水肥管理对稻田CH4排放及其全球增温潜势影响的评估

甲烷(CH_4)是主要温室气体之一,对全球增温的作用仅次于二氧化碳(CO_2)。稻田是CH_4的重要排放源,减少稻田CH_4排放对减缓气候变暖具有直接效应。为此,掌握稻田CH_4排放的规律和特征对控制和减少稻田CH_4排放尤为重要。为了解稻田温室气体排放的主要影响因子及影响程度,估算稻田温室气体全球增温潜势,寻求农田减排措施,我们通过收集已发表的文献建立了稻田CH_4排放的数据库,采用析因分析与回归分析方法对稻田CH_4日排放量和全球增温潜势特征和可能的影响因子进行了分析。结果表明,稻田CH_4日排放量和增温潜势均随土壤有机质背景含量的升高而增加,不同类型稻田CH_4日排放量大小依次为:双季稻晚稻双季稻早稻单季稻稻麦轮作晚稻;晚稻田CH_4的增温潜势大于早稻田。不同肥料处理条件下,稻田CH_4日排放量表现为:秸秆还田配施有机肥化学氮肥≈生物炭。控制灌溉水量可降低稻田CH_4的综合增温潜势,表现为:持续淹水晒田干湿交替控制灌溉。研究结果说明,稻田CH_4的产生与排放过程受土壤有机质含量、肥料管理和水分管理以及轮作制度等多种因素的共同影响,应依据不同土壤条件和种植制度,适当调整肥水管理,以减少稻田温室气体排放,降低其增温潜势。     

施用生物炭对双季稻田综合温室效应和温室气体排放强度的影响

为探究在南方双季稻区施用生物炭对稻田综合温室效应和温室气体排放强度的影响,本研究以常规稻中嘉早17(早稻)和杂交稻五优308(晚稻)为试验材料,设置不施生物炭(CK)和施生物炭(20t·hm-2)2个处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法连续2年监测稻田温室气体排放,并分析施用生物炭对双季稻田甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放量、综合温室效应(GWP)、双季水稻累积总产量和单位产量的温室气体排放强度(GHGI)的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,施用生物炭显著降低了早晚稻甲烷累积排放通量,但对氧化亚氮累积排放通量无显著影响。试验进行2年后,施用生物炭显著降低2周期稻田的甲烷累积排放总量(26.9%)。在100年时间尺度上,施用生物炭显著降低2周期稻田综合温室效应(26.9%)和温室气体排放强度(30.3%);施用生物炭显著增加双季稻田土壤有机质含量,且在试验第2年显著提高了早晚稻的产量。综上,施用生物炭可以协同实现水稻丰产和稻田固碳减排。本研究为南方双季稻区水稻丰产和稻田土壤固碳减排提供了理论依据。     

秸秆还田与氮肥配施对中南地区稻田土壤固碳和温室气体排放的影响

秸秆还田和氮肥施用是影响稻田土壤固碳潜力和温室气体排放的重要农作措施。通过研究油菜秸秆全量还田并配合施入不同量氮肥(150、225、300 kg·hm~(-2)和375 kg·hm~(-2))对稻田土壤固碳量和温室气体排放的影响,评估综合增温潜势,对分析秸秆还田配施氮肥对稻田固碳效果有重要作用。结果表明,与单施氮肥和单施秸秆处理相比,秸秆还田配施氮肥显著增加土壤固碳量,秸秆配施氮肥处理固碳量最高值为147.74 kg·hm~(-2),比单施氮肥处理平均高出38%。在降低温室效应方面,与单施氮肥相比,秸秆配施氮肥处理显著降低N_2O的累积排放量;与单一秸秆还田处理相比,秸秆配施氮肥处理显著提高水稻产量,降低CO_2的累积排放量,但在一定程度上增加了CH_4的排放。秸秆配施氮肥处理的温室气体强度和综合温室效应分别为0.372、5 394.22 kg CO_2-eq·hm~(-2),显著低于单施氮肥处理的0.630、9 339.94 kg CO_2-eq·hm~(-2),以及单一秸秆还田处理的0.816、9 872.2 kg CO_2-eq·hm~(-2),因此,秸秆还田配施氮肥是降低温室气体排放强度、减缓净温室效应的有效措施。     

稻鸭共作对不同栽培环境稻季CH4和N2O排放的影响

稻田是大气温室气体甲烷(CH₄)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)的重要排放源, 稻田温室气体减排一直是生态农业研究的热点。目前, 采用水稻品种选择利用、水分控制管理、肥料运筹管理、耕作制度调整以及种养结合模式等方法来减少稻田温室气体排放有较好实践效应, 但不同稻田栽培环境(露地、网室)基础上的稻鸭共作对麦秸全量还田的稻田温室气体排放特征及相关土壤理化特性关联性的影响尚为少见。本研究采用裂区设计, 在两种栽培环境条件下, 以无鸭子放养的常规稻作和麦秸不还田为对照, 在等养分条件下分析麦秸全量还田与稻鸭共作模式对稻田土壤氧化还原电位、CH₄排放量、产CH₄潜力及CH₄氧化能力、N₂O排放量及N₂O排放高峰期土壤反硝化酶活性、全球增温潜势、水稻产量的影响, 为稻田可持续生产和温室气体减排提供参考。结果表明, 麦秆还田增加了稻田产CH₄潜力、提高了CH₄排放量, 降低了稻田土壤反硝化酶活性、土壤氧化还原电位和N₂O排放量, 整体上导致全球增温潜势上升96.89%~123.02%; 稻鸭共作模式, 由于鸭子的不间断活动提高了稻田土壤氧化还原电位, 降低了稻田产CH₄潜力, 增强了稻田CH₄氧化能力, 从而降低稻田CH₄排放量, N₂O排放量虽有提高, 整体上稻鸭共作模式的全球增温潜势较无鸭常规稻田下降8.72%~14.18%; 网室栽培模式显著提高了稻田土壤氧化还原电位, 降低稻田产CH₄潜力、CH₄氧化能力和土壤反硝化酶活性, 减少了稻田CH₄和N₂O排放量, 全球增温潜势降低6.35%~13.14%。本试验条件下, 稻田土壤的CH₄氧化能力是产CH₄潜力的2.21~3.81倍; 相同环境条件下, 稻鸭共作和麦秸还田均能增加水稻实际产量, 网室栽培的所有处理较相应的露地栽培减少了水稻实际产量1.19%~5.48%。本试验表明, 稻鸭共作和网室栽培可减缓全球增温潜势, 稻鸭共作和麦秸还田能够增加水稻实际产量。     

硫酸铵与DMPP配施对石灰性褐土氮素转化及N2O、CO2排放的影响

为合理利用工业副产硫酸铵,探究3,4—二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)配施硫酸铵对石灰性褐土中氮素转化及N_2O和CO_2排放的影响。通过室内培养试验,研究不同剂量DMPP与硫酸铵配施后,石灰性褐土中铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)含量、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)含量、土壤pH、N_2O和CO_2排放通量和累计排放量的动态变化,并进行了相关性分析。结果表明:单施硫酸铵的ASN处理在培养的前15天硝化作用强烈,第15天时,土壤NH_4~+-N含量降低了477.28 mg/kg, NO_3~--N含量增高了177.03 mg/kg。添加DMPP可以明显抑制硫酸铵NH_4~+-N向NO_3~--N转化。培养30天后,0.75%～1.75%剂量的DMPP处理的土壤NO_3~--N含量低于ASN处理174.02～177.00 mg/kg,硝化抑制率为94.92%～95.30%,且在0.75%～1.75%浓度范围内未表现出明显的剂量差异效应。各剂量DMPP在试验期间的硝化抑制效果表现较好,其作用时长为30天以上。培养30天时,与空白CKII处理相比,单施硫酸铵T1处理的N_2O和CO_2的累计排放量分别显著增加了975.3%,126.66%(P0.05),而添加了DMPP的T2处理相较于单施硫酸铵T1处理,N_2O和CO_2累计排放量分别显著降低了76.8%,6.22%(P0.05)。相关性分析表明,CO_2排放通量与N_2O排放通量呈正相关关系,土壤pH与N_2O、CO_2排放通量呈负相关关系。硫酸铵与0.75%DMPP配合施用在一定程度上可以抑制土壤酸化,同时短期内可以显著降低N_2O和CO_2累计排放量(P0.05)。     

水稻秸秆添加对不同种稻年限黑土CH4排放特征的影响

  目的  评估水稻秸秆添加对东北地区不同种稻年限黑土CH₄的排放的影响,以期为黑土水稻田秸秆还田提供理论依据。  方法  不同种稻年限（0、12、35、62和85 a）黑土,分别设不添加（CK）和添加1%水稻秸秆（S）处理,进行淹水培养试验（培养温度为20 ℃,淹水层为1 cm）,测定土壤CH₄排放通量及累积排放量,比较不同种稻年限土壤对水稻秸秆添加响应的差异。  结果  在淹水培养期间（150 d）,添加水稻秸秆处理各种稻年限土壤CH₄排放通量（0.00 ~ 3.33 mg kg?1 d?1）显著（P > 0.05）高于未添加秸秆处理（0.00 ~ 0.13 mg kg?1 d?1）,未添加和添加水稻秸秆处理土壤CH₄排放主要集中于淹水培养的前80 d和60 d。未添加水稻秸秆处理土壤CH₄累积排放量为0.04 ~ 4.45 mg kg?1,不同年限稻田土壤CH₄累积排放量差异不显著（P > 0.05）。添加水稻秸秆处理土壤CH₄累积排放量为29.64 ~ 91.08 mg kg?1,显著高于未添加水稻秸秆处理（P < 0.05）,且12 a和35 a土壤CH₄累积排放量显著高于0 a、62 a和85 a（P < 0.05）。未添加和添加水稻秸秆处理土壤CH₄累积排放量与土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳氮和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关（P < 0.01）。添加水稻秸秆处理土壤CH₄累积排放量还与土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶活性呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）,土壤CH₄累积排放量增量也与土壤有机碳含量也呈显著线性正相关（P < 0.01）。水稻秸秆添加后土壤可溶性有机氮含量是影响土壤CH₄排放的直接因素,土壤可溶性有机碳和铵态氮含量及β-葡萄糖苷酶活性是影响土壤CH₄排放的间接因素。  结论  水稻秸秆添加显著促进了黑土不同种稻年限土壤CH₄排放,种稻年限越长,水稻秸秆添加后土壤CH₄排放量越少。本试验条件下,黑土种稻年限大于35年时,水稻秸秆还田带来的土壤CH₄排放量相对较小。     

不同耕作措施下土壤N2O排放及其农学效率

为评价不同耕作措施下华北平原农田土壤N2O排放及其农学效率,通过设置常规耕作秸秆还田(CT+)、常规耕作无秸秆还田(CT?)、免耕秸秆还田(NT+)、免耕无秸秆还田(NT?)4个处理田间定位试验,采用静态箱?气相色谱法测定分析了连续3个小麦生长期的表层土壤N2O排放及其主要相关因子,同时测定了小麦产量与氮吸收量等相关指标。结果表明:在4个处理下,小麦生长期内表层土壤N2O排放动态基本一致,而土壤N2O累积排放量却存在显著差异,而且耕作方式与秸秆还田存在显著的互作效应。在常规耕作和免耕措施下,单位面积土壤N2O累积排放量均表现为秸秆还田土壤显著高于无秸秆还田土壤,CT+和NT+分别比CT?和NT?高26.2%和74.6%;在无秸秆还田条件下,土壤N2O排放量表现为常规耕作比免耕高42.4%。相关分析表明,土壤N2O排放通量与地下5 cm土壤温度、土壤孔隙充水率(WFPS)之间呈显著正相关关系,与土壤溶解性有机氮(DON)含量之间呈显著负相关关系。利用农学效率指标度量N2O排放量时可知,虽然小麦籽粒产量和氮肥偏生产力在各处理间没有达到显著性差异,但每生产1 kg小麦籽粒表层土壤N2O排放量为0.18~0.73 g N2O-N,每投入1 kg氮素表层土壤N2O排放量为5.1~18.0 g N2O-N,处理间存在显著差异;与单位面积土壤N2O排放量表现一致,单位籽粒产量N2O排放量和单位氮素投入N2O排放量均表现为无论是常规耕作还是免耕措施,秸秆还田土壤均显著高于秸秆不还田土壤,在秸秆不还田条件下,常规耕作土壤均显著高于免耕土壤。总之,免耕是有效减少土壤N2O排放的一种耕作措施。     

生物质炭和腐殖质对稻田土壤CH4和N2O排放的影响

为探讨生物质炭与腐殖质单独施用与配合施用对稻田土壤CH₄和N₂O气体排放以及水稻产量的影响。以浙江临安潜育性水稻土的稻田系统为研究对象,设置2个水稻秸秆生物质炭添加水平(0,20 t/hm²)和3个腐殖质水平(0,0.6,1.2 t/hm²),共6个处理,分别为:(1)B0F0(对照,不添加生物质炭和腐殖质);(2)B0F1(腐殖质用量为0.6 t/hm²);(3)B0F2(腐殖质用量为1.2 t/hm²);(4)B1F0(生物质炭用量为20 t/hm²);(5)B1F1(生物质炭和腐殖质用量分别为20,0.6 t/hm²);(6)B1F2(生物质炭和腐殖质用量分别为20,1.2 t/hm²),研究生物质炭和腐殖质输入对水稻产量、稻田CH₄和N₂O气体排放的影响。结果表明:(1)与B0F0相比,单独施用生物质炭和腐殖质或生物质炭与腐殖质配施均降低了土壤CH₄累积排放量,但增加了土壤N₂O累积排放量;(2)生物质炭处理对GWP(global warming potential)和GHGI(greenhouse gas intensity)没有显著影响(P>0.05),腐殖质处理显著降低了GWP和GHGI(P<0.05),生物质炭和腐殖质对GWP和GHGI存在显著交互作用(P<0.05);(3)与B0F0相比,单独施用生物质炭和腐殖质或者生物质炭与腐殖质配施均能在一定程度上减少单位水稻产量的温室气体排放强度(GHGI),B0F2处理的GHGI最低,表明单施腐殖质处理(腐殖质用量为1.2 t/hm²)稻田土壤的减排效果和环境效应最好。研究结果为进一步探讨稻田土壤固碳减排提供数据支撑和理论依据。     

有机无机氮肥配施对菜地土壤二氧化碳和甲烷排放的影响

采用静态箱—气相色谱法研究不同种类有机无机肥料配合施用对盆栽莴苣土壤二氧化碳(CO_2)和甲烷(CH_4)排放规律及排放量的影响。以等氮(N)用量为基准,磷(P)、钾(K)用量相应折算,分别以猪粪、沼渣沼液、猪粪堆肥与化肥进行配施,且各处理N、P、K总施用量一致。共设置6个处理:不施肥(CK);不施氮肥(PK);施纯化肥(NPK);有机无机肥配施1(20%猪粪N+80%化肥N,NPKM1);有机无机肥配施2(20%沼渣沼液N+80%化肥N,NPKM2);有机无机肥配施3(20%猪粪堆肥N+80%化肥N,NPKM3)。结果表明:莴苣全生育期内土壤CH_4排放各处理呈现"源"、"汇"交替现象,各时间测点排放通量在每次施肥后均呈现升降波动趋势,直至总体趋于平稳;各阶段排放累积量随着生育期的变化,处理间差异逐渐明显。莴苣盆栽土壤CH_4累积排放量为-5.90～-0.42 kg·hm~(-2),大小表现为CK=PKNPKNPKM3NPKM1NPKM2。莴苣全生育期内土壤CO_2的各时间测点排放通量总体呈现上升趋势,受施肥影响略有波动;各阶段排放累积量随着生育期的增加,处理间差异更加明显。莴苣盆栽土壤CO_2累积排放量为1 506.37～2 260.58 kg·hm~(-2),大小表现为NPKM3NPKM1NPKNPKM2PKCK。莴苣盆栽全球增温潜势为1.50～2.23 t CO_2eq·hm~(-2),大小表现为NPKM3NPKM1NPKNPKM2PKCK。总体而言,不同有机无机肥料配施表现为菜地土壤的CH_4汇,以沼渣沼液配施效果最佳,而猪粪类有机肥配施会导致菜地全球增温潜势升高,应合理搭配进行施用。     

紫云英与化学氮肥配施对双季稻田CH4与N2O排放的影响

【目的】 冬季种植紫云英翻压还田对促进稻田养分循环和提高氮素利用效率具有重要意义,本文重点研究了紫云英还田与氮肥配施对稻田温室气体排放的影响。 【方法】 盆栽试验条件下,设置紫云英与氮肥配施6个处理:不施肥 (CK);单施尿素 (CF);单施紫云英 (MV);1/4紫云英+3/4尿素 (1/4 MV+3/4 CF);1/2紫云英+1/2尿素 (1/2 MV+1/2 CF) 和3/4紫云英+1/4尿素 (3/4 MV+1/4 CF),除CK外,所有处理的施氮 (N) 量均为111.4 mg/kg干土。采用静态暗箱–气相色谱法,监测双季稻季节内稻田CH₄和N₂O排放特征及其全球增温潜势 (GWP) 与单位粮食产量温室气体排放强度 (GHGI)。 【结果】 1) 不同处理稻季CH₄排放规律基本一致,早稻和晚稻生长季各处理CH₄排放均集中在分蘖期与抽穗期,其中早稻季CH₄没有明显的排放峰,其最大值为5.69 mg/(m2·h);晚稻季有两个较为明显的排放峰,出现在水稻移栽初期以及晒田期,最大峰值分别为13.33 mg/(m2·h) 和8.83 mg/(m2·h);稻田CH₄累积排放量随紫云英施用比例的增加而增加。2) 不同施肥处理下N₂O排放通量有较为明显的季节变化规律。早稻季N₂O最大峰值出现在播后第3天,为1092.2 μg/(m2·h);晚稻季N₂O排放主要集中在分蘖期和后期干湿交替阶段,最大峰值为795.7 μg/(m2·h);N₂O累积排放量随紫云英施用比例的增加而减小,且MV的N₂O累积排放量为负值。3) CF处理双季稻产量最高,显著高于CK、1/4 MV+3/4 CF和MV;1/2 MV+1/2 CF处理双季稻产量显著高于CK和1/4 MV+3/4 CF;各处理对稻田GWP及GHGI的影响均不显著。 【结论】 通过不同配比紫云英与氮肥配施盆栽试验发现,与CF相比,紫云英与氮肥不同配比对于稻田GWP及GHGI并无显著影响。      

重塑Q3黄土K0三轴蠕变特性的试验研究

[目的]研究陕西省延安地区重塑Q_3黄土高填方工程的后期沉降变形特性,为高填方工程的设计、施工提供一定的技术和理论支撑。[方法]通过改进K0三轴蠕变仪,对所取黄土进行了不同压实度、不同含水量、不同竖向应力下的室内土的静止侧压力系数K_0三轴固结排水蠕变试验。[结果]重塑Q_3黄土具有明显的蠕变特性,在低应力条件下,呈现出典型的衰减蠕变;在K_0条件下,随着含水量增大、竖向应力的增大,压实度的减小,蠕变呈增强趋势,蠕变变形量增大;在低水平应力的条件下,土体所受侧向应力与竖向应力成线性关系。[结论]建立了重塑Q_3黄土关于竖向应力的自定义蠕变模型,通过试验数据拟合获得了模型参数,所建模型能很好地描述延安地区重塑Q_3黄土的蠕变特性。     

中国农村户用沼气工程建设对减排CO2、SO2的贡献——分析与预测

农村户用沼气工程是中国可再生能源建设的重点项目，可为农村居民生活提供清洁的可再生能源，该工程的建设能减轻农村环境污染，有助于部分缓解全球气候变暖的趋势。该文根据国际通用的减排量计算方法，对中国农村户用沼气替代传统生物质能和煤炭所产生的CO₂和SO₂的减排量进行了计算分析，为制定农村能源发展战略和农村环境发展规划提供参考。研究结果表明，在1996～2003年间，每年可减少CO₂排放39.76～419.39万t，减少SO₂排放2.13～6.20万t。通过对2010、2020和2050年沼气替代农村传统能源减排CO₂和SO₂量的预测，证明农村户用沼气工程的建设可以有效减少CO₂和SO₂的排放。     

Wheat straw management affects CH4 and N2O emissions from rice fields

A 3-year field experiment was conducted in Jiangsu Province, China from 2004 to 2006 to investigate CH₄ and N₂O emissions from paddy fields as affected by various wheat straw management practices prior to rice cultivation. Five methods of returning wheat straw, no straw, evenly incorporating, burying straw, ditch mulching and strip mulching, were adopted in the experiment. Evenly incorporating is the most common management practice in the region. Results showed that compared with no straw, evenly incorporating increased CH₄ emission significantly by a factor of 3.9-10.5, while decreasing N₂O emission by 1-78%. Methane emission from burying straw was comparable with that from evenly incorporating, while N₂O emission from burying straw was 94-314% of that from evenly incorporating. Compared with evenly incorporating, CH₄ emission was decreased by 23-32% in ditch mulching and by 32% in strip mulching, while N₂O emission was increased by a factor of 1.4-3.7 in ditch mulching and by a factor of 5.1 in strip mulching. During the rice-growing season, the emitted N₂O was negligible compared to that of emitted CH₄. No significant difference in grain yield was observed between ditch mulching, burying straw, evenly incorporating and no straw. Compared with no straw, the grain yield was increased by 27% in strip mulching. Based on these results, the best management practice for returning wheat straw to the soil is strip mulching wheat straw partially or completely onto the field surface, as the method reduced CH₄ emission from rice fields with no decrease in rice yield.     

液面上部气体的置换对土壤厌氧培养下的N2O和CO2排放的影响

To study effect of C2H2 and change of headspace gas on N2O emission,denitrification,as well as CO2 emission,slurries of an agricultural soil were anaerobically incubated for 7 days at 25℃.Both N2O reduction and CO2 emissions were inhibited by the addition of 100 mL L^-1 of C2H2.However,the inhibition to CO2 emission was alleviated by the replacement of headspace gas,and the N2O emission was enhanced by the replacement.Acetylene disappeared evidently from the soil slurries during the incubation.Consequently results obtained from the traditional C2H2 blocking technique for determination of denitrifcation rate,especially in a long-time incubation,should be explained with care because of its side effect exsting in the incubation environments without change of headspace gas.To reduce the possible side effect on the processes other than denitrification ,it is suggested that headspace gas should be replaced several times during a long-time incubation.     

模拟干旱和盐碱胁迫对碱蓬、盐地碱蓬种子萌发的影响

为研究干旱和盐碱胁迫对碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)种子萌发的影响,比较碱蓬和盐地碱蓬逆境生理特性的异同,本研究利用PEG6000、NaCl和Na_2CO_3分别模拟干旱、盐和碱胁迫,配制相同渗透势的PEG6000、NaCl、Na_2CO_3处理液,以蒸馏水处理为对照,对碱蓬、盐地碱蓬种子的萌发与胚的生长进行比较研究。结果表明:1)低渗处理(-0.46 MPa)对碱蓬、盐地碱蓬种子的萌发无显著影响;高渗处理(-1.38MPa、-1.84 MPa)抑制碱蓬、盐地碱蓬种子的萌发。2)当溶液渗透势相等时,NaCl处理下碱蓬种子的萌发率显著大于PEG、Na_2CO_3处理;而等渗PEG、NaCl、Na_2CO_3处理对盐地碱蓬种子萌发率的影响无显著差异。3)PEG、NaCl、Na_2CO_3处理组碱蓬、盐地碱蓬种子的最终萌发率与对照无显著差异。4)在幼苗形成阶段,PEG、Na_2CO_3处理对碱蓬、盐地碱蓬胚的抑制作用显著大于等渗NaCl处理。5)碱蓬、盐地碱蓬胚的生长对NaCl、Na_2CO_3胁迫的响应存在差异。-0.92 MPa NaCl处理抑制碱蓬胚的生长,却对盐地碱蓬产生促进作用;-0.46 MPa Na_2CO_3处理对碱蓬胚的抑制作用小于盐地碱蓬。综合分析表明:碱蓬、盐地碱蓬均具有很强的抗盐性。在种子萌发阶段,碱蓬种子的抗旱、抗碱能力低于盐地碱蓬;在幼苗形成阶段,碱蓬胚的抗盐性小于盐地碱蓬,但对轻度碱胁迫的抗性高于盐地碱蓬。     

Determinants of annual fluxes of CO2 and N2O in long-term no-tillage and conventional tillage systems in northern France

The greenhouse gases CO₂ and N₂O emissions were quantified in a long-term experiment in northern France, in which no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) had been differentiated during 32 years in plots under a maize–wheat rotation. Continuous CO₂ and periodical N₂O soil emission measurements were performed during two periods: under maize cultivation (April 2003–July 2003) and during the fallow period after wheat harvest (August 2003–March 2004). In order to document the dynamics and importance of these emissions, soil organic C and mineral N, residue decomposition, soil potential for CO₂ emission and climatic data were measured. CO₂ emissions were significantly larger in NT on 53% and in CT on 6% of the days. From April to July 2003 and from November 2003 to March 2004, the cumulated CO₂ emissions did not differ significantly between CT and NT. However, the cumulated CO₂ emissions from August to November 2003 were considerably larger for NT than for CT. Over the entire 331 days of measurement, CT and NT emitted 3160 ± 269 and 4064 ± 138 kg CO₂-C ha⁻¹, respectively. The differences in CO₂ emissions in the two tillage systems resulted from the soil climatic conditions and the amounts and location of crop residues and SOM. A large proportion of the CO₂ emissions in NT over the entire measurement period was probably due to the decomposition of old weathered residues. NT tended to emit more N₂O than CT over the entire measurement period. However differences were statistically significant in only half of the cases due to important variability. N₂O emissions were generally less than 5 g N ha⁻¹ day⁻¹, except for a few dates where emission increased up to 21 g N ha⁻¹ day⁻¹. These N₂O fluxes represented 0.80 ± 0.15 and 1.32 ± 0.52 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for CT and NT, respectively. Depending on the periods, a large part of the N₂O emissions occurred was probably induced by nitrification, since soil conditions were not favorable for denitrification. Finally, for the period of measurement after 32 years of tillage treatments, the NT system emitted more greenhouses gases (CO₂ and N₂O) to the atmosphere on an annual basis than the CT system.     

Relationship between soil CO2 concentrations and forest-floor CO2 effluxes

To better understand the biotic and abiotic factors that control soil CO₂ efflux, we compared seasonal and diurnal variations in simultaneously measured forest-floor CO₂ effluxes and soil CO₂ concentration profiles in a 54-year-old Douglas fir forest on the east coast of Vancouver Island. We used small solid-state infrared CO₂ sensors for long-term continuous real-time measurement of CO₂ concentrations at different depths, and measured half-hourly soil CO₂ effluxes with an automated non-steady-state chamber. We describe a simple steady-state method to measure CO₂ diffusivity in undisturbed soil cores. The method accounts for the CO₂ production in the soil and uses an analytical solution to the diffusion equation. The diffusivity was related to air-filled porosity by a power law function, which was independent of soil depth. CO₂ concentration at all depths increased with increase in soil temperature, likely due to a rise in CO₂ production, and with increase in soil water content due to decreased diffusivity or increased CO₂ production or both. It also increased with soil depth reaching almost 10 mmol mol⁻¹ at the 50-cm depth. Annually, soil CO₂ efflux was best described by an exponential function of soil temperature at the 5-cm depth, with the reference efflux at 10 °C (F₁₀) of 2.6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and the Q₁₀ of 3.7. No evidence of displacement of CO₂-rich soil air with rain was observed.Effluxes calculated from soil CO₂ concentration gradients near the surface closely agreed with the measured effluxes. Calculations indicated that more than 75% of the soil CO₂ efflux originated in the top 20 cm soil. Calculated CO₂ production varied with soil temperature, soil water content and season, and when scaled to 10 °C also showed some diurnal variation. Soil CO₂ efflux and concentrations as well as soil temperature at the 5-cm depth varied in phase. Changes in CO₂ storage in the 0–50 cm soil layer were an order of magnitude smaller than measured effluxes. Soil CO₂ efflux was proportional to CO₂ concentration at the 50-cm depth with the slope determined by soil water content, which was consistent with a simple steady-state analytical model of diffusive transport of CO₂ in the soil. The latter proved successful in calculating effluxes during 2004.     

秸秆条带状覆盖对稻田CH_4和N_2O排放的影响

采用3种秸秆还田方式(对照、秸秆均匀混施和秸秆条带状覆盖)进行田间试验,观测稻田CH4和N2O的排放通量,以探讨秸秆条带状覆盖对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响。结果表明:秸秆条带状覆盖的CH4排放量是对照的2.7倍,二者的N2O排放量无明显差异;秸秆条带状覆盖的稻田CH4排放量较秸秆均匀混施减少32%,其N2O排放量是后者的5.1倍;稻田排放CH4和N2O的全球增温潜势(GWP)为:秸秆均匀混施秸秆条带状覆盖对照,且差异显著;秸秆条带状覆盖的水稻产量分别较对照和秸秆均匀混施增加27%和17%。秸秆条带状覆盖是值得推荐的稻季秸秆还田方式。     

农村土地整治项目CO2排放及减排政策下的情景模拟

[目的]揭示农村土地整治的CO_2排放效应,为土地整理的碳排放研究提供科学参考。[方法]在项目预算书编制的基础上,采用IPCC清单法,估算农村土地整治项目的 CO_2排放量,分析影响CO_2排放的关键因子,模拟不同政策情景下农村土地整治项目CO_2排放的变化情况。[结果]项目的 CO_2排放总量约5.50×105t,灌溉与排水工程所占比例最大;水泥是最主要的碳源,占总排放量的92.07%,碳源材料的CO_2排放量直接取决于该类材料的CO_2排放系数及消耗量,间接取决于各单项工程的工程量和工程结构;随着相关节能减排政策力度的加大,减排量也会随之增多。[结论]应在土地整治规划设计中贯彻绿色、低碳、环保的设计理念,重视土地整治的生态效应;加大对水泥、电力、钢铁等能源密集型行业的节能减排力度,严格执行国家减排政策。