基于BP神经网络的冬小麦耗水预测

该文根据中国科学院禹城农业试验站2003－2006年冬小麦季的气象资料和大型称重式蒸渗仪观测资料,把实测作物系数作为作物因子指标,建立了以日最高温度、日净辐射、实测表层60 cm土壤含水率、日序数和作物系数为输入因子,蒸渗仪实测蒸散量为输出因子的BP神经网络预测模型,神经网络拓扑结构为5-9-1,训练函数为Trainbr。检验结果表明冬小麦耗水量模型预测平均相对误差为13.1%,预测值和实测值的均方根误差为0.88 mm,模型预测Nash-Sutcliffe效率指数为0.865,预测效果较好,可满足生产需要。     

参考作物潜在蒸散量的人工神经网络模型研究

根据河套灌区多年气象资料和Penman-Monteith法计算得到的参考作物蒸散量(ET0),对影响ET0的主要气象因子进行了回归分析,并比较了以4因子(平均气温、净辐射、相对湿度、2 m处风速)和3因子(平均气温、净辐射、相对湿度)为输入向量,由Penman-Monteith法计算所得ET0为输出向量的BP网络ET0预报模型.研究表明,BP网络可以用于ET0的预报计算,四因子法和三因子法均简便可行,能满足生产的需要.相比之下,四因子法的精度更高.此研究是对传统ET0计算的补充.     

基于气象-生理的夏玉米作物系数及蒸散估算

准确估算作物系数对预测作物实际蒸散量和制定精准的灌溉计划至关重要。为反映作物逐日作物系数变化,综合考虑气象和生物因子对作物生长的共同影响,采用五道沟水文实验站大型蒸渗仪夏玉米实测蒸散及气象数据,基于地温及叶面积指数建立了气象-生理双函数乘法模型,并结合梯度下降法对模型进行了精度优化。结果表明,在整个玉米生长期中,作物系数实测值和计算值平均绝对误差为0.12,均方根误差为0.15,相关性为0.91,蒸散量实测值与计算值平均绝对误差为1.0 mm/d,均方根误差为4.5 mm/d,相关性为0.75。该模型计算的全生育期蒸散量准确率(误差在2～3 mm/d以内)相比使用联合国粮农组织(FAO)推荐的作物系数计算所得准确率提高了3倍以上,可更精确用于作物系数及蒸散量计算。     

基于随机样本的神经网络模型估算参考作物腾发量

参考作物腾发量(ET₀)是计算作物需水量、制定灌溉制度和进行水资源管理的主要参数之一。计算参考作物腾发量(ET₀)的方法众多，为规范ET₀的求法，联合国粮农组织(FAO)推荐采用修改的Penman-Monteith方法。该文指出不需要收集长序列气象资料，而以随机样本建立学习速率和动量因子自适应的BP神经网络模型估算参考作物腾发量(ET₀)的方法，并且与FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith法计算值对比分析，结果表明：利用随机样本建立的的BP神经网络模型可以很好的反映气象因子(最高温度、最低温度、最大湿度、最小湿度、净辐射和风速)与参考作物腾发量(ET₀)的非线性函数映射关系，并且取得了良好的估算效果，给出了国家自然科学基金重点项目研究区内蓝旗试验站2004年的时间尺度为日、十日参考作物腾发量(ET₀)的计算及对比分析过程。     

参考作物腾发量主成分神经网络预测模型

为解决采用神经网络模型预测参考作物蒸发蒸腾最Eto研究中预测能力不足的问题,将气象因子包括最高、最低和日平均温度、日照时数、气压、水汽压、相对湿度和风速进行主成分分析,提取主成分,建立了基于主成分的三层BP神经网络模型.选取崇川水利科学试验站2001年到2004年的旬气象资料,采用Matlab神经网络工具箱进行模型训练与预测,并以传统BP网络模犁作为对照.结果表明,主成分网络模型能够很好地反映诸多影响因子与Eto之间的关系,尤其对训练样本以外的验证样本,主成分网络模型具有显著优于传统BP网络模型的识别能力,取得更为可靠的预测结果.     

基于灰色关联度与BP神经网络模型的日参考作物腾发量预测

参考作物腾发量是制定灌溉用水计划、水量分配计划最基本、最重要的内容之一,其精确预测可以提高灌溉预报的精度。采用灰色系统理论中的关联分析方法,对影响作物腾发量的各个气象因素进行关联度分析,挑选出影响作物腾发量的主要气象因子,并以这些主要气象因子为输入向量,以参考作物腾发量为输出向量,建立作物腾发量与主要气象因子之间的BP神经网络预测模型。通过实例证明,该方法简单可行,预测精度比较高,能够满足实际生产需要。     

四川地区参考作物蒸散量的变化特征及气候影响因素分析

参考作物蒸散量是估算作物需水量的关键因子,对指导农田灌溉具有重要的现实意义。本文利用1961-2009年四川地区5个盆地站点和5个高原站点的逐日气候资料,采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算参考作物蒸散量（ET0）,分析了当地ET0的日值、月值、季值和年值的变化特征,并采用偏相关分析方法,对影响ET0变化的主要气候因子进行了探讨。结果表明：（1）四川盆地与高原地区参考作物蒸散量的日均值、月均值呈单峰或双峰型曲线变化,有明显的季节特点,最小值出现在冬季,最大值出现在夏季。（2）盆地地区各站点的年ET0呈波动递减趋势,且下降趋势通过了显著性检验;高原地区木里、松潘两站点的ET0呈上升趋势,其他站点呈减少的趋势。（3）四川地区的年、季参考作物蒸散量与日照时数、风速、相对湿度、平均温度、最高温度、最低温度、气压等要素关系密切,但近50a来日照时数的显著下降是导致盆地地区参考作物蒸散量减少的主要原因,风速的变化是导致高原地区参考作物蒸散量变化的主要原因。     

衡水市参考作物蒸散量的时空变化特征及其气候成因

参考作物蒸散量是计算作物需水量的关键,是进行实时灌溉预报和农田水分管理的主要参数.本文基于1981-2010年衡水市11个站点的地面气象观测资料,利用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算参考作物蒸散量(ET0),通过小波分析、突变检验等方法分析其时空变化特征,并采用相关分析法初步探讨其气候成因.结果表明,(1)近30a衡水市年参考作物蒸散量呈显著下降趋势(P＜0.05),除2、3月外,其它月份的参考作物蒸散量均有下降趋势;衡水东北部年参考作物蒸散量较大,西南部及安平较小,年参考作物蒸散量较大的地区其下降速率也较大,较小的地区其下降速率也较小.(2)衡水市年参考作物蒸散量存在准6a的主要振荡周期,周期显著;6、8和12月以及全年参考作物蒸散量均发生了气候突变;全区一致型是衡水市年及月参考作物蒸散量变化的最主要的空间模态,且其空间分布均具有很好的收敛性.(3)气温日较差、最高气温、日照时数和相对湿度是影响参考作物蒸散量变化的关键气候因子,其影响程度因季节而异,ET0与气温日较差、最高气温和日照时数呈显著正相关(P＜0.05),与相对湿度呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),风速变化对ET0影响较小;其中5-9月ET0受日照时数影响最大,受气温日较差、相对湿度和最高气温的影响依次减小.     

新疆1961-2013年参考作物蒸散量时空变异

准确评估参考作物蒸散量的变化规律对新疆农业生产及水资源合理利用具有重要作用,采用Penman-Monteith公式以及55个气象站的逐日气象资料,计算了新疆1961-2013年参考作物蒸散量并分析其时空变化特征,运用多元回归分析法对影响参考作物蒸散量变化的主导气象因素进行了定量分析.结果表明:新疆ET0总体呈下降趋势,年际变化率为-1.01 mm/a.在20世纪80年代之前ET0偏高,90年代减少到最大,2000年以来又逐渐增大.从季节来看,夏季、秋季的ET0与年ET0的减小趋势一致,春季冬季ET0的减少趋势不明显.在不同年代际时间尺度,新疆全年及季节ET0的年际变化在空间上存在一定的分异.风速是全年及夏、秋季ET0变化的主导因素,而温度是春季及冬季新疆区域蒸发量变化的主导因素.     

淮河流域参考作物蒸散量变化特征及主要气象因子的贡献分析

利用淮河流域171个站点1971-2010年的气象资料,采用FAO Penman-Monteith公式计算该区近40a的参考作物蒸散量（ET0）,并对ET0的时空分布特征和影响因子进行定量分析。结果表明：淮河流域年ET0为898mm,近40a总体以17.5mm/10a的速率减小（P〈0.05）;空间分布显示西北部大部站点ET0呈显著下降趋势（P〈0.05）,仅东南部个别站点呈显著上升趋势（P〈0.05）。各气象因子对ET0变化的贡献表现为两方面,即ET0对气象因子的敏感性和气象因子的多年相对变化率,在4个主要因子中（平均温度、相对湿度、日照时数和风速）,ET0对相对湿度的变化最敏感（敏感系数最大）,而风速的多年平均变化率最大。从各因子的贡献率看,对ET0贡献最大的是风速,平均温度的贡献最小,4个因子对ET0变化的总贡献率为-4.96%,总贡献率为负在很大程度上解释了ET0呈下降趋势的原因。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.