江西省宁都县实施国家水保重点建设工程的成效与做法

摘要宁都县自2003年被列为国家水土保持重点建设工程项目区的10年来,按照集中连片、规划治理、突出重点、打造精品、体现效益的原则,坚持科学发展观,以水土资源的可持续利用和生态环境的可持续维护为主线,以改善生态环境,发展农村经济为目标,以小流域为单元,因地制宜,综合防治,实行人工治理与生态修复相结合、生态治理与产业开发相结合、工程措施和生物措施、农耕措施相结合,不断拓展重点建设工程模式,形成完整的综合防治和技术体系,有效防治水土流失,生态环境明显改善,带动了县域经济的持续发展,取得了较好的效果。     

平昌县水土保持生态文明建设成效及经验

多年来,四川省平昌县始终把治理水土流失、建设生态家园作为建设社会主义新农村的重要内容,以治理促开发,以开发促增收,以增收促脱贫,把治理水土流失作为服务县域经济社会发展的重要支撑,把水土流失治理与巴山新居、产业发展、惠民增收相结合,把深度治理作为全县乡村旅游提档升级的重要举措,极大地改善了县域生态环境和群众生产生活条件,实现了"粮食有保障、产业有支撑、增收有基础、发展有特色、乡风更文明"的建设目标。其主要做法与经验是:坚持政府驱动,压实责任抓落实;立足整合牵引,统筹推进抓规模;着眼治理成效,培育产业抓增收。     

安顺市水土保持生态建设成效与经验

贵州省安顺市在新时期水土保持生态建设中紧紧抓住"五个创新",在规划引领下,通过优化发展模式、打造宣传平台、优化治理思路、健全保障机制等,走出了一条具有安顺特色的"以水土流失治理带动产业开发,以产业发展支撑水土流失治理"的经济与生态良性发展之路。在工作实践中,治理与开发有机结合,鼓励社会资本参与水土流失治理,紧紧围绕水利供给侧结构改革和"三权"促"三变"改革思路,盘活农村资源资产,促进了产业结构优化升级,使全市水土保持生态建设得到了质的提升、水土资源得到了有效保护、生态环境有了较大改善。     

关于命名“全国沙棘生态建设示范县”的决定

为了进一步加快治理水土流失、改善生态环境的步伐,推动全国沙棘资源建设和开发工作, 我部决定命名在沙棘资源建设开发方面成效突出的河北省丰宁县等11个县(旗、市)为"全国沙棘生态建设示范县". 希望被命名县再接再厉,加大沙棘资源的建设和开发力度,加快水土流失治理,为建设山川秀美的"三北"地区做出更大贡献.     

“长治”工程助推蓬安特色农业建设

蓬安县在实施"长治"工程过程中,针对不同小流域的特点,采取不同的治理模式和防治技术,追求小流域治理效益的最大化,取得了生态环境显著改善、旅游日趋兴旺、经济明显增长、基础设施完善、生产条件改变的综合效果,为该县的"特色农业大县,绿色生态靓县"建设做出了巨大贡献。     

在实施民生水土保持战略中推进永和跨越发展

近年来,永和县紧紧围绕治理水土流失、改善生态环境、实现脱贫致富的目标,以坝滩联治和坡耕地改造为重点,坚持"穷县出精品、小县办大事"的方针,实现了水土流失治理的新突破,初步探索出了一条"水保富民、生态兴县"的新路子,有力地推动了全县经济社会的跨越发展。文章介绍了其主要经验。     

搞好水土资源的可持续利用促进西部大开发战略顺利实施

全面贯彻落实党中央、国务院关于水土保持生态环境建设和西部大开发的战略部署 ,以节约保护、综合治理、合理开发、有效利用水土资源为主线 ,促进经济社会的可持续发展 ;加快退耕还林还草步伐 ,恢复和建设良好生态环境 ;以长江、黄河上中游地区为重点 ,以县为单位 ,以小流域综合治理为基础 ,适应新形势 ,进一步优化水土保持措施配置 ,加大水土保持生态环境建设力度 ,实现群众脱贫致富 ,改善生态环境 ,促进区域经济发展 ,减少江河泥沙 ,为大江大河治理服务     

龙滩水电站库区移民安置工程水土保持治理措施布局特点

以龙滩水电站贵州库区移民安置工程水土保持治理为例,总结治理措施布局特点,提出以水土流失防治为中心、以改善移民安置区生态环境和提高移民群众受惠度为着力点的"一个中心、两个着力点"的布局思路,以期为类似项目提供借鉴和参考。     

岳池县坡面水系建设成效及经验

岳池县自1989年被列为"长治"工程重点防治县以来,积极思考探索新的坡面水系工程建设管理模式,坚持以小流域为单元,按照"以坡改梯经果林建设为重点,以沟凼池路为骨干,有效改善农业生产条件"的建设思路,全面开展山水田林路综合治理,有效防治水土流失,带动了县域经济的持续发展,取得了较好的效果。主要经验是通村民的参与,规划更科学合理,变村民被动治理为主动治理,由被人管改变为我来管。     

三峡库区营造人水和谐生态环境的做法

为了加强三峡库区生态环境保护和建设,贯彻落实以人为本的科学发展观,重庆市政府针对全市水土流失实际提出了综合防治的总方针。通过加强库区消落带整治、开展库周绿化带建设、强化以小流域为单元的综合治理,加大了三峡库区水土流失的治理力度。重庆市“长治”工程实施17年来,在治理思路上不断创新机制,坚持生态优先,治理与开发有机结合,完善了法规、规章体系,加强了预防监督,规范了项目建设管理,遏制了人为水土流失,使生态环境明显改善。     

河道堤防滩地的水土流失及其防治

平原地区河道堤防滩地的水土流失,直接淤积河床,影响行洪安全。堤防滩地的水土流失是自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果,以新修堤防的水土流失最为严重,对其防治须实行工程措施、植物措施和人为预防相结合。     

论水土、水土生态与水土生态保持

在论述水土在陆地生态系统中的地位和作用的基础上,提出了水土生态的概念,认为植被与水土不可分割的整体观念是水土生态的重要特征。同时,对水土生态保持的含义作了新的定义,并将水土生态保持划分为四大类型,即生态型、自然型、生产型、建设型。从水土生态的高度,从源头上、要素的联系中去认识和防治水土流失,是一种主动的、有机的、整体的水土保持观念,是水土保持认识观的深化和发展,将使水土生态保持事业进入一个崭新的时代。     

防治水土流失 建设巴渝秀美山川

重庆地处长江上游、三峡库区,由于三峡库区水土流失严重、生态环境脆弱、自然灾害频繁,且三峡库区的水土保持和生态建设事关全市经济社会发展全局、事关三峡工程建成后的安全运行和库区的长治久安,因此是我市水土保持生态建设的重点。虽然,“长治”工程的有效实施,使我市的水土保持生态建设取得了较大的成绩,但离全面建设小康社会的要求尚有不少的差距,因此,我们要紧紧抓住国家实施可持续发展战略和西部大开发战略的历史机遇,进一步增强紧迫感、责任感和使命感,调动全社会各界力量,防治水土流失,改善生态环境,建设巴渝秀美山川。     

Charge characteristics and exchangeable cation status of Korean Ultisols and Alfisols and Thai Ultisols and Oxisols

The charge characteristics of A₁ or Ap and B₂ horizon samples of total 23 Ultisols, Alfisols and Oxisols in Korea and Thailand were studied by measuring the retention of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^? at different pH values (4–8) and NH₄NO₃ concentrations (0.1–0.005 m ). The magnitude of their negative charge (σ^?; meq/100g) was dependent on pH and NH₄NO₃ concentration (C; m ) as represented by a regression equation: log σ^?=apH +blogC +c. The values of the coefficient a (0.04–0.226), b (0.03–0.264) and c (–0.676–1.262) were correlated with the kinds of the soil and horizon and with the region where the soil exists. The retention of NO₃^? was less than 1 and 2–3 meq/100 g for the A₁ or Ap and B₂ horizon samples, respectively. The sum of exchangeable base and Al (‘effective’ CEC) was close to and higher than the magnitude of permanent charge (=σ^? measured at pH = 4.3 and at C = 0.005 m ) for one-third and two-thirds of samples, respectively. A σ^? value of 16 meq/100 g clay at pH = 7 and C = 0.01 m was found appropriate to separate the B₂ horizons of Thai Ultisols and Oxisols from those of Korean Ultisols and Alfisols. Korean Alfisols and Ultisols and Thai Ultisols were distinguished from each other on the status of exchangeable base and Al     

水土保持监督管理程序与时效图文解析

水土保持法律规范和相关行政法律规范,共同构成了水土保持监督管理法律体系,其内容庞杂,相互交叉、融合,程序复杂。通过一组网络图及其简要注释,直观地表述了水土保持监督管理工作的相关程序、时效、逻辑关系和法律依据;通过对网络图呈现的逻辑问题所反映出的法律缺陷进行分析,提出应当按照立法法的有关规定,对现行法律特别是水土保持法律法规进行必要的修改,以适应不断发展的水土保持监督管理工作需要的建议。     

城镇开发区建设中的人为水土流失及防治措施

简析了婺源县城镇开发区建设过程中造成水土流失的状况、危害、原因后,提出了其防治措施,并阐明开展城市（镇）水土保持的紧迫性。     

我国滑坡、崩塌的区域特征、成因分析及其防御

论述了我国滑坡、崩塌的区域分布特征,滑坡和崩塌的危害程度,滑坡和崩塌类型和成因分析,并且提出了灾害的防御措施,以期达到环境保护成为社会发展过程中的一个重要组成部分。     

Study on Soil and Pine-Seedling Zn and Mn and Predicting-Model Design

Soils were collected from 2-year (2-y) and 3-year (3-y) old red-pine seedling plots in two tree nurseries, Hayward in the north and Wilson in the southwestern part of Wisconsin State respectively, and equilibrated with 0.01 M Ca(NO₃)₂ for soil solution Zn and Mn (solu-Zn and Mn), and with 0.01 M Ca(NO₃)2+0.005 M EDTA for soil adsorbed Zn and Mn (ad-Zn and Mn). Buffering capacity of soil Zn and Mn (b-Zn and Mn) was obtained from the ratio of ad-Zn and Mn to the solu-Zn and Mn. The concerned traces in pine seedling needles (ndls), stems(sts) and roots (rts) were simultaneously measured.     

Sodium and potassium effects on cation concentration and yield of lucerne and phalaris grown separately and together

Abstract

Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) were grown separately and together in a pot trial on a yellow‐brown pumice soil with three rates of sodium (Na) and two rates of potassium (K) in factorial combination. Lucerne alone had a low Na concentration but growing phalaris as a companion grass produced herbage with a Na concentration adequate for stock. Na application increased the Na concentration in phalaris and the mixture of phalaris and lucerne much more than in lucerne alone; had little effect on K concentration; slightly reduced Mg concentration; and greatly reduced Ca concentration but not as much in lucerne as in phalaris or the mixture with lucerne. K application increased K concentration and reduced Na, Ca and Mg concentrations throughout. Yield of phalaris grown alone and in combination with lucerne was increased significantly by Na application when K concentration in the plants was low. Yield of lucerne was not affected by Na application and it is concluded that Na did not substitute for K in this species. It is concluded that field trials are warranted to investigate the possibility of growing a special purpose mixture of lucerne and phalaris on New Zealand yellow‐brown pumice soils to provide feed that has adequate Na for grazing animals.