舟山市庆丰废弃采石场的植被恢复方案探讨

为研究废弃采石场的植被恢复,以舟山市庆丰废弃采石场为例,探讨了植被恢复方案的管理模式、植物种类选择和种植方式。认为最佳管理模式是由政府组织科研单位对废弃采石场植被恢复进行科学论证,由采石场组织和监管下的公司负责修改方案和施工,让农户入股参与植物种植、养护工作;选择植物种类应根据废弃采石场的不同生境条件,结合生态、经济、景观等需求决定;种植方式应针对不同的植物种类来确定,草灌种子可用液压喷播,木本植物可用植钵栽植技术。     

废弃采石场植被快速恢复研究

采石对植被破坏是毁灭性的,废弃采石场没有植被保护,极易产生水土流失。通过人工快速恢复植被是最有效防治水土流失,保护生态环境的途径。通过在不同立地条件下的不同整地方式和不同的植物组合形式试验,对比植物的成活率、盖度、年生长量和植株冠幅,确定出客土种植草木犀和苜蓿和客土30 cm栽植乔木能有效提高乔木成活率。     

左云县店湾镇春季不同植被条件下土壤含水量研究

为了研究左云县店湾镇春季不同植被条件下0—600 cm深度范围内土壤垂直剖面水分变化特征,分别对该区乔木（白榆和小叶杨）林地、灌木（柠条和沙棘）林地和草地5种不同植被条件下土壤水分进行了研究。结果表明:研究区不同植被条件下土壤剖面含水量变化规律不同。左云县矿区春季各土层平均含水量草地最高,柠条林地次之,白榆林地最少。其中草地各土层平均含水量比柠条林地高0.3%,比白榆林地高3.8%。该区各植被条件下土壤水分主要呈难效水状态。且各植被条件下土壤在200—400 cm深度范围内都存在干层,有轻度干层、中度干层和重度干层发育。该区水循环主要是地表水循环,地下水循环基本不存在,形成了土壤—植物—大气的水分循环模式,属于异常水分循环类型。     

覆土处理对高寒矿区露天煤矿排土场植被和土壤特征的影响

[目的]探讨高寒矿区覆土处理对露天煤矿排土场植被恢复的影响,以评估覆土措施在露天煤矿排土场所达到的植被恢复效果,为高寒矿区生态保护和恢复提供技术依据。[方法]调查分析青海省木里煤田不同年限5个覆土处理和3个不覆土处理矿区排土场植被群落特征和土壤理化性质。[结果]在覆土处理下,随着建植年限的增加,木里煤矿排土场植被和幼苗盖度显著增加(p<0.05),土壤速效磷、全钾、速效钾和有机质含量呈增加趋势,但未达显著水平;煤矿区排土场不覆土和覆土处理,植被特征和土壤理化性质主要指标差异不显著;非度量多维尺度分析结果表明:影响高寒煤矿区排土场植被生长的主要土壤养分是全氮、速效氮、速效钾和有机质。[结论]高寒矿区露天煤矿排土场植被恢复的关键措施不是覆土处理,可通过施足有机肥和化肥的方式代替覆土处理达到植被恢复的目的。     

矿山废弃地生态修复区植被碳库研究

[目的]对甘肃省金川矿山废弃地修复区内主要的林分进行植物含碳率测定,估算修复区内的植被碳储量,为矿区生态修复系统纳入中国温室气体自愿减排提供科学依据。[方法]利用干烧法对修复区主要物种进行有机含碳率测定,估算修复区内主要物种的平均含碳率、植被储碳密度和碳储量,并对其特征进行分析。[结果]在修复区,乔木的含碳率在0.462 9~0.403 8,灌木的含碳率范围为0.413 9~0.453 6,8种草本植物的平均含碳率为0.144 5,整体上表现为:乔木灌木草本植物。金川矿山废弃地生态修复区植被平均储碳密度为6.209 2t/hm~2,总碳储量为635.10t,在总碳储量分配中,乔木较高,占86.71%,灌木次之(占12.65%),草本植物在总碳储量中所占比例不大。[结论]对矿山废弃地进行生态恢复,能够增加矿区植被储碳量,在纳入中国温室气体自愿减排上有很大的潜力空间。     

植被自然恢复对煤矸石堆场Fe/Mn淋溶迁移的影响及其作用效果

[目的] 探讨植被自然恢复下植被类型对煤矸石堆场Fe，Mn淋溶迁移的影响及其作用效果，为煤矿区煤矸石堆场的生态环境治理及生态修复提供科学依据。[方法] 通过对贵州省中部废弃煤矿区不同植被条件下煤矸石堆场地表径流进行采样分析，同时通过移植煤矸石堆场上生长的马尾松、光皮桦和类芦进行盆栽试验以及采集基质渗透水样品。[结果] 马尾松、光皮桦及类芦生长的煤矸石基质渗透水和煤矸石堆场地表径流水中Fe，Mn含量均显著地低于无植物生长的煤矸石，煤矸石堆场植被自然恢复后地表径流水中Fe，Mn含量下降率分别达45.27%~85.60%，60.17%~90.13%，植被作用效果的大小顺序为：马尾松幼林 > 阔叶树幼林 > 类芦草丛。同时，马尾松幼林、阔叶树幼林、类芦草丛煤矸石堆场地表径流水中泥沙含量分别比无植被裸露的煤矸石堆场平均减少了40.18%，30.67%，27.91%。煤矸石中矿物颗粒态Fe，Mn的迁移量也出现明显的降低。[结论] 植被自然恢复能显著地减少煤矸石堆场Fe，Mn向水体的迁移及改善废弃煤矿区地表水环境质量。植物生长，特别是马尾松生长对减少煤矸石中Fe向水体迁移产生的环境效应大于Mn。     

生态修复模式对淮南矿区重构土壤CO2通量日变化的影响

[目的]探讨淮南矿区不同生态修复模式(植被类型和覆土厚度)对土壤CO_2通量的影响,以期为该区域以及相似矿区的生态修复提供理论依据及参数。[方法]采用静态箱—碱液吸收法对淮南市采煤沉陷生态修复区土壤CO_2通量进行动态测定,分析土壤CO_2通量日变化特征,以及土壤呼吸速率对地表温度、地下5cm土壤温度和土壤含水量的敏感性。[结果]不同生态修复模式下土壤CO_2通量日变化格局均表现为单峰曲线,最高峰出现在14∶00,最低值出现在6∶00,其均值大小依次为:B区(灌木林)C区(灌木林)D区(乔木林)A区(草地),且B,C与A区差异显著(p0.05),其他区之间差异不显著(p0.05)。不同覆土厚度下土壤表层CO_2通量平均值的大小依次为:40—80cm0—20cm20—40cm80—100cm。其最大值和变幅的大小顺序也遵循平均值大小顺序。4种修复模式下土壤CO_2通量与地下5cm土壤温度、地表温度均呈指数方程关系,R2值分别在0.34~0.70,0.48~0.83之间,与土壤含水量呈二次方函数关系,R2值在0.08~0.44之间。[结论]不同植被类型条件下,土壤CO_2通量大小表现为:灌木林乔木林草地;不同覆土厚度条件下,除了覆土40—80cm的样地外,土壤CO_2通量随覆土厚度的增加而减少。植被类型对土壤CO_2通量的影响较覆土厚度显著。     

庆丰采石场岩质边坡植被恢复状况和土壤特性研究

通过对庆丰采石场人工修复边坡的植被恢复状况和土壤特性进行调查,探讨了土壤理化性质及土壤酶活性与边坡植被恢复状况间的关系,以及影响土壤质量的主要因子,以期为岩石边坡的防护及生态恢复提供可以借鉴的理论依据。结果表明,在人工修复边坡上,无论是物种多样性、群落的结构及稳定性,还是土壤质量等,在短期内都难达到周边自然边坡的状态。土壤性质与修复边坡草本层及木本层植物的Margalef指数、Shannon—Wiener指数、Pielou指数间存在不同程度的相关性,其中草本层植物的物种多样性对土壤含水量、酸性磷酸酶活性、蛋白酶活性影响较大;木本层植物的物种多样性对土壤全磷质量分数、蛋白酶活性影响较大。土壤速效养分、土壤酶活性和土壤有机质等因子是影响土壤质量的主导因子。     

城市土壤压实对土壤水分特征的影响——以南京市为例

通过对南京市不同土地利用下的土壤容重、孔隙度和土壤水分特征曲线的测定，研究了压实对土壤水分特征参数的影响。结果表明城市土壤存在严重的压实退化现象，土壤容重和孔隙度能够很好地反映土壤的压实程度。随着压实程度的增加，土壤的田间持水量增加，萎蔫点含水量增加，而土壤的最大有效水含量却明显减少。所以，压实土壤对水分的调节能力下降，使其上生长的植物更不容易获得水分供应。     

海南省文昌市废弃钛矿区物种多样性特征与环境因子的关系

[目的]研究钛矿开采对周边植被物种多样性和分布格局的影响,为废弃钛矿区生物多样性保护和植被恢复提供基础数据。[方法]以海南省文昌市废弃钛矿区为例,利用方差分析、冗余分析(RDA)研究钛矿区土壤因子与乔木、灌木和草本物种多样性差异及分布格局影响。[结果]文昌市废弃钛矿区辐射区域仅有植物28科37属45种,其中乔木类13种,灌木11种,草本21种。钛矿开采不仅对矿区植被产生破坏,同时对辐射区域200 m范围内的植被群落结构也有明显影响;废弃钛矿区物种α多样性指数除Pielou均匀度指数外都以草本最高,显著高于乔木和灌木。随着辐射区域距离的增加,物种多样性指数逐渐递减;通过土壤环境因子与物种多样性RDA排序得出,土壤pH值、土壤含水率、有效磷、有机质和铵态氮是影响物种多样性差异的主要环境因子,它们分别解释了废弃钛矿辐射区物种多样性42.6%,12.4%,8.5%,8.2%和7.9%的差异。[结论]钛矿周边植物物种多样性和分布格局受土壤pH值、土壤含水率等多个环境因子共同影响。矿区周边物种多样性是否受土壤重金属的影响,尚待进一步研究。     

紫茎泽兰和黄顶菊入侵对土壤微生物群落结构和旱稻生长的影响

为比较入侵植物与本地植物对土壤微生态影响的差异, 探索外来植物入侵的土壤微生物学机制, 本研究通过同质园试验, 比较分析了2种入侵菊科植物(紫茎泽兰、黄顶菊)和2种本地植物(马唐、猪毛菜)对土壤肥力和微生物群落的影响, 并通过盆栽反馈试验验证入侵植物改变后的土壤微生物对本地植物旱稻生长的反馈作用。同质园试验结果表明: 2种入侵植物和2种本地植物分别对土壤微生态产生了不同的影响, 尤其是紫茎泽兰显著提高了土壤有效氮、有效磷和有效钾含量,紫茎泽兰根际土壤中有效氮含量为39.80 mg·kg^-1,有效磷含量为48.52 mg·kg^-1。磷脂脂肪酸指纹图谱结果表明, 2种入侵植物与2种本地植物相比, 较显著增加了土壤中放线菌数量, 而紫茎泽兰比其他3种植物显著增加了细菌和真菌数量。盆栽结果表明: 黄顶菊生长过的土壤灭菌后比灭菌前旱稻株高增加113%, 紫茎泽兰也使旱稻的株高增加17%。由以上结果可知, 紫茎泽兰和黄顶菊可能通过改变入侵地土壤的微环境, 形成利于其自身生长扩散的微生态环境从而实现其成功入侵。     

Effects of soil compaction and arbuscular mycorrhiza on corn (Zea mays L.) nutrient uptake

Soil compaction is of great importance, due to its adverse effects on plant growth and the environment. Mechanical methods to control soil compaction may not be economically and environmentally friendly. Hence, we designed experiments to test the hypothesis that use of plant symbiotic fungi, arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) may alleviate the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth through enhancing nutrient uptake. AM continuously interact with other soil microorganisms and its original diversity may also be important in determining the ability of the fungi to cope with the stresses. Hence, the objectives were: (1) to determine the effects of soil compaction on corn nutrient uptake in unsterilized (S1) and sterilized (S2) soils, and (2) to determine if inoculation of corn with different species of AM with different origins can enhance corn nutrient uptake in a compacted soil. Using 2 kg weights, soils (from the field topsoil) of 10 kg pots were compacted at three and four levels (C1, C2, C3 and C4) (C1 = non-compacted control) in the first and second experiment, respectively. Corn (cv. 704) seeds were planted in each pot and were inoculated with different AM treatments including control (M1), Iranian Glomus mosseae (M2), Iranian G. etunicatum (M3), and Canadian G. mosseae, received from GINCO (Glomales In Vitro Collection), Canada (M4). Corn leaf nutrient uptake of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were determined. Higher levels of compaction reduced corn nutrient uptake, however different species of AM and soil sterilization significantly increased it. The highest increase in nutrient uptake was related to P (60%) and Fe (58%) due to treatment M4S2C3. Although it seems that M3 and M4 may be the most effective species on corn nutrient uptake in a compacted soil, M2 increased nutrient uptake under conditions (C3 and C4 in unsterilized soil) where the other species did not. Through increasing nutrient uptake AM can alleviate the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn growth.     

党河流域骆驼刺群落特征与土壤因子的相关性

[目的]分析党河流域骆驼刺群落特征与土壤因子相关性,为有效管理该流域天然骆驼刺群落及退化骆驼刺群落的恢复提供科学依据。[方法]利用"样方"法,于2012年6—10月调查群落特征及土壤样品数据,进行回归分析。[结果]在6—10月,生物量表现出显著的季节变化,Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数季节变化趋势几乎一致,Shannon—Wiener多样性指数变化趋势相反。在0—50cm土壤层内,随土壤深度的增加,土壤电导率、土壤pH值呈现出先增加再减小的变化过程,土壤容重表现出逐渐增大的趋势,土壤含水量在土壤深度达到30cm以后增加不明显。[结论]土壤环境因子是影响骆驼刺群落特征、生物多样性和生物量的主要因素。较高的土壤含水量可以增加骆驼刺群落的生物多样性,较高的土壤容重抑制骆驼刺群落根系的生长。     

Influence of Enchytraeidae (Enchytraeus albidus) and compaction on nutrient mobilization in an urban soil

Soil compaction is an often-recorded characteristic of degraded soils, and—along with soil sealing and contamination—frequently found in urban habitats. Knowledge about the impact of soil degradation on the ecosystem functioning in urban environments is limited, although urbanization is the major ongoing land use change worldwide. Since urban soils are a potential habitat for soil animals, and burrowing soil fauna exerts a profound impact on the structure and functioning of soils, we studied the impact of increased bulk densities on the ability of Enchytraeus albidus (Enchytraeidae: Oligochaeta) to penetrate compacted soils. Moreover, it was our aim to characterize the influence of the worms on the mobilization of nutrients in urban soils. E. albidus was able to enter compacted sandy loamy soil columns with a bulk density of up to approx. 1.4 g cm⁻³, but only up to approx. 1.0 g cm⁻³ in pure sandy soil columns. Soil compaction increased the amounts of water-extractable sodium (7.5%) and magnesium (13.4%) compared to the non-compacted soil. Presence of E. albidus in the non-compacted soil resulted in higher water-extractable concentrations of sodium (17.4%), potassium (16.8%), calcium (11.3%), magnesium (13.2%), dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 14.5%) and nitrate (20.4%) in soil extracts. In the compacted soil, however, the enhanced nutrient availability due to the activity of the enchytraeids was less pronounced than in the non-compacted soil. Although the concentrations of DOC (13.5%), nitrate (15.6%), calcium (5.8%) and magnesium (4.0%) were significantly higher in the presence of E. albidus than in the columns without animals, the performance of the animals was partly impaired. This was most likely due to the higher penetration resistance of the compacted soils. The degree of compaction investigated in this study was relatively low-chosen to allow for the colonization of the soils by E. albidus. We conclude that the observed negative effects of increased bulk densities on the activity of soil enchytraeids can occur in any more frequented city park, thereby decreasing turnover rates and the supply of soil nutrients in urban ecosystems.     

Using arbuscular mycorrhiza to reduce the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth

Soil compaction is of great importance in agriculture, because its high levels may adversely affect plant growth and the environment. Since mechanical methods are not very efficient and economical, using biological methods to alleviate the stress of soil compaction on plant growth may be beneficial. The objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate the effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth, and (2) test the hypothesis that applying arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) with different origins can partially or completely overcome the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn growth under unsterilized and sterilized conditions. Corn was planted in unsterilized and sterilized compacted soils, while treated with three species of AM including, Iranian Glomus mosseae, Iranian Glomus etunicatum, and Canadian Glomus mosseae, received from GINCO (Glomales in vitro Collection), Canada. Plant growth variables and soil resistance parameters were determined. AM significantly increased root fresh (maximum of 94% increase) and dry (maximum of 100% increase) weights in the compacted soil. AM with different origins may improve corn growth in compacted soils, though its effectiveness is related to the level of compaction and also to the interaction with other soil microorganisms.     

BGB微生物菌剂对黄土高原区域土壤与油松的影响

[目的]研究黄土高原区域油松造林中施用BGB微生物菌剂对油松造林成活率、树高、地径生长的影响,以及土壤养分与水分的变化,为BGB微生物菌剂在黄土丘陵地区的植被恢复应用提供理论依据和技术支持。[方法]在不同坡面处施用3种量的BGB微生物菌剂,观察不同量的处理对油松及土壤养分的影响。[结果]BGB微生物菌剂能够显著提高苗木的成活率,促进苗木树高、地径的增长;可以显著地提高土壤中各养分的含量,增加土壤含水量,且影响随着土壤深度的增加而减小,随坡度的降低而变大。其中对土壤中速效磷和有机质的影响最显著;BGB微生物菌剂能够明显改善土壤的含水量,并且在土壤20—40cm处作用较明显。[结论]BGB微生物菌剂对油松造林成活率、生长量与土壤养分有显著的影响。     

覆盖作物根系对砂姜黑土压实的响应

轮作直根系的覆盖作物被认为是缓解土壤压实的有效手段,但不同覆盖作物对土壤压实的适应性在不同气候和土壤条件下存在较大差异。为筛选更适宜缓解砂姜黑土压实的覆盖作物品种(模式),在安徽典型砂姜黑土设置不压实(Non-compacted,NC)与压实(Compacted,C)处理,通过种植不同覆盖作物(休闲、苜蓿、油菜、萝卜+毛苕子混播),分析覆盖作物根系对压实土壤的响应。结果表明:与不压实处理相比,压实处理显著增加了0~30 cm土层土壤容重(8.65%);显著增加了0~27.5 cm和37.5~45 cm土层的穿透阻力;显著改变0~20 cm土层土壤收缩特征。同时,土壤压实大幅度降低了0~50 cm土层苜蓿、油菜、萝卜+毛苕子的根干重密度,增加了苜蓿、油菜、萝卜+毛苕子的根比表面积。压实处理下50~70 cm土层萝卜+毛苕子根干重密度、根体积密度和根长密度均大于苜蓿和油菜,表明萝卜+毛苕子混播种植模式下根系穿透压实土壤能力最强。压实处理下不同覆盖作物地上覆盖度和生物量均表现为由大到小依次为萝卜+毛苕子、油菜、苜蓿。与不压实处理相比,压实处理分别减少苜蓿、油菜、萝卜+毛苕子地上部分生物量的62.5%、67.6%、15.8%,地下部分生物量的61.4%、57.7%、47.8%。因此,萝卜+毛苕子种植模式下根系生长受压实影响最小,在压实土壤中适应性最好。     

不同密度樟子松固沙林土壤水分特征

[目的]探讨樟子松固沙林合理栽植密度,为进一步深入分析樟子松固沙林水量动态平衡、衰退原因及林分稳定性评价提供参考。[方法]以科尔沁沙地南缘3种密度(400,600和800株/hm2)的33a樟子松固沙林为研究对象,连续监测了生长季降雨、0—200cm土壤含水量、200cm以下渗漏量,分析了3种密度下土壤水分特征及差异。[结果](1)3种密度下土壤水分时空变化趋势基本一致,0—30cm为降雨影响剧烈层,60cm以下受40mm降雨影响,降雨结束后均表现蒸渗型水分消退特征,之后转换为蒸散型;(2)0—200cm土壤体积含水量大小为:400株/hm2600株/hm2800株/hm2,且差异显著(p0.05);(3)200cm以下均有水分渗漏,其中800株/hm2最低,为0.4mm。[结论]丰水年3种密度林分基本能够维持水量平衡,但正常降水或极端降水年份会增加土壤蓄存水消耗,可能出现水分亏缺或衰退现象。建议生产中樟子松固沙林适宜密度应控制在400株/hm2左右。     

Improved root penetration of soil hard layers by a selected genotype

Abstract

Crops can be effectively grown on hardpan soils and water effectively used from deep in the profile if hard layers in soils can be penetrated or if they are broken up by tillage. Addition of gypsum to the soil or exploitation of genetic differences in root penetrability may help improve root penetration through hard layers with less need to depend on the energy requirements of deep tillage. To test this theory, a single‐grained Ap horizon of Norfolk loamy sand soil was compacted into soil columns to compare root penetrability of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes Essex and PI 416937 in the presence and absence of gypsum and at two soil compaction levels (columns with uniform compaction at 1.4 g cm^‐1 and columns with increasing compaction with depth from 1.4 to 1.75 g cm^‐1). Compaction treatments were imposed by constructing soil columns composed of 2.5‐cm‐deep, 7.5‐cm‐diameter cylindrical cores compacted to predetermined bulk densities (1.40,1.55,1.65,and 1.75 g cm^.3). Soil penetration resistances were measured on duplicate cores using a 3‐mm‐diameter cone‐tipped penetrometer. Columns were not watered during the study; soybean genotypes were grown in the columns until they died. Both genotypes lived one day longer in columns with lower bulk density and penetration resistance. Although root growth was more abundant for Essex than for PI 416937, root growth of PI 416937 was not decreased by compaction as much as it was for Essex. These results suggest that PI 416937 may possess the genetic capability to produce more root growth in soils with high penetration resistance. This study suggests that genetic improvement for root growth in soils with hard or acidic layers may potentially reduce our dependence on tillage. Gypsum did not affect root growth in this study.     

土壤微生物对紫茎泽兰生长与竞争的反馈: 不同灭菌方法的比较

土壤微生物去除是验证土壤微生物反馈调节入侵植物竞争排斥本地植物群落的重要手段。为了确定土壤微生物反馈效应的最佳土壤微生物去除方法,以及土壤微生物对紫茎泽兰与本地植物竞争中的反馈作用,本试验比较了添加蛭石和未添加蛭石下,3种常见土壤微生物灭菌方式(干热灭菌、湿热灭菌、辐照灭菌)处理的紫茎泽兰单优群落根际土壤对紫茎泽兰与本地植物香茶菜生长的影响。结果表明:与未灭菌处理土壤相比,3种灭菌处理土壤均显著抑制了紫茎泽兰和香茶菜的生长;添加蛭石灭菌的土壤相对于未添加蛭石的灭菌土壤显著促进了2种植物的生长;灭菌土壤添加蛭石的情况下辐照灭菌土壤的两种植物的生物量显著地高于干热灭菌和湿热灭菌土壤两种植物的生物量,其中辐照灭菌下紫茎泽兰的生物量分别比干热灭菌和湿热灭菌条件下增加30.8%和66.5%,香茶菜生物量分别显著增加109.5%和63.4%。辐照灭菌土壤添加蛭石的处理方式最接近真实地反映土壤微生物对植物生长的反馈效应。进一步进行辐照灭菌土壤添加蛭石处理与未灭菌土壤添加蛭石处理的紫茎泽兰与香茶菜混种的盆栽试验,结果显示,土壤微生物显著增强了紫茎泽兰对香茶菜的竞争优势,相对竞争优势度增加16.0%,说明土壤微生物在紫茎泽兰竞争排斥本地植物的入侵过程中具有正反馈偏利调节作用