杭州市城市土壤重金属的潜在可淋洗性研究

研究了杭州市城市土壤 8个重金属元素 (Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Mn)的含量、形态和潜在可淋洗性。结果表明 ,该城市土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和Mn均有明显的积累 ,其中Cd、Co、Cr和Ni主要以稳定的残余态为主 ,而Cu、Pb、Zn和Mn则以可提取态为主 ,因此在强还原、强酸性或有利于有机质分解条件下Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn的释放潜力较高。用荷兰能源研究中心的淋洗方法 (pH4 0 )测试表明 ,该市城市土壤的重金属可淋洗性较低 ,在一般条件下该城市土壤重金属不会有较大的释放 ,这与该城市土壤中酸可提取态重金属比例较低并含有较高的有机质及粘粒含量有关     

农田土壤微量元素含量的空间变异特征和影响因素

以浙江乐清市乐成镇为研究区域,采用地统计学和地理信息系统(GIS)相结合的方法,对土壤中有效态Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn和B含量的空间变异规律及其影响因素进行研究。描述性统计结果表明,土壤中微量元素Fe、Mn、B含量属于中等变异,Cu、Zn属于强变异。描述空间变异的半方差函数分析表明,Fe、Zn和B的最适模型是球状模型,Mn为指数模型,Cu为线性模型;Fe、Mn、Zn和B的块基比均小于25%,表明具有强烈的空间相关性,Cu的块基比大于75%,表明Cu含量具有较弱的空间相关性。土壤微量元素含量空间分布总体上呈现由东部向西部递减的趋势,其中Fe、Mn和B明显表现出连续分布的特点,Cu、Zn的分布没有明显的规律。土壤类型对Mn、Cu的含量有着显著影响,水稻土中Mn、Cu的含量显著高于红壤;土壤养分和微量元素的相关性分析可知,Fe与土壤pH、OM、全氮、碱解氮以及速效钾呈极显著相关,Mn、B与pH、速效磷和速效钾之间有显著或者极显著的相关性,Cu仅与速效钾显著相关,Zn的含量受土壤养分的影响较小,没有达到显著水平。     

不同使用年限蔬菜大棚土壤溶质含量变化的试验研究

在石灰性褐土上分别选取种植1、3、6、9年蔬菜的大棚土壤，旨在研究不同种植年限对土壤养分、盐分、微量元素及重金属的影响。结果表明，随着种植年限的增加，大棚土壤的养分、盐分等均显著高于对照，其年度增长率表现为有机质＜氨态氮＜全盐量＜速效钾＜硝态氮＜速效磷，其中速效磷、硝态氮、全盐量依次较对照提高21.8倍、15.9倍、2.3倍。微量元素的年度增长幅度表现为Mn＜Zn＜Cu＜Fe，其中有效态Cu、Zn、Fe含量均高于临界值。重金属年度的增长幅度表现为Pb＜Cr＜Cd，虽然Cr、Cd、Pb均未超标，但大棚土壤养分、盐分、微量元素与重金属含量均随大棚利用年限的增加呈递增趋势，须引起人们的关注。     

土壤可见光-近红外反射光谱与重金属含量之间的相关性

发展基于反射光谱技术的快速、简便、低成本的土壤重金属信息提取方法是区域土壤重金属污染治理所需要的。选择江西贵溪铜冶炼厂污染区,分析了9种重金属元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Co、Ni、Fe、Mn及Cr)与土壤可见光-近红外反射光谱之间的相关性及其相关的原因。研究表明,研究区土壤中存在Cu(含量介于66.71~387 mg kg-1之间)和Cd(含量介于0.36~6.019 mg kg-1之间)的强烈富集。土壤重金属含量与反射光谱之间存在显著相关,污染元素Cu的最高相关系数为-0.87,Pb、Zn、Co、Ni、Fe的最高相关系数达到高度相关(|r|>0.80),Cr、Cd、Mn的最高相关系数达到显著相关(|r|>0.70)。微分光谱适于获取土壤中的重金属元素信息,利用组合波段能显著提高相关性。Cu与反射光谱之间的相关性主要受有机质的影响;Pb、Zn、Co、Ni主要受黏土矿物和铁锰氧化物的影响;Cr与反射光谱之间的相关性同时受有机质和黏土矿物的影响。     

中俄原油管道对不同类型兴安落叶松林土壤养分及重金属影响

以漠河-大庆输油管道工程所穿越的大兴安岭低山丘陵区地带性森林植被—兴安落叶松5种林型为研究对象,对比分析了管道敷设作业带与非作业带土壤养分及重金属的含量变化特征。结果表明,(1)原油管道敷设后,土壤pH值均升高,白桦-兴安落叶松林pH受影响最大,升高了1.0;土壤有机质含量均极显著降低(P0.01),白桦-樟子松-兴安落叶松林降幅达74.11%。(2)管道敷设后,5种类型兴安落叶松林的土壤养分含量均存在不同程度的变化,其中越桔-兴安落叶松林影响最大,土壤全氮、速效氮含量减少了93.42%和77.78%,全磷含量增幅为59.00%,全钾含量升高幅度达3.63倍,土壤速效钾含量减少了65.75%;5种林型土壤全氮、速效氮、速效钾含量降低均达极显著水平(P0.01)。(3)5种类型兴安落叶松林土壤Cu含量作业带较非作业带升高幅度均较小,说明施工对土壤Cu含量影响较小;土壤Mn、Zn、Pb含量均呈增加趋势,其中对白桦-兴安落叶松林的影响最大,其Mn含量增幅达1.77倍,Zn、Pb含量分别增加1.35和1.11倍。通过内梅罗综合污染指数评价,管道敷设造成了5种类型兴安落叶松林不同程度的土壤重金属污染,白桦-兴安落叶松林土壤受污染较为严重,综合污染指数达2.95。     

连续四年施用规模化猪场猪粪温室土壤重金属积累研究

分别采集连续施用0～4年猪粪的蔬菜温室土壤和蔬菜果实样品，测定土壤和果实中Cu、Zn、Pb、Mn、Cr、Cd、Ni和As全量以及土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Mn、Cd和As有效态含量，对测定数据进行了Fisher小样本非参数随机化显著水平检验，研究连续4年施用规模化猪场猪粪的温室土壤重金属积累、重金属有效态含量变化及对蔬菜可食部分的影响。结果表明，连续4年施用猪粪，主要导致土壤中Cu和Zn的积累，As有一定积累，Pb、Cd、Ni和Cr短期积累效应不明显，Mn积累不明显，长期大量施用猪粪，Pb、Cd、Ni和Cr有积累的风险；土壤pH值降低；Cu、Zn有效态与全量呈显著正相关(p<0.05)，与pH值呈极显著负相关(p<0.01)；Pb、Cd和Mn有效态与pH值呈显著负相关(p<0.05)；Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Mn有效态含量增加；有效态As与全As含量和pH值相关性不明显，但连年施用猪粪As有效态含量增加；连续4年施用规模化猪场猪粪的温室生产的部分番茄和黄瓜As含量超标。若连续以150 m³/(hm²·a)的猪粪施用量于该研究区蔬菜温室，土壤中全Cu和全Zn含量分别经过10年和15年可能超过国家农田土壤二级标准。该研究可为降低温室土壤重金属污染风险提供依据。     

西咸地区土壤重金属特征及土壤性质关系分析

利用X-Ray荧光光谱仪测量土壤重金属含量,分析土壤重金属元素之间以及与土壤性质之间的相关关系。结果表明:研究区土壤重金属含量变化不大;Pb和Zn由表层到深层含量逐渐减少,具有一定表层富集效应;其他重金属变化规律不明显。相关性分析显示:As与Pb呈较强的负相关;As与Zn相关性较好;Cu与Ni、Cu与Zn呈显著的正相关;Ni与Zn之间的相关性较好。Pb含量与表层土壤有机质有较强的相关关系,As和Ni与较小粒径的含量成正相关关系,与细沙粒、中沙粒和粗沙粒的含量成负相关关系,而金属Cr、Pb的含量正好与之相反。     

新乡市大棚菜田土壤重金属积累特征及污染评价

采用微波消解-ICP-AES技术,测定不同种植年限大棚菜田土壤样品中As、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu等重金属的含量,研究不同种植年限与大棚菜田土壤重金属累积的相关性以及大棚菜田土壤重金属累积特征,并利用地积累指数法进行污染评价。结果表明:大棚菜田土壤重金属Zn、Pb、Ni、Mn和Cu的含量与种植年限具有极显著相关性;大棚菜田土壤中重金属Cd和Cr的含量与种植年限不相关。重金属元素间相关性分析表明,Zn与Pb、Cd、Ni、Mn、Cr、Cu,Pb与Cd、Ni、Mn、Cr、Cu,Cd与Ni、Mn、Cr,Ni与Mn、Cr、Cu,Mn与Cr、Cu具有污染同源性,Cu与Cd、Cr不具有污染同源性。地积累指数法污染评价结果显示Cd的污染等级达到了6级,已构成了极严重污染;Zn和Cu的污染等级达到2级,已构成了中度污染;Pb、Mn的污染等级达到1级,已经构成了轻~中度污染;As、Ni、Cr均未构成污染。     

天水苹果园土壤重金属富集状况评价及来源分析

对天水果园表层（0~20 cm）219件土壤样品进行研究,测定5种重金属（Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr和Cd）及有机质含量,以天水小陇山土壤为对照,运用相关分析和主成分分析方法区分土壤中重金属的来源。结果表明,①Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr和Cd含量分别为77.39、23.03、23.62、61.49 mg.kg-1和0.07 mg.kg-1,其中Cd极显著（P〈0.01）高于小陇山土壤,其余4种重金属虽高于小陇山土壤但无显著差异性（P〉0.05）;②研究区土壤Cu、Pb、Cr三者间在0.01或0.001水平上具有显著正相关性,且这3种重金属与土壤有机质具有显著正相关性,其余重金属间不存在显著相关性;③主成分分析显示Cu、Pb和Cr来源相似,主要来自于成土母质,Cd来源于人为施肥因素,Zn的富集受多种因素影响。研究评价结果显示,天水地区果园土壤Cd受人为施肥影响较大,具有一定程度的富集。     

控释肥对苹果根域环境的影响

采用苹果专用控释肥,设计不同试验处理,研究控释肥对果园土壤微生物,有机质,pH值和N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn等矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,与普通复合肥相比,控释肥提高了果园土壤微生物量氮、微生物量碳和pH值,对有机质含量影响差异不明显;增加了土壤碱解氮、Fe和Zn含量,降低了土壤速效磷、交换性Ca、交换性Mg和Mn的含量,不同试验点速效钾和Cu的含量结果不一致;不同控释肥处理间大部分指标差异不明显。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。