三峡库区几种耐水淹植物根系特征与土壤抗水蚀增强效应

为明确用于三峡库区消落区植被构建的岸生植物物种根系特征与土壤抗水蚀之间的关系,对狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon(L)Pers.)、空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart)Griseb)、荻(Triarrhena saccharifloraNakai)、牛鞭草(Hemarthria compressa(L.f.)R.Br.)、香附子(Cyperus rotundusL.)、野古草(Arundinella anomala Steud.)等6种耐水淹植物根系进行了研究。利用根钻(Eijkelkamp agrisearch equipmentmodel 15.01)在野外直接取样的方法,获取了含有目标物种根系的土柱试验样品,采用改进的抗崩解装置测量土壤的水蚀速率,计算了这6种植物根系对土壤的抗水蚀增强系数,并使用根系分析系统(WinRHIZO Pro.2004c)对根系特征进行了分析。研究发现,空心莲子草、荻、香附子和狗牙根的根冠比均值较大,野古草、荻具有较大的根长密度和根表面积密度;含有根系的土壤水蚀速率显著低于对照,空心莲子草、荻、野古草的土壤抗水蚀增强系数显著高于其他3个物种;根长密度、根表面积密度均与土壤抗水蚀增强系数之间呈极显著的线性关系;根系径级中D≤2 mm的根系与土壤抗水蚀关系最为密切,土壤抗水蚀增强系数与D≤2 mm根系的根长密度和根表积密度均呈显著的线性关系,相关系数随着径级的增加而减小。结果表明,6物种均能显著增强土壤的抗水蚀能力,空心莲子草、荻、野古草的增强作用最为明显;根长密度、根表面积密度能很好地表征土壤的抗水蚀能力,尤其是D≤2 mm或D≤0.5 mm根系的根长密度和根表积密度,可以作为表征土壤抗水蚀能力的最重要参数。     

狗牙根群落土壤-根系系统的结构及其抗冲刷与抗侵蚀性能的空间变化

[目的]探讨三峡库区消落带常见的物种狗牙根对库区消落带固土护坡的作用机理。[方法]结合野外调查和室内试验研究,对狗牙根群落根土复合体的结构、根土复合体抗冲刷与抗侵蚀性能及其空间变化进行研究。[结果]狗牙根根系对土壤抗冲性和抗蚀性都有显著的增强效应。随着狗牙根根系生物量的增加,土壤抗冲性和抗蚀性能力也随之增强,且根系生物量与土壤抗冲性和抗蚀性有线性相关性;土壤的抗冲刷与抗侵蚀能力还受消落带海拔梯度的影响,随着海拔梯度的上升,土壤的抗冲刷与抗侵蚀能力逐渐增强,在175m高度达到最大。[结论]由于高度升高,被淹的时间缩短,狗牙根在高海拔地区的生长状况好于低海拔地区。     

浦阳江下游江岸草本植物根系对土壤抗冲性的影响

采用7级目测法对浦阳江下游江岸草本植物进行了调研,筛选出了当地的优势草本,并对其根系密度、土壤抗冲性增强效应进行了分析,补充了植物根系对江岸土壤抗冲性影响的基础资料。研究发现:（1）浦阳江下游江岸的优势草本植物是狗牙根、水蓼、芦苇、芒、双穗雀稗;（2）5种草本植物根系（d≤1.0 mm）在土壤表层（0—30 cm）均有较多分布,根系密度随着土层的垂直分布深度增加而减少,其规律服从指数函数关系分布;（3）5种优势草本根系均能增强浦阳江下游江岸土壤的抗冲性,增强值分别如下:芦苇14.16,芒12.53,狗牙根5.39,双汇雀稗5.01,水蓼4.41。5种优势草本均能在浦阳江消落带植被构建中发挥土壤抗冲性增强效应,尤其是芦苇与芒的增强效应最为明显。     

水库消落带典型草本植物根系对土壤抗冲性能的影响

为明确水库消落带典型草本植物根系对土壤抵抗径流侵蚀性能的影响,以裸地为对照,通过原状土冲刷试验研究了狗牙根、扁穗牛鞭草和苍耳3种草地0—20cm土层的土壤抗冲性能,并探讨了不同草本植物的根系特征及其对土壤抗冲性能的影响。结果表明:(1)3种草本植物根系均集中分布在0—10cm土层,扁穗牛鞭草的根重密度、根长密度、根表面积密度和根体积密度均显著高于狗牙根和苍耳(P<0.05)。(2)冲刷过程中各土样的径流含沙量均是先急剧降低后趋于稳定,放水冲刷0~3min含沙量较高且快速降低,3~6min缓慢降低,6~10min趋于平稳。与对照相比,不同草地在10min冲刷过程中均可有效减少径流含沙量,其中0—10cm土层的径流含沙量大小表现为对照>狗牙根>苍耳>扁穗牛鞭草,10—20cm土层则表现为对照>狗牙根>扁穗牛鞭草>苍耳。(3)冲刷过程中各土样的土壤抗冲指数均为先缓慢增大后迅速增大,抗冲指数在0~3min内较小且缓慢增大,3~6min时逐渐增大,6min后迅速增大。与对照相比,不同草本植物根系均可有效增加土壤抗冲指数,其中各草地0—10cm土层的抗冲指数与对照相比有显著差异,扁穗牛鞭草草地土壤抗冲指数最大,是对照的2.15倍,其次为苍耳、狗牙根草地,分别为对照的1.60,1.43倍;10—20cm土层扁穗牛鞭草和苍耳草地的土壤抗冲指数与对照相比仍具有显著差异,而狗牙根草地则差异不显著。(4)草本植物根系对土壤抗冲性能的增强效应主要发生在0—10cm土层,扁穗牛鞭草根系对土壤抗冲性能的增强效应最大,其次是苍耳,狗牙根最小。土壤抗冲性能的提高与根系分布、形态指标等密切相关,D≤1.5mm径级根系根表面积密度和根体积密度是影响土壤抗冲指数的关键因子。     

植物根系固土作用研究进展

植物根系是植物吸收水分和养分的重要器官。强大的植物根系不仅可从土壤中吸收植物生长所必须的水分和养分,而且对于改良土壤的结构和成分,增强土壤的抗侵蚀能力和抗剪切能力有着重要的作用。从植物根系方面来研究土壤抗侵蚀能力是一个多学科交叉的新领域。通过多学科、多领域的联合研究,系统地揭示植物根系固土作用和固土机理,植物根系通过增强土壤的抗蚀性、抗冲性、抗剪强度以及根系的锚固力作用,提高了土壤的抗侵蚀能力。对于更有效地控制水土流失、保护和改善生态环境具有非常重要的意义。     

植物篱-农作模式坡耕地土壤综合抗蚀性特征

土壤抗剪强度、抗蚀性与抗冲性不仅反映了土壤对水力侵蚀不同发育阶段（雨滴溅蚀、薄层水流片蚀与股流沟蚀）的侵蚀力大小,还通过共存、耦合决定对抗水力侵蚀的综合能力（综合抗蚀性）的大小。利用植物篱控制水土流失的长期定位试验,采用数理统计法研究了植物篱-农作坡耕地土壤综合抗蚀性特征。结果表明,由于植物篱模式下土壤理化性质得以改善,加之网状植物篱根系的固结等作用促使土壤综合抗蚀性增强。紫穗槐、香根草、紫花苜蓿和蓑草植物篱-农作模式土壤综合抗蚀指数分别比常规横坡农作模式增加102.9%、91.9%、87.9%、82.9%。不同植物篱模式增强土壤综合抗蚀性效应的大小为,20o坡地紫穗槐>香根草,13o坡地紫花苜蓿>蓑草。植物篱模式也增强了各坡位土壤综合抗蚀性,改善了土壤综合抗蚀性的过大坡面异质性。该论文为进一步探究植物篱模式控制水土及氮磷等污染物流失提供参考。     

植物根系对土壤抗侵蚀能力的影响

植物根系增加土壤的抗侵蚀能力主要通过两种方式：一是通过根系在土体中交错，穿插，网络固持土壤；二是通过改善土壤的物理性质，提高土壤自身的水力学性质，从而增强土体的抗侵蚀能力，植物根系能明显增强土壤的抗冲性，土壤的渗透性及土体的剪切强度等水力学性质，根系在提高土壤抗侵蚀能力，防止土壤侵蚀方面有具有重要作用。     

三峡水库消落带4种草本根系抗拉特性及根系粘聚力

为明确三峡水库消落带典型草本植物根系抗拉特性并评价其固土能力,在三峡腹地忠县石宝镇消落带选取牛鞭草(Hemarthria altissima(L.f.)R.Br.)、扁穗牛鞭草(Hemarthria compressa(L.f.)R.Br.)、双穗雀稗(Paspalum paspaloides(Michx.)Scribn.)和自然恢复草本狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon(L.)Pers.),采用WinRhizo Pro.2009c根系分析系统分析了4种典型草本植物根系在土壤剖面的分布,利用拉力测试仪测定了4种草本根系的抗拉力并计算其抗拉强度,用Wu氏模型估算了根系对土壤粘聚力的增强值。结果表明,4种草地的根系大部分都分布在0—5cm土层中,根长密度(RLD)和根面积比(RAR)均沿土壤深度呈幂函数递减分布。4种消落带草本根系的平均抗拉力次序为狗牙根(5.86N)牛鞭草(5.55N)扁穗牛鞭草(5.50N)双穗雀稗(4.14N)。同样,狗牙根(62.26 MPa)平均抗拉强度最大,扁穗牛鞭草(51.29 MPa)和牛鞭草(50.66 MPa)次之,双穗雀稗(48.81 MPa)最小。4种草本根系都可以显著地增加土壤粘聚力,扁穗牛鞭草、牛鞭草、双穗雀稗、狗牙根最大增强值(表层0—5cm)分别为21.09,22.47,19.51,15.40kPa,平均增加黏聚力值分别为4.90,4.69,4.42,3.12kPa。说明4种草本植物的根系均具备较好的固土潜能,其中扁穗牛鞭草和牛鞭草根系的固土能力最强,双穗雀稗次之,狗牙根最弱。研究结果可以为三峡水库消落带的植被恢复和水土保持工程提供一定依据,并适当的推广到其他水库或湖泊消落带。     

金沙江干暖河谷不同土地利用条件下土壤抗冲性研究

采用原状土冲刷法对金沙江干暖河谷冲沟侵蚀区4种不同土地利用条件下的土壤进行抗冲性试验研究。结果指出,不论何种土地利用类型表层土壤的抗冲性随时间增长而增强,其关系可以用幂函数得到较好的拟合；土壤抗冲性强弱表现为荒草地稳定沟＞荒草地活动沟＞耕地＞裸地活动沟,这4者的土壤抗冲性指标均值比为1．0：1．4：3．0：21．5(荒草地稳定沟：荒草地活动沟：耕地：裸地活动沟)。这4种土地利用类型的亚表层土壤的抗冲性也有相同的趋势。研究表明,植物根系有明显的减沙效应,根系密度与根量是土壤抗冲能力的2个重要的生物指标。土壤有机质、＞0．25mm水稳性团聚体,尤其是粗粒径(3～5 mm,5～10mm,＞10mm)的水稳性团聚体的增加有利于提高土壤的抗冲性。     

两种草本植物根系对土壤可蚀性的影响

为揭示草本植物根系对土壤抗侵蚀能力的影响,选取白三叶（Trifolium repens L.）、黑麦草（Loliu perenne L.）及两者混播根系为研究对象,通过冲刷试验,研究了3种种植类型的根系特征及对土壤可蚀性影响。结果表明:（1）白三叶、黑麦草及混播草的根长密度（RLD）、根面积比（RAR）及根重密度（RMD）由春季到秋季呈现先升高后降低最后趋于稳定的变化趋势。（2）试验期内,土壤可蚀性大小顺序为白三叶 < 黑麦草 < 混播草 < 裸地。3种种植类型的土壤可蚀性与土壤容重、水稳性团聚体、RLD、RAR及RMD呈指数函数形式下降（R²>0.70）。（3）土壤可蚀性与0～1.0 mm径级根系极显著正相关（p<0.01）,与1.0～2.0 mm,0～2.0 mm显著正相关（p<0.05）。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。