新疆干旱区成龄核桃滴灌制度优化

科学合理的灌溉制度是提高灌水利用效率的主要因素。该研究采用HYDRUS-2D模型结合寻优模型相结合的方法,研究新疆核桃滴灌优化制度。利用2018年和2019年定点观测土壤水分数据进行模型率定与验证;利用模型设定128种情景进行模拟研究,分析南疆干旱区滴灌成龄核桃不同灌溉制度下的深层渗漏和水分胁迫。应用模型结合灌溉制度寻优函数探求滴灌条件下成龄核桃各灌溉制度土壤水分通量。结果表明:HYDRUS-2D模型模拟土壤含水率精度较高,R2为83.03%～83.73%,均方根误差在0.016～0.017cm~3/cm~3范围。根据模型模拟结果,推荐新疆干旱区核桃滴灌制度为灌水定额35 mm,灌溉11次,灌水周期9 d,灌溉定额385 mm或者灌水定额50 mm,灌溉7次,灌水周期14 d,灌溉定额350 mm,在以上滴灌制度下,可最大限度减少农田水分损失和提高灌水利用效率。该研究可为制定南疆滴灌条件下成龄核桃适宜灌溉制度提供参考。     

隔沟交替灌溉对棉花耗水、产量和品质的调控效应

在甘肃省石羊河流域下游民勤县干旱荒漠绿洲区研究了覆膜条件下隔沟交替灌溉(AFI)和常规沟灌(CFI)对棉花耗水、产量和品质的调控效应.结果表明,现蕾期和花期,AFI处理的棉花日耗水强度小于CFI处理;铃期和吐絮期,AFI处理棉花日耗水强度大于相同灌水定额的CFI处理.相同灌水定额条件下,AFI处理有利于籽棉产量和霜前花产量的提高,灌水定额为375 m3·hm-2和480 m3·hm-2的AFI处理,籽棉产量和WUE显著高于相同灌水定额的CFI处理.相同灌水定额条件下,AFI和CFI处理的衣分无显著性差异.2005年AFI处理的平均纤维长度比CFI处理长2.6mm,灌水定额为225m3·hm-2处理两者差异显著;2006年不同灌水方式下的纤维长度无显著差异,可能与降雨情况有关.在干旱缺水地区覆膜隔沟交替灌溉是一种有效的节水灌溉模式.在棉花品质不降低的情况下,有利于产量和水分利用效率的提高.     

机采棉氮素吸收及产量的最佳水氮组合

  【目的】  基于水肥一体化技术,研究不同水氮组合对机采棉氮素吸收及产量的影响,以期建立和完善与机采棉生产相匹配的水氮管理措施。  【方法】  本研究通过田间试验,采用灌水和施氮2因素交互设计,按照农田实际蒸散量(ETc),设置3个滴灌量水平:60%ETc、80%ETc、100%ETc,每个灌水量下设置5个施氮量水平:0、150、225、300、375 kg/hm2 (N0、N150、N225、N300、N375),共15个处理。在棉花苗期、初花期、盛花期、盛铃期、吐絮期取样测定棉花干物质量、氮素吸收量,收获后测产并计算水、氮利用效率。  【结果】  吐絮期棉花平均干物质量表现为80%ETc>100%ETc>60%ETc。除60%ETc+N375、100%ETc+N225处理外,施氮会一定程度的增加棉花干物质最大积累速率,进而促进棉花干物质积累。60%ETc+N150、60%ETc+N225处理干物质量向棉铃分配的比列有所降低,其余各施氮处理棉花干物质量与向棉铃的分配比例较N0处理均有不同程度地增加。100%ETc和80%ETc滴灌处理的吐絮期棉花氮素吸收量均值无显著差异,分别较60%ETc滴灌处理增加了26.64%、25.55%。60%ETc滴灌处理,吐絮期棉花氮素吸收量均随施氮量的增加而增加;灌水100%ETc、80%ETc条件下,棉花吐絮期的氮素吸收量以N300水平最高,N375水平的棉花氮素吸收与N300水平无明显差异。在3个灌水量下,最大氮素吸收增长速率均在N375处理达到最大;但在60%ETc和80%ETc灌溉条件下,N375处理的最大氮素吸收增长速率到达的时间,分别较N0水平提前了10、3天,而在100%ETc灌溉条件下推迟了5天。60%ETc滴灌处理较80%ETc、100%ETc滴灌处理降低了籽棉产量,施氮能显著提高棉花产量,但滴灌量为60%ETc时N300与N375水平的棉花产量无显著差异,灌水量为80%ETc、100%ETc时N375水平的棉花产量较N300水平分别降低了13.97%、14.87%。施氮能显著增加棉花的水、氮利用率,在N300水平时达到最高,但60%ETc+N300处理较80%ETc+N300、100%ETc+N300处理的氮肥利用率分别降低了18.36%、14.64%,灌溉水分利用率分别增加了5.14%、36.68%。3个灌水处理的氮肥平均利用率表现为80%ETc>100%ETc>60%ETc,灌溉水分利用率表现为60%ETc>80%ETc>100%ETc。  【结论】  灌水与施用氮肥在促进机采棉干物质积累、氮素吸收及产量方面有显著的耦合效应。将灌水量控制在80%ETc时,施用N 300 kg/hm2棉花各器官的干物质积累、氮素吸收速率与分配比例最为合理,适宜机械采收模式,单株结铃数及单铃重也优于其他处理,可实现产量和水、氮利用率综合效益的最大化。     

不同残膜量和灌溉定额对棉花养分和水分利用的影响

【目的】 水资源短缺背景下,残膜污染制约棉花生长和水肥利用问题日益突出,探究不同残膜量及灌溉定额对棉花养分及水分利用的影响,可为残膜污染风险阈值评价及棉田可持续发展提供理论支撑。 【方法】 本研究以新疆典型覆膜滴灌棉田种植体系为研究对象,设置残膜量和灌溉定额2个调节因子,3个残膜量梯度为0、225和450 kg/hm2,分别用T1、T2和T3表示;3个灌溉定额为3450 m3/hm2、4650 m3/hm2和5850 m3/hm2,分别用W1、W2和W3表示。分析了不同残膜量和灌溉定额对棉花生物量、养分吸收利用及水分利用效率的影响。 【结果】 1) 棉田蒸散量受残膜量、灌溉定额及二者交互作用的影响显著,而生物量、水分利用效率和养分吸收量仅受残膜和灌溉定额单因子的影响显著。2) 增加残膜量降低了籽棉产量和水分利用效率,不利于生物量及养分吸收量的提高,器官及单株养分吸收量明显减少,氮、磷利用效率均呈逐渐增大趋势。3) W1～W2范围内,随着灌溉定额的增加,棉田蒸散量显著增加,生物量、籽棉产量、养分吸收量呈增加趋势,当灌溉定额增至W3时,上述指标又逐渐降低。4) 不同灌溉定额下,残膜量在0～450 kg/hm2范围内,减产9.6%～13.1%,增加灌溉定额产量增加10.1%～13.4%,但耗水量增幅却高达6.8%～29.2%。表明残膜污染情况下,在一定范围内增加灌溉定额,可以减轻残膜对棉花生物量、产量及水肥利用效率的降幅,但显著增大了棉田耗水量。 【结论】 适当增加灌溉定额会减轻残膜带来的负面效应,但灌水对残膜的响应是建立在增加棉田耗水量的基础上。因此,残膜量增加会增大棉田耗水量,采取措施减轻地膜残留量,有助于促进棉花产量的提高和水肥的高效利用。      

不同滴灌施肥水平对北疆棉花水分利用率和产量的影响

为探讨不同滴灌施肥策略对棉花生长、产量、水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力的影响,在新疆石河子,于2012年和2013年棉花生长季,设置5个N-P2O5-K2O施肥水平150-60-30、200-80-40、250-100-50、300-120-60和350-140-70 kg/hm2(分别记为F0.6、F0.8、F1.0、F1.2和F1.4)和3个灌溉水平(60%ETC:W1、80%ETC:W2、100%ETC:W3,ETC是作物蒸发蒸腾量),研究水肥互作对棉花株高、叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)、干物质质量、籽棉产量、水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力的影响。2 a的大田试验表明:2 a的W1灌水水平下各施肥处理株高均低于60 cm且叶面积指数小于3.2,除2013年W2F0.6处理外,W2和W3灌水水平下各施肥处理株高介于60~71 cm且叶面积指数介于3.4~4.2,其中W3F1.0,W3F1.2和W3F1.4处理2 a有效铃数均在6.8个/株以上且籽棉产量差异不显著。棉花有效铃数比百铃质量对水肥更加敏感。水分利用效率最高的处理为W2F1.0,2 a分别为1.65和1.52 kg/m3,比产量最高的W3F1.0处理高12%和6%,但其产量比W3F1.0下降约5%。在北疆棉花膜下滴灌施肥条件下,灌水量在100%ETC,施肥量在250-100-50 kg/hm2时,可以获得最高的籽棉产量。灌水量在80%ETC,施肥量在250-100-50 kg/hm2时,可以获得低于最高籽棉产量约5%的籽棉产量和最高的水分利用效率。从节水和生态可持续发展角度来看,灌水量80%ETC、N-P2O5-K2O 250-100-50 kg/hm2为最佳滴灌施肥策略。该研究可为北疆棉花实施有效的膜下滴灌施肥管理提供理论依据。     

豫北地区冬小麦滴灌灌水技术参数研究

为优化豫北地区冬小麦在滴灌条件下的灌水技术参数,通过田间试验系统研究了不同滴头流量(2.0,4.0,6.0 L/h)和滴灌带间距(40,60,80,100,120 cm)对灌溉水在土壤中分布、冬小麦产量以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：就灌水均匀度而言,缩小滴灌带间距和增加滴头流量可以提高灌溉水在冬小麦根区的分布均匀度;本试验条件下滴灌带铺设超过80 cm,会影响冬小麦产量及其构成,滴灌带间距相同时,冬小麦产量随着滴头流量的增加呈递增趋势。就水分利用效率而言,适宜的滴灌带间距及滴头流量组合能在同一灌水条件下,有效减小耗水量并提高水分利用效率;本试验条件下滴灌带间距60 cm、滴头流量2.0 L/h的参数组合的产量最高,达到10 626.45 kg/hm²,水分利用效率最高,达到2.42 kg/m³。综合分析灌溉水均匀度、冬小麦产量以及水分利用效率,滴灌带间距60 cm、滴头流量2.0 L/h,以及滴灌带间距80 cm、滴头流量6.0 L/h的参数组合是适宜的冬小麦滴灌灌水技术参数。     

干旱区膜下滴灌制度对土壤盐分分布和棉花产量的影响

土壤盐渍化在干旱区越来越加重。因此在干旱区盐碱粉砂壤土中应用滴灌时,如何制定合理的灌溉制度使得灌溉水对土壤盐分的淋洗是一个关键的科学问题。本文就此问题,2007～2009年进行了3年的膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移的试验研究。结果表明,在棉花生长阶段,随着灌溉定额的增加,土壤盐分峰值位呈现下移的趋势。当灌溉定额从DIA(3 000 m3 hm-2)增加至1.6 DIA时,盐分峰值位置向垂直方向从35 cm下移至65 cm。滴灌结束之后,土壤盐分峰值的下移顺序为1.6 DIA>1.4 DIA>1.2 DIA>DIA。随着滴头流量的增加,在一定的滴水强度范围之内,土壤盐分峰值位置呈现下移的趋势,当滴头流量进一步增加时,土壤孔隙的入渗能力变得小于滴头流量,致使土壤盐分下移受水分运动的影响。灌溉结束之后土壤盐分峰值的下移顺序为2.6 L h-1>2.2 L h-1>1.8 L h-1>3.2 L h-1。在时间尺度上,灌溉结束时,随着时间的推移,土壤盐分呈现从深层到地表和从膜下到膜间的双向迁移趋势。随着灌溉定额或滴头流量的增加,棉花产量也呈现先增加后减少的趋势。由此可见,无论是水分亏缺或者过量灌溉均会降低棉花产量,同时过小或过大的滴头流量也不利于增加棉花产量。因此在干旱区的粉砂壤土中进行膜下滴灌时,要使棉花产量达到较高值,应尽量采用2.6 L h-1的滴头流量和1.4 DIA的灌溉定额处理为宜。     

优化灌溉制度提高苜蓿种植当年产量及品质

为探讨灌溉定额及分配对滴灌苜蓿种植当年生产性能及水分利用效率的影响,该研究设3种滴灌灌溉定额,分别为3 750(W1)、4 500(W2)、5 250 m3/hm2(W3),且在W2处理下,设3种灌溉定额分配模式(Q1:刈割前灌溉本茬次总灌水量的35%+刈割后灌溉本茬次总灌水量的65%;Q2:刈割前灌溉本茬次总灌水量的50%+刈割后灌溉本茬次总灌水量的50%;Q3:刈割前灌溉本茬次总灌水量的65%+刈割后灌溉本茬次总灌水量的35%)。结果表明,滴灌苜蓿种植当年,不同灌溉量条件下,苜蓿的株高、叶茎比、茎粗、生长速度、干草产量、粗蛋白(crude protein,CP)含量均为W3W1处理,中性洗涤纤维(neutral detergent fiber,NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(acid detergent fiber,ADF)含量为W3W2处理,水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)为W1W3处理;不同灌溉定额分配条件下,苜蓿的株高、叶茎比、茎粗、生长速度、干草产量、CP、WUE均为Q1Q3处理,且Q1处理的干草产量最高达到9 916~10 172 kg/hm2,WUE为3.31~3.39 kg/(mm·hm2),NDF、ADF含量为Q1Q3处理。适宜的灌水量(4 500 m3/hm2)有利于苜蓿种植当年干草产量的提高,并保持较高的粗蛋白含量和相对较低的纤维含量;刈割前灌溉本茬次总灌水量的35%,并在刈割后灌溉本茬次总灌水量的65%,有利于苜蓿种植当年干草产量的提高及营养品质的改善。     

灌水对水肥一体化制种玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

研发和推广应用高效节水技术是提升扬黄灌区制种玉米产量、支撑制种玉米产业增效和持续发展的重要途径。为了给建立制种玉米水肥一体化技术模式下的科学高效灌溉制度提供科学依据。在甘肃扬黄灌区滴灌水肥一体化条件下,研究了不同灌溉定额和灌水次数下制种玉米的产量表现和水分利用效果。结果表明,灌溉定额从2 250 m3/hm2增加到3 000 m3/hm2时,制种玉米增产幅度达33.84%,但灌溉定额高于3 000 m3/hm2并继续增大时增产效果不明显,生育期耗水量增加,水分利用效率降低明显。灌水次数从10次增加至20次时,制种玉米产量及水分利用效率均呈降低趋势,灌水次数多于15次并继续增加时,制种玉米减产显著。灌水次数和灌溉定额之间不存在互作效应。在灌溉定额偏低条件下,增加灌水次数会造成制种玉米严重减产。当生育期灌溉定额为3 000 m3/hm2、灌水次数为10次时,折合产量较高,为7 386.9 kg/hm2,较其余处理增产-2.77%～93.58%;水分利用效率最高,为17.83 kg/(mm·hm2),较其余处理提高5.32%～78.30%;种植纯收益较高,为29 683.6元/hm2,较其余处理增加-511.8～20 675.4元/hm2;产投比最高,为3.03,较其余处理增加0.07～1.38。可见,灌水10次、灌溉定额为3 000 m3/hm2时灌溉水利用效果相对优化。     

膜下滴灌条件下滴头流量和水质对水分运移及蒸散规律影响研究

通过土柱模拟试验,从不同滴头流量、滴水定额和滴灌水质三个方面,研究了不同滴头流量条件下水分运移规律以及不同滴头流量、水质对棉花蒸散特性的影响。研究表明,相同滴水定额条件下,大滴头流量有利于水分的水平运移,湿润锋曲线呈椭圆型,小滴头流量利于水分的垂直下渗,湿润锋更接近于圆形;苗期(6月份)和吐絮期(10月份)0.3 L h-1滴头流量处理蒸散量小于0.8 L h-1,只为后者的78.3%,而在7～9月份,小滴头流量滴灌蒸散量则明显大于大滴头流量。微咸水滴灌条件下,2.47 g L-1微咸水灌溉对蒸散量没有影响,3.50 g L-1咸水灌溉则有明显的抑制作用,整个生育期内咸水灌溉棉花蒸散总额比淡水和微咸水灌溉减少8.0%。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.