菜心真空预冷效果的试验研究

为进一步探讨叶菜真空预冷效果，采用实际生产使用的真空预冷设备对菜心进行小批量的真空预冷试验，考察了预冷过程中菜心的质量损失、温度随时间的变化情况及相互关系，以及真空预冷对菜心品质的影响。结果表明：小批量（120 kg/次）菜心真空预冷过程只需15 min，平均质量损失率为2.3%；冷却阶段的质量损失随预冷时间延长、物料温度降低而增大；菜心茎、叶冷却速度有明显差异，冷却均匀性稍差；经真空预冷处理后贮藏的菜心呼吸强度明显减弱，外观品质下降缓慢，贮藏寿命延长，维生素C含量有所减少。菜心对真空预冷有良好的适应性。     

真空冷却预处理在微波冻干胡萝卜片中的应用

为了探讨真空冷却预处理在微波冻干工艺中应用的可行性,该文以WDG-5型微波冻干设备为平台,以胡萝卜为试验原料,开展真空冷却预处理工艺试验以及3组不同工艺方法包括真空冷却后无冷库冻结、真空冷却后再冷库冻结、无真空冷却处理对微波冻干的影响研究。真空冷却工艺试验中,在真空泵和冷阱制冷机组满负荷运转的工况下,预处理22 min后胡萝卜片达到冰点,物料失水16.5%,在预处理60 min后,物料表层和芯部温度分别为-41.2、-29.5℃,物料总失水20%。3组冻干试验中,与无真空冷却处理组相比,真空冷却后无冷库冻结组、真空冷却后再冷库冻结组的干燥初期微波安全加载功率相对较高,冷冻干燥时间缩短了2 h,总耗电分别节省了17.3%、19.9%;3组试验的冻干胡萝卜片在含水率、复水率、颜色等指标方面均无显著差异,真空冷却后无冷库冻结组、真空冷却后再冷库冻结组的胡萝卜片维生素C保存率均超过80%,而无真空冷却处理组维生素Ｃ保存率为68%。结果表明,在胡萝卜片微波冻干工艺中应用真空冷却预处理技术,有效改善了冻干初期的微波低压放电问题,缩短干燥时间,降低能耗,并提高维生素Ｃ保存率。     

施氮量和采收时期对油蔬两用型油菜菜薹维生素合成的影响

为明确施氮量和采收时期对油蔬两用型油菜薹维生素含量的影响,以富硒1号为材料,采用裂区试验设计,设置3个施氮量(120、180和240 kg·hm^-2)和4个采收时期(以株高20、30、40和50 cm表示),分析了油菜薹维生素C、维生素E、维生素B₁和维生素B₆含量的变化;比较了半乳糖内酯脱氢酶(GalLDH)、抗坏血酸氧化酶(AAO)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)活性,并分析了维生素家族基因在菜薹中的表达量。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,油菜薹还原型维生素C(AsA)含量降低;氧化型维生素C(DHA)含量在株高20 cm采收时增加,但在30 cm及以上株高采收时则降低;维生素E和维生素B₆含量先增加后降低;维生素B₁含量增加;维生素C合成关键酶GalLDH活性先略增加后降低;AAO和DHAR活性增加,APX和MDHAR活性则整体表现为先增加后降低。且施氮量增加后,维生素家族各基因在株高30和40 cm采收的菜薹中主要表现为正向调控,而在株高20和50 cm采收的菜薹中主要表现为负向调控。就采收时期而言,菜薹中的维生素含量在株高30~40 cm时高于其他时期;在同一施氮量下,随着菜薹采收株高的增加,维生素家族基因的表达量主要呈上调模式。综合分析可知,GalLDH活性的降低以及AAO/DHAR和APX/MDHAR代谢平衡是增施氮肥导致菜薹维生素C含量降低的重要原因。本研究结果为油蔬两用型油菜薹优质栽培技术提供了理论依据。     

真空冷却预处理应用于微波冻干中的试验研究

本文在分析微波冻干工艺过程及真空冷却技术特点的基础上,提出采用真空冷却预处理的微波冻干加工工艺方案,并以WDG-5型微波冻干设备为平台,试验研究其可行性。重点开展了真空冷却预处理工艺试验以及三组不同工艺方法对微波冻干的影响研究：A.真空冷却后再冷库冻结;B.真空冷却后无冷库冻结;C.无真空冷却处理。真空冷却工艺试验中,在处理22min后胡萝卜片达到冰点,物料失水16.5％,在处理60min后,物料表层和芯部温度分别为-41.2、-29.5℃,物料总失水20％。三组冻干试验中,A、B两组干燥初期微波安全加载功率相对较高,冷冻干燥时间比C组缩短了2h,总耗电比C组分别节省19.9%、17.3％;三组试验的冻干胡萝卜片在水分含量、复水率、颜色等指标方面均无显著差异,A、B两组胡萝卜片Vc保存率达到82.5％,而C组Vc保存率为68％。结果表明,在微波冻干工艺中应用真空冷却预处理技术,可简化加工工艺,有效改善了冻干初期的微波低压放电问题,缩短干燥时间,降低能耗,并提高Vc保存率。     

复合渗透液配方优化及其处理对绿豆芽真空冷冻干燥的效果

采用三因素二次正交回归组合设计试验方案，对绿豆芽真空冷冻干燥工艺的复合渗透液预处理效果进行试验，并建立相应的回归方程，优选复合渗透液配方并进行试验验证，同时考察优选的复合渗透液处理的冻干品相关品质指标，分析节能效果，显微观察冻干品细胞结构变化。结果表明：绿豆芽冻干工艺的预处理复合渗透液最优配方为麦芽糊精、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、淀粉的含量分别是21.2%、0.16%、2.5%，试验验证显示绿豆芽经优选的复合渗透液预处理后能明显地改善冻干效果，同未经处理的相比，产量与质量的综合指标提高18.3%，维生素C保存率提高25.9%，冻干时间缩短36.9%，耗电节省 19.9%；冻干品的安全水分可提高至10.0%，显微观察显示表皮细胞结构未受破坏。     

双孢蘑菇片气调干制工艺优化研究

以提高双孢蘑菇片干制质量为目的，采用自制小型气调干燥试验设备，以CO₂、N₂置换部分空气作为干燥介质对双孢蘑菇片进行干制对比试验。采用正交试验方法，分析了不同干燥介质对双孢蘑菇片干制质量的影响。结果表明，在干燥室气体的O₂含量相同条件下，以N₂置换部分空气为干燥介质，可提高双孢蘑菇片的脱水率，干制品褐变度降低、维生素C保存率较高。用均匀试验设计回归分析程序拟合产品的褐变度、维生素C和ADF质量分数随干燥室气体O₂含量、干制温度和干制时间变化的回归方程，置信水平达95%，可用于指导实际生产。     

废液添加量对麦草废渣颗粒燃料成型及性能的影响

为了提高麦草制浆过程废弃物的资源化利用价值,采用液压压缩成型方法将备料工段麦草废渣和生物机械制浆废液混合处理后放入模具在室温、成型压力为10 MPa和保压时间3 min条件下制备成直径为13 mm的麦草废渣颗粒燃料,并在密封袋中进行平衡。探究了废液添加量（麦草废渣和废液混配质量比）分别在1:1、1:5、1:10、1:15和1:20时对麦草废渣颗粒燃料的密度、抗跌碎性、横向抗压强度、径向抗压强度和抗渗水性的影响,以此来表示废液添加量对麦草废渣颗粒燃料的成型效果的影响。同时通过对其灰分、实际燃烧时间和燃烧热值测定,分析研究其燃烧性能,最后综合考虑成型效果及燃烧性能,优化出麦草废渣颗粒燃料在混合制备过程的中试验参数。结果表明：当麦草废渣和废液混配质量比为1:10时,制备的麦草废渣颗粒燃料的物理化学性能较优,其松弛密度高达1.21 g/cm3,抗跌碎值达到98.88%,横向抗压强度为69.71 MPa,径向抗压强度为1.23 MPa,抗渗水能力为10 min,灰分为21.83%,燃烧火焰在点火后110 s后熄灭,热值为14 689 J/g。研究可为生物质颗粒燃料的制备提供数据参考。     

蔬菜加工中营养素损失及产品变色问题分析

研究并论述了蔬菜加工中亟待解决的问题。不同的蔬菜原料应采取不用的烫漂工艺，以甜辣椒为例，试验结果证明，不同的烫漂时间对维生素C含量影响较大，差异达极显著水平，以2 min以内为最佳。不同杀菌处理对维生素C的保存差异较大，以超高温瞬时杀菌代替常规的巴氏杀菌，极显著地提高了加工品中维生素C的保存率。为保持加工品的硬脆度，原料应进行浸钙处理。主要研究并论述了绿色蔬菜加工过程中的退绿原因和预防措施，结果表明，采用浓度200 mg/kg的Zn盐浸泡处理可有效地保护产品的绿色。     

葡萄差压通风预冷影响参数的试验研究

果蔬差压通风预冷包装箱的开孔大小及包装箱两侧的压差是影响预冷速度、冷却均匀性的重要参数。本文对不同开孔大小、不同压差工况下葡萄差压通风预冷过程进行了试验研究，分析了它们对葡萄冷却速度、冷却均匀性的影响。结果表明，开孔面积的增加有利于加强冷风的横向流动扩散；压差的增大有利于提高冷风的径向渗透性。增大开孔直径和压差可以不同程度地缩短葡萄的7/8冷却时间、在一定条件下改善冷却均匀性。对于该试验采用的葡萄包装箱，综合考虑预冷速度、冷却均匀性以及预冷后葡萄的温升速度、干耗等因素，开孔直径在28 mm左右、压差保持在100 Pa左右为宜。     

双旋转卧式滚筒粉料混合造粒机的设计与试验

为了解决大多数粉体混合造粒设备存在对物料的针对性较强或混合设备与造粒设备分离的问题,基于搅拌和揉搓原理,研究开发了双旋转横卧式粉料混合造粒机,阐述了该设备的主要结构与工作原理.以铁粉做示踪物评价了混合均匀度,试验表明:该试验机的混合偏差为2.06%,混合均匀度最高可达到97.94%,混合周期在210 s左右.利用颗粒直径散点图的线性回归曲线斜率评价了颗粒均匀度,在试验时间50～1050 s内,造粒范围为3.89～18.78 mm;在250～650 s内,取样散点线性回归曲线的斜率在0.0644～0.1026之间.混合和造粒试验结果表明该设备对预混粉料适应性强、造粒范围较宽、混合均匀度和造粒均匀度较高、混合周期和造粒周期较短.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.