 d B,水面行走机构的行走速度在0.027~0.041 m/s之间波动,无线遥控距离为44.2 m,在增氧装置位置的最大浪高为0.44 m。随着光照强度的增强,增氧装置增氧效率和扰动水体能力增强,最大机械增氧能力为1.24 kg/h,动力效率2.59 kg/(k W·h);最大扰动水体1 254.4 m3/h,扰水动力效率2 613.3 m3/(k W·h)。移动式太阳能增氧机利用太阳能作为能源,在池塘水体中运行面积大、运行时间长,强化了池塘自身的自净能力,具有生态调控的功能,有利于池塘物质循环和水质改善。     

超高密度全封闭循环水养殖系统设计及运行效果分析

为进一步研究循环水养殖系统在高密度养殖生产过程中的水质变化情况、鱼类生长情况及应用推广价值,该文构建了一套超高密度全封闭循环水养殖系统,设计3条水处理环路,集成了鱼池双排水、竖流沉淀、转鼓式微滤机、移动床生物过滤、多腔喷淋式纯氧混合装置、二氧化碳脱气等高效水处理技术和装备。提出一种基于投饲量的循环水养殖系统设计计算方法,重点考虑氨氮、溶解氧和总悬浮颗粒物3个水质指标。使用该系统养殖吉富罗非鱼6个月,试验研究结果显示:鱼类生长情况良好,最高养殖密度104.2kg/m3。饵料系数1.4,成活率92.2%。水质检测结果显示:氨氮浓度维持在平均(1.09±0.55)mg/L;溶解氧维持在4～9mg/L范围内;pH值6.45～7.41。经济性分析研究结果表明,系统养殖运行成本约为25元/kg,略高于市场价格。但是,从环境成本考虑,系统的节水效果显著,日耗水仅为0.3～0.5m3。通过适当的精简并挑选合适的养殖品种,完全可以实现规模化的生产。     

生态工程化循环水池塘养殖系统

为研究解决池塘养殖污染、水资源浪费和水产品安全等问题,针对传统淡水鱼类池塘养殖特点,设计了一种生态工程化循环水池塘养殖系统,系统由生态沟渠、生态塘、潜流湿地和养殖池塘组成,面积比为1︰5︰3︰30,系统中池塘呈串联结构排列,池塘对角方向建设有水层交换过水设施,系统利用1级动力提升形成循环水流。在池塘养殖密度0.20～0.82 kg/m3和系统水体日交换量10%～15%的情况下,水质检测结果表明,池塘养殖水体中的铵氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮、总氮、总磷、化学需氧量（COD）等水质指标分别低于1.89、0.20、1     

室内工厂化水产养殖自动投饲系统设计与试验

为了提高室内工厂化水产养殖自动投饲系统定时、定量精度,并减少养殖过程中的饲料浪费,降低劳动强度,运用轨道传动、滑轨供电、超声波定位、无线通讯和计算机软件等技术开发了新型轨道式自动投饲系统。计算分析得,当选用HW100×100型钢制作轨道,以直径为0.06m的T型锻钢轨道轮、减速比为20:1的2级传动齿轮组和24V直流电机驱动系统行走时,电机功率需0.2kW以上,转速为2000r/min,输出扭矩要求0.58N.m以上。应用Solidworks软件设计了轨道式自动投饲系统样机,并进行了投饲量精度和定位误差性能测试试验,结果表明:该系统可以顺利完成自动启停与运行控制,其行走速度达到19m/min,定位误差在58～118mm范围内,料仓储料量20kg,投饲能力3kg/min,投饲量误差在0.5%～2.2%范围内。研究结果可为轨道式自动投饲系统设计与后续研究提供参考。     

小型活体水产运输箱电解水增氧装置设计与试验

水产长距离运输保证鲜活需要保持水产原生存环境的压力、水质、溶氧度等条件，其中溶氧度直接关系水产的存活，因此增氧装置的设计成为活体水产运输的关键技术之一。为了解决电解水增氧方式能耗大、难以小型化的问题，该研究设计了适用于小型水产运输箱的电解水增氧装置。首先根据计算流体力学软件仿真计算结果设计了装置中可在正负电极间产生恒稳均匀流场的整流结构参数；然后通过试验探索水溶氧规律和装置总能耗在电解电压与水交换流量影响下的关系。试验结果表明在容积为8×10-3 m3的箱体内，采用直流电解，当电解电压为37 V、水交换流量为6.97×10-5 m3/s时，总能耗最低为39.39 kJ。本文的装置设计和试验结果可为电解水增氧方法在水产运输和养殖中的实际应用提供了依据。     

几种机械增氧方式在池塘养殖中的增氧性能比较

为评价池塘养殖中主要机械增氧方式的性能优劣,该文通过增氧清水试验和水产养殖池塘中实地试验,研究了几种机械增氧方式在清水试验中的增氧能力,动力效率和实际池塘中的溶解氧变化。结果表明,在清水中,叶轮增氧机增氧能力分别高出水车和螺旋桨增氧机4%和264%,动力效率分别高出12.7%和259%;在池塘中,叶轮增氧机对池塘水层的混合均匀时间要比水车和螺旋桨增氧机快40%,对溶解氧的增加值分别高115%和293%。叶轮增氧机综合增氧性能要高于水车和螺旋桨增氧机,螺旋桨增氧机综合增氧性能最差。该研究为在池塘养殖中合理运用机械增氧方式提供了有益的借鉴。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.