重塑黄土抗剪强度的环剪试验研究

[目的]研究大应变条件下黄土强度的影响因素及规律,为黄土地区发生滑坡等大变形破坏提供理论依据。[方法]利用环剪仪对重塑黄土进行大剪切位移下的剪切试验,探究不同正应力及剪切方式对不同含水率的重塑黄土其残余强度的影响。[结果]正应力越大,残余强度越大,达到残余强度所需的剪切位移越小;随着含水率的增大,残余黏聚力浮动值不大,残余内摩擦角逐渐减小,并据此拟合出残余内摩擦角与含水率的参考公式;从脆性指数的角度得出所研究的重塑黄土的应变软化都不明显,且脆性指数随着正应力和含水率的增加而降低。[结论]重塑黄土的峰值强度和残余强度受含水率、正应力的影响规律相似,可通过含水率对残余强度进行估算。     

原状黄土蠕变特性试验研究

以在陕西省杨凌区所采集的黄土样品为研究对象,对不同初始含水率的原状黄土进行了剪切蠕变试验,获取了蠕变曲线和蠕变特征参数,并研究了含水率、剪应力水平对蠕变特性的影响.结果表明,当含水率一定时,剪应力水平对黄土的蠕变特性有较大的影响,表现为剪应力愈大,黄土的蠕变应变愈大;当剪应力水平一定时,含水率对黄土蠕变特性影响明显,表现为含水率愈大,蠕变应变愈大.根据蠕变曲线特征,建立了原状黄土的蠕变本构模型,通过试验数据拟合得到本构模型中的参数.经验证,该模型能较好地模拟杨凌地区原状黄土的蠕变特性.     

黄土古土壤的抗剪强度特性

[目的]对原状和扰动古土壤抗剪强度随含水量和干密度的变化进行研究,为黄土地区的边坡工程、隧道工程以及地下建筑工程设计施工中参数的选取提供依据。[方法]分别对相同干密度、不同含水量的原状样,不同干密度、不同含水量的扰动样及与原状样相同干密度、相同含水量的扰动样进行室内直剪试验。[结果]在干密度相同的条件下,原状和扰动古土壤的黏聚力随含水量的增大而减小;在同一含水量指标下,原状古土壤的黏聚力大于扰动古土壤,二者的内摩擦角亦随含水量的增大而减小。[结论]黄土古土壤的抗剪强度指标随着含水量的增大而减小,黏聚力与含水量呈指数函数关系,内摩擦角与含水量呈二次抛物线关系。     

黄土沟壑高填方分层沉降监测与深层浸水试验

[目的]研究黄土沟壑地区高填方工程在填方完成后填筑体内部的变形状态,为后续相关研究提供基础依据。[方法]在某原始沟壑地形在进行高填方工程后,在填方场地内布设3组深层监测井,对填筑体内部土体的分层沉降、土压力以及体积含水率进行了持续12个月的监测。[结果]工后12个月时间里,沟壑高填方内部的主要变形量集中在填筑体与原始地基交接的位置,沟壑中心地下18—27m以及原始陡坡部位土层出现明显的张拉变形。在原始沟壑地形的影响下,填筑体内部表现出明显的土拱效应。地下18m以下不同部位土压力差异明显,中心部位土压力较小,不利于中央部位填土的自重压密。[结论]在黄土沟壑地形中进行高填方工程后,填筑体内部出现了对地下水上升表现敏感的区域,当地下水位上升时局部的湿化变形可能产生工程土洞、地面塌陷。     

压实对矿区废弃土壤含水量及植物生长的影响

[目的]探究不同压实处理对矿区废弃土壤含水量及植物生长的影响,为有效利用采石场废弃物和城市固体废弃物、改善矿区立地条件、进行植被修复提供依据。[方法]将砾石和城市固体废弃物按体积8∶2混合后进行不同程度压实处理,进行小区试验。[结果]压实显著提高基质含水量,减小各层含水量差异。随着压实程度增加,植物主要耗水层上移。不同植物受到压实的影响不同,刺槐和苜蓿在重度压实条件下生长明显受阻,侧柏生长量增加。植物在中等强度的压实条件下,能够通过调节自身,适应环境。[结论]一定程度的压实能获得理想的植物保存率和生长量,压实技术可以运用在废弃采石场植被修复工作中。     

剪切方式对重塑黄土残余强度的影响

[目的]探究剪切方式对重塑黄土残余强度的影响,为黄土滑坡工程评价及治理提供科学依据。[方法]利用环剪仪对泾阳重塑黄土进行环剪试验。[结果]重塑黄土的峰值强度及残余强度均随着有效法向应力的增加而增大。随着有效法向应力的增加,土体达到残余强度所需的剪切位移减小;重塑黄土的变形表现为受剪压缩。单级剪得到的残余强度指标值与多级剪切得到的残余强度指标值的均值相近。[结论]剪切方式建议首选单级剪切。     

陕西省长武县黑垆土斥水性的影响因素

[目的] 分析改性黑垆土出现斥水性的条件及其影响因素,为研究气候暖干化背景下当地降雨入渗行为对斥水性的响应问题提供参考。[方法] 试验在黄土旱塬陕西省长武县农田试验场进行。选取玉米地和苜蓿地0—20 cm土壤作为试验对象,对2种作物下的土样设计4水平土壤含水量、3种容重和3水平十八烷基伯胺（OCT）添加量进行组合配制土样,用滴水穿透时间法进行斥水性测试。[结果] 土壤斥水性（SWR）随着土壤含水量（0%～6%范围）和容重的增加及OCT添加量的增加而增大,其中土壤含水量、OCT添加量和土壤容重对SWR的影响存在多因素交互效应。在逐步回归分析中,OCT和含水量共同参与下的拟合模型更优。1.3 g/cm³土壤容重下,在0%含水量和0.15% OCT添加量及2%含水量和0.10% OCT添加量条件时,非斥水的黑垆土土壤会转变为轻微斥水性土壤。[结论] 在黑垆土低水条件下的降水入渗过程中,应更多关注不同土地利用土壤含水量和极性物质的积累变化对斥水风险的影响。     

黄土覆盖区采动地表裂缝对土壤水分扰动影响的模拟试验研究

[目的] 探究黄土覆盖区煤矿开采沉陷变形造成的地表裂缝对土壤水分变化的扰动效应,为采煤沉陷区土壤水分变化规律研究提供数据支撑。[方法] 以典型黄土覆盖区的采煤沉陷区为模型,使用自主研制的开采沉陷地表裂缝模拟装置进行物理模拟试验,并在裂缝周围布设水分传感器,分析地表裂缝引起的土壤水分变化特征。利用Hydrus软件构建水文模型,结合物理模拟试验结果对数值计算模型进行优化。采用控制变量法,利用优化后的模型计算在不同裂缝形状、地形以及初始含水量条件下裂缝周围土壤含水量与非变形区土壤含水量差值。[结果] 裂缝宽度主要影响土壤水分散失量的最大值,而裂缝深度主要影响散失量最大值出现的位置;裂缝对上坡方向和下坡方向影响规律存在差异,且坡度越大,差异越明显;土壤初始含水量越小,裂缝对土壤水分扰动程度越小;当初始含水量低于20%时,地表裂缝对土壤水分的影响范围不超过15 cm。[结论] 在相同边界条件下,土壤水分模拟试验结果与物理试验数据变化规律呈现一致性,利用优化后的数值计算模型可以定量地分析黄土覆盖区土壤水分对采动地表裂缝的响应特征。     

弱酸侵蚀作用下CaCO3对黄土液塑限的影响

[目的]探讨碳酸钙赋存形式及其在黄土微结构中的作用,为弱酸侵蚀作用下碳酸钙对黄土液塑限的影响机理提供依据。[方法]首先采用蒸馏水洗去黄土中易溶盐,再经1mol/L的醋酸溶液处理得到不同碳酸钙含量的黄土试样,采用液塑限联合测定仪测定黄土液塑限指标;借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对试样进行X射线能谱分析(EDX)获取元素Mapping图像进行分析。[结果](1)醋酸作用下,液塑限随碳酸钙含量的减少而显著降低;(2)碳酸钙块、超细碳酸钙以骨架颗粒、集粒形式与Si,Al,Si-Fe接触,其主要作用为颗粒之间连接胶结作用以及充当黄土的孔隙骨架。[结论]醋酸处理前期以黏粒中碳酸钙溶解为主,进而黏粒的流失导致黄土砂化而最终影响了其液塑限指标。     

振动频率对压实黄土动强度特性的影响

利用动扭剪三轴仪对压实黄土进行了不同振动频率下的试验研究,分析了振动频率f对压实黄土的动强度和动强度参数的影响规律.研究表明,在一定围压下,压实黄土动强度均随振动频率f的升高而增大,与振动频率呈正相关关系;在试样振动频率确定的情况下,压实黄土的动强度随围压的增加而增大;压实黄土的动黏聚力cd和动内摩擦角ψd均随着频率的增大而升高;动强度参数中cd和ψd随振次的增加均呈减小并最终趋于稳定的趋势.     

不同铵钾比对高铵下拟南芥地上部和根系生长的影响

钾在缓解植物铵毒害的过程中起着重要的作用。本文研究了高铵(30 mmol/L)条件下,不同铵钾比(7.5︰1和150︰1)对拟南芥(Col-0)主根、侧根以及地上部生长的影响。结果表明:30 mmol/L NH4+条件下,高铵钾比(150)处理显著加重了拟南芥铵毒害现象,地上部和根系生长所受的抑制作用更为明显并导致更严重的氧化胁迫。相比低铵钾比水平,在高铵处理下,高铵钾比使得拟南芥主根伸长量降低57.4%,侧根数量减少33.3%,而地上部鲜重减轻69.9%。DAB(3,3￠-二氨基联苯胺,3,3￠-diaminobenzidine)叶片染色结果表明,不加铵处理下,外源不同钾水平(0.2和4.0 mmol/L)对拟南芥叶片的氧化胁迫作用没有显著差异;而高铵处理下,相比低铵钾比处理,高铵钾比显著增加了叶片中过氧化氢的含量,加重了其氧化胁迫。伊文思蓝(Evans blue,EB)染色结果表明,不加铵处理下,外源不同钾水平对拟南芥地上部和根部的膜透性没有显著差异,而高铵处理下,高铵钾比显著增强了拟南芥地上部和根部的膜透性,表明其对细胞的伤害程度加重。可见,高铵抑制拟南芥根系和地上部生长,高铵钾比则会加重这种抑制,其原因除了高浓度钾能减少植物对铵的吸收外,可能与高铵钾比条件加剧了植物的氧化胁迫有关。因此,适宜的铵钾比在植物应对铵毒害的过程中发挥重要作用。     

模拟干旱和盐碱胁迫对碱蓬、盐地碱蓬种子萌发的影响

为研究干旱和盐碱胁迫对碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)种子萌发的影响,比较碱蓬和盐地碱蓬逆境生理特性的异同,本研究利用PEG6000、NaCl和Na_2CO_3分别模拟干旱、盐和碱胁迫,配制相同渗透势的PEG6000、NaCl、Na_2CO_3处理液,以蒸馏水处理为对照,对碱蓬、盐地碱蓬种子的萌发与胚的生长进行比较研究。结果表明:1)低渗处理(-0.46 MPa)对碱蓬、盐地碱蓬种子的萌发无显著影响;高渗处理(-1.38MPa、-1.84 MPa)抑制碱蓬、盐地碱蓬种子的萌发。2)当溶液渗透势相等时,NaCl处理下碱蓬种子的萌发率显著大于PEG、Na_2CO_3处理;而等渗PEG、NaCl、Na_2CO_3处理对盐地碱蓬种子萌发率的影响无显著差异。3)PEG、NaCl、Na_2CO_3处理组碱蓬、盐地碱蓬种子的最终萌发率与对照无显著差异。4)在幼苗形成阶段,PEG、Na_2CO_3处理对碱蓬、盐地碱蓬胚的抑制作用显著大于等渗NaCl处理。5)碱蓬、盐地碱蓬胚的生长对NaCl、Na_2CO_3胁迫的响应存在差异。-0.92 MPa NaCl处理抑制碱蓬胚的生长,却对盐地碱蓬产生促进作用;-0.46 MPa Na_2CO_3处理对碱蓬胚的抑制作用小于盐地碱蓬。综合分析表明:碱蓬、盐地碱蓬均具有很强的抗盐性。在种子萌发阶段,碱蓬种子的抗旱、抗碱能力低于盐地碱蓬;在幼苗形成阶段,碱蓬胚的抗盐性小于盐地碱蓬,但对轻度碱胁迫的抗性高于盐地碱蓬。     

农村土地整治项目CO2排放及减排政策下的情景模拟

[目的]揭示农村土地整治的CO_2排放效应,为土地整理的碳排放研究提供科学参考。[方法]在项目预算书编制的基础上,采用IPCC清单法,估算农村土地整治项目的 CO_2排放量,分析影响CO_2排放的关键因子,模拟不同政策情景下农村土地整治项目CO_2排放的变化情况。[结果]项目的 CO_2排放总量约5.50×105t,灌溉与排水工程所占比例最大;水泥是最主要的碳源,占总排放量的92.07%,碳源材料的CO_2排放量直接取决于该类材料的CO_2排放系数及消耗量,间接取决于各单项工程的工程量和工程结构;随着相关节能减排政策力度的加大,减排量也会随之增多。[结论]应在土地整治规划设计中贯彻绿色、低碳、环保的设计理念,重视土地整治的生态效应;加大对水泥、电力、钢铁等能源密集型行业的节能减排力度,严格执行国家减排政策。     

La(NO3)3 对盐胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长及抗逆生理特性的影响

为探讨稀土元素镧(La)对牧草盐胁迫伤害的缓解作用, 采用水培法研究了叶面喷施20 mg·L^-1La(NO₃)₃ 对NaCl 胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长及其抗逆生理特性的影响。结果表明: 盐胁迫显著抑制黑麦草幼苗的生长, 提高叶片电解质渗漏率及丙二醛(MDA)、O₂^- 和H₂O₂ 含量, 其作用随盐浓度的增大而增强。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性和抗坏血酸(AsA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸含量随盐浓度增大呈先升后降趋势, 可溶性糖和Na⁺/K⁺比逐渐增大, 质膜H⁺-ATP 酶活性逐渐降低, 过氧化物酶(POD)活性及POD 同功酶数量表达增强。喷施La(NO₃)₃ 处理可降低盐胁迫下黑麦草幼苗叶片的O₂^- 和H₂O₂ 含量, 提高SOD、CAT、POD、APX 和质膜H⁺-ATP 酶的活性及POD 同功酶的表达, 使AsA、GSH、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量及幼苗生物量增加, Na⁺/K⁺比降低。表明La(NO₃)₃ 可通过提高抗氧化系统的活性和积累渗透溶质减轻盐胁迫伤害, 从而提高黑麦草的耐盐性。     

Compaction effects on CO2 and N2O production during drying and rewetting of soil

The effects of compaction on soil porosity and soil water relations are likely to influence substrate availability and microbial activity under fluctuating soil moisture conditions. We conducted a short laboratory incubation to investigate the effects of soil compaction on substrate availability and biogenic gas (CO₂ and N₂O) production during the drying and rewetting of a fine-loamy soil. Prior to initiating the drying and wetting treatments, CO₂ production (−10 kPa soil water content) from uncompacted soil was 2.3 times that of compacted soil and corresponded with higher concentrations of microbial biomass C (MBC) and dissolved organic C (DOC). In contrast, N₂O production was 67 times higher in compacted than uncompacted soil at field capacity. Soil aeration rather than substrate availability (e.g. NO₃⁻ and DOC) appeared to be the most important factor affecting N₂O production during this phase. The drying of compacted soil resulted in an initial increase in CO₂ production and a nearly two-fold higher average rate of C mineralization at maximum dryness (owing to a higher water-filled pore space [WFPS]) compared to uncompacted soil. During the drying phase, N₂O production was markedly reduced (by 93-96%) in both soils, though total N₂O production remained slightly higher in compacted than uncompacted soil. The increase in CO₂ production during the first 24 h following rewetting of dry soil was about 2.5 times higher in uncompacted soil and corresponded with a much greater release of DOC than in compacted soil. MBC appeared to be the source of the DOC released from uncompacted soil but not from compacted soil. The production of N₂O during the first 24 h following rewetting of dry soil was nearly 20 times higher in compacted than uncompacted soil. Our results suggest that N₂O production from compacted soil was primarily the result of denitrification, which was limited by substrates (especially NO₃⁻) made available during drying and rewetting and occurred rapidly after the onset of anoxic conditions during the rewetting phase. In contrast, N₂O production from uncompacted soil appeared to be primarily the product of nitrification that was largely associated with an accumulation of NO₃⁻ following rewetting of dry soil. Irrespective of compaction, the response to drying and rewetting was greater for N₂O production than for CO₂ production.     

Relationship between soil CO2 concentrations and forest-floor CO2 effluxes

To better understand the biotic and abiotic factors that control soil CO₂ efflux, we compared seasonal and diurnal variations in simultaneously measured forest-floor CO₂ effluxes and soil CO₂ concentration profiles in a 54-year-old Douglas fir forest on the east coast of Vancouver Island. We used small solid-state infrared CO₂ sensors for long-term continuous real-time measurement of CO₂ concentrations at different depths, and measured half-hourly soil CO₂ effluxes with an automated non-steady-state chamber. We describe a simple steady-state method to measure CO₂ diffusivity in undisturbed soil cores. The method accounts for the CO₂ production in the soil and uses an analytical solution to the diffusion equation. The diffusivity was related to air-filled porosity by a power law function, which was independent of soil depth. CO₂ concentration at all depths increased with increase in soil temperature, likely due to a rise in CO₂ production, and with increase in soil water content due to decreased diffusivity or increased CO₂ production or both. It also increased with soil depth reaching almost 10 mmol mol⁻¹ at the 50-cm depth. Annually, soil CO₂ efflux was best described by an exponential function of soil temperature at the 5-cm depth, with the reference efflux at 10 °C (F₁₀) of 2.6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and the Q₁₀ of 3.7. No evidence of displacement of CO₂-rich soil air with rain was observed.Effluxes calculated from soil CO₂ concentration gradients near the surface closely agreed with the measured effluxes. Calculations indicated that more than 75% of the soil CO₂ efflux originated in the top 20 cm soil. Calculated CO₂ production varied with soil temperature, soil water content and season, and when scaled to 10 °C also showed some diurnal variation. Soil CO₂ efflux and concentrations as well as soil temperature at the 5-cm depth varied in phase. Changes in CO₂ storage in the 0–50 cm soil layer were an order of magnitude smaller than measured effluxes. Soil CO₂ efflux was proportional to CO₂ concentration at the 50-cm depth with the slope determined by soil water content, which was consistent with a simple steady-state analytical model of diffusive transport of CO₂ in the soil. The latter proved successful in calculating effluxes during 2004.     

干湿交替对新疆绿洲农田土壤CO2排放的影响

[目的]分析不同土壤水分变化及干湿交替对土壤CO_2排放的影响,为绿洲农田土壤碳循环提供科学依据。[方法]选取新疆绿洲棉田土壤,通过室内控制模拟试验,以及用气相色谱仪分析CO_2浓度。[结果](1)与60%WFPS(土壤充水孔隙度)相比,40%WFPS对土壤CO_2排放起到了显著的抑制作用(p0.05),而80%WFPS对土壤CO_2排放无显著性影响(p0.05)。培养结束时,与60%WFPS的土壤CO_2累积排放量相比,40%WFPS的土壤CO_2累积排放量降低26%(p0.05),而80%WFPS的土壤CO_2累积排放量仅增加0.04%(p0.05)。(2)多次干湿交替循环后,干湿交替处理下的土壤CO_2累积排放量显著低于恒湿处理。在不同干旱强度处理中,重度干旱(SD)处理对土壤CO_2排放速率响应程度大于适度干旱(MD)处理,但多次干湿交替循环后,SD处理下的土壤CO_2累积排放量却显著小于MD处理。随干湿交替循环次数的增加,干湿交替对土壤CO_2排放速率的影响显著降低,特别是对土壤CO_2排放速率最高值的影响最大。[结论]在新疆绿洲棉田土壤中,干湿交替能降低土壤CO_2排放量,降低量随干旱强度的增大而增大。     

Emission of N2O, N2 and CO2 from soil fertilized with nitrate: effect of compaction, soil moisture and rewetting

Soil compaction and soil moisture are important factors influencing denitrification and N₂O emission from fertilized soils. We analyzed the combined effects of these factors on the emission of N₂O, N₂ and CO₂ from undisturbed soil cores fertilized with (150 kg N ha⁻¹) in a laboratory experiment. The soil cores were collected from differently compacted areas in a potato field, i.e. the ridges (ρ_D=1.03 g cm⁻³), the interrow area (ρ_D=1.24 g cm⁻³), and the tractor compacted interrow area (ρ_D=1.64 g cm⁻³), and adjusted to constant soil moisture levels between 40 and 98% water-filled pore space (WFPS).High N₂O emissions were a result of denitrification and occurred at a WFPS≥70% in all compaction treatments. N₂ production occurred only at the highest soil moisture level (≥90% WFPS) but it was considerably smaller than the N₂O-N emission in most cases. There was no soil moisture effect on CO₂ emission from the differently compacted soils with the exception of the highest soil moisture level (98% WFPS) of the tractor-compacted soil in which soil respiration was significantly reduced. The maximum N₂O emission rates from all treatments occurred after rewetting of dry soil. This rewetting effect increased with the amount of water added. The results show the importance of increased carbon availability and associated respiratory O₂ consumption induced by soil drying and rewetting for the emissions of N₂O.     

无人机遥感监测技术在CO2地质封存泄漏风险事故监测中的应用

[目的]通过无人机遥感监测技术对泄漏CO_2响应效果的研究,为CO_2的捕捉与封存(carbon capture and storage,CCS)泄漏风险事故的新型监测技术的应用提供理论基础。[方法]通过环境背景值监测、试验监测、理论模拟和数据对比分析的方法为无人机遥感监测技术对CCS泄漏风险事故的响应效果进行了研究。[结果]以泄放CO_2引起环境中CO_2浓度变化幅度超过某一断面环境背景最高值一个标准差作为响应浓度差,在试验条件下无人机在距离泄漏源10 m,高9 m的位置响应到浓度变化,响应浓度为502mg/kg,此处的环境背景值为448mg/kg。通过高斯模型进行计算发现该试验条件下泄放的CO_2扩散至此处的理论数值为40mg/kg。[结论]无人机遥感监测系统能够对泄漏的CO_2做出响应,能够应用到实际CCS泄漏事故中,且因为工业尺度下的泄漏量很大,无人机遥感监测平台能够对大空间场做出有效的监测响应。