青海省大通县退耕还林对土壤理化性质的影响

为全面了解退耕还林对土壤理化性质的影响,在青海省大通县选取退耕年限分别为5 a以内、5～10 a、10～20 a、20 a以上的青海云杉群落及其对比的青海云杉天然次生林及耕地群落,采用标准地调查法,分层取土样,对各群落表层和中下层土壤理化性状进行对比分析,结果表明:土壤容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、土壤团粒、大团聚体含量均表现为天然林地>退耕地>耕地,且随着退耕时间的延长,土壤孔隙状况和结构性能越来越接近于天然林地;土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾、CEC均表现为天然林地>退耕地>农耕地,而且与农耕地相比,退耕地土壤碱性有了明显的改善,且随着退耕时间的延长,越来越偏向于天然林地.     

不同巨桉林下紫色土壤抗蚀性与土壤因子的耦合关系分析

为揭示耕地退耕成巨桉林后对土壤抗蚀性的影响,在野外调查和室内分析的基础上,以紫色土上栽培的6a生巨桉纯林、巨桉+果树、巨桉+粮食作物及农耕地土壤作为研究对象,利用主成分方法分析了影响巨桉林土壤抗蚀性的主要理化指标,同时结合灰色关联度构建了抗蚀性指数—土壤理化性质指标的耦合模型,对不同巨桉林的抗蚀性进行综合判定。结果表明:影响土壤抗蚀性的主要因子有0.25mm团聚体含量、容重、有机质、平均重量直径、水稳性指数、有效钾、碱解氮,其中0.25mm团聚体含量是决定土壤抗蚀性水平的最关键因素;平均重量直径和水稳性指数与土壤理化性质指标分别属于中等和较强关联,土壤理化性质对土壤抗蚀性的影响依次为0.25mm团聚体含量碱解氮有效磷有机质有效钾容重;土壤抗蚀性与土壤理化性质系统的整体耦合水平属于弱协调,系统耦合协调程度为巨桉纯林(中度协调)耕地(弱协调)林粮(轻度不协调)林果(轻度不协调)。研究结论可为耕地退耕成巨桉林地的土壤抗蚀性评价提供一定的理论依据。     

半干旱区不同围封年限对草地土壤和微生物碳氮含量的影响

[目的]探究半干旱区草地根际土壤碳氮及土壤微生物量碳氮对不同封禁年限响应特征,为半干旱草地生态系统物质循环研究以及生态系统养分限制判定等提供依据,并为确定合理围封年限提供科学参考。[方法]以宁夏回族自治区固原市云雾山国家级自然保护区半干旱草原为研究对象,应用生态化学计量学方法对比分析放牧地与围封10,25,35 a样地根际土壤有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和土壤微生物量碳氮含量及其化学计量特征变化过程与规律。[结果]围封显著增加了土壤碳氮含量,其最大值出现在封育25 a样地,随后下降。围封10,25 a和35 a样地土壤有机碳含量分别是放牧样地的1.37,1.83倍和1.38倍;总氮含量分别是放牧样地1.34,1.52倍和1.24倍。但土壤C:N随围封年限增加基本保持稳定,其值与土壤有机碳含量存在极显著相关,而与土壤总氮无明显相关性。与放牧样地相比,围封样地铵态氮含量随封育年限无明显变化,硝态氮含量和硝态氮:铵态氮比值则普遍下降,在围封25 a时最低。围封增加了土壤微生物量碳氮含量,围封10,25,35 a样地土壤微生物量碳含量较放牧地分别提高了20.5%,45.7%和15.1%;微生物量氮含量分别提高了24.7%,60.5%和40.9%。而微生物量C:N则随围封年限延长而下降,微生物量碳占土壤有机碳百分比对围封年限无响应。围封10,25 a样地与放牧地相比,微生物量氮占土壤总氮百分比和化学计量不平衡性(即土壤C:N与微生物量C:N比值)均无显著差异,但其值却在围封35 a样地显著增加。[结论]围封措施能够显著提高半干旱退化草地土壤碳、氮养分,促进土壤微生物活动,有利于退化草地恢复,但封育时间过长则可能产生负效应,封育25 a是草地长期封育措施中一个较为合理的围封年限。     

白草塬植被恢复后沟头草本植物多样性与土壤因子的关系

[目的] 探究黄土塬沟头在植被恢复后的草本植物多样性变化与土壤因子间的关系,为该区沟头水土保持效益评估提供科学依据。[方法] 以农地沟头为对照,选择不同植被恢复年限(5,13,18,22 a)的白草塬草地沟头,调查和测定了各植被恢复年限沟头的草本植物多样性和表层土壤(0—10 cm和10—25 cm)的土壤性质因子。[结果] 随植被恢复年限的增长,Patrick丰富度指数呈现先增大后稳定的变化趋势;Shannon-Wiener指数呈现持续上升的趋势,植被恢复18 a和22 a时的Shannon-Wiener指数高于恢复13 a,但没有显著性差异;Pielou均匀度指数呈现增加—降低—再增加的波动趋势,且在恢复22 a时达到最大值(0.89)。白草塬沟头0—10 cm和10—25 cm的土壤容重均在恢复22 a时达到最小值,较农地分别显著降低13.1%和17.8%(p＜0.05);0—10 cm和10—25 cm的土壤有机质含量、水稳性团聚体含量、团聚体平均重量直径和饱和导水率均随植被恢复年限的增加而显著增加,两土层的土壤因子在各植被恢复年限上呈现出显著性差异。相关性分析显示草本植物多样性指标与容重间呈负相关关系,与土壤有机质、水稳性团聚体、团聚体平均重量直径以及饱和导水率呈显著正相关(p＜0.05)。冗余分析表明土壤团聚体含量与草本植物多样性变化密切相关。[结论] 植被恢复显著提高了沟头草本植物多样性,可改善表层土壤性质,在稳固沟头过程发挥重要作用。     

垦殖对川西北高寒草地土壤理化性质的影响

为了解垦殖对川西北高寒天然草地土壤理化性质的影响,采用空间代替时间的方法,选择高寒草地垦殖年限为3a和10a的蔬菜地作为研究对象,以未开垦的天然草地作为对照,研究了不同垦殖年限下0—60cm土层土壤理化性质的变化特征。结果表明:人为垦殖导致天然高寒草地土壤养分含量和土壤理化性质显著下降,且随着垦殖年限的增加土壤质量进一步降低。垦殖10a后,0—60cm土层土壤容重、砂粒含量分别增加了21.1%和8.0%(p0.05),土壤含水量、有机质、全氮、速效氮、粘粒含量分别下降了38.4%,44.1%,39%,46.7%和19.2%(p0.05)。表层(0—20cm)土壤理化性质和土壤碳氮养分含量的降低最明显,随着土层的加深,土壤理化性质变化趋于减弱。0—20cm土层土壤大部分碳、氮养分的损失发生在垦殖前3a,而在底层(20—40cm和40—60cm)土壤垦殖前3a土壤碳、氮的变化未达差异水平,土壤碳、氮养分的损失主要发生在垦殖3~10a。     

藏西沙化草地根系分布与土壤理化性质的关系

[目的]调查和分析沙化过程中草地根系与土壤理化性质的关系,为藏西草地沙化的治理提供理论依据。[方法]以西藏西部典型的沙化草地为研究对象,通过S采样法进行采样,对0-15 cm土层土壤理化性质进行研究。[结果]随着沙化程度的加剧,土壤根系含量下降,pH值与速效钾含量先升高后降低,容重升高,含水量、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷降低。土壤根系含量与pH值和容重间存在极显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数分别为-0.806和-0.735;与含水量、有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效磷存在极显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.771,0.658,0.590,0.686,0.382。[结论]草地沙化过程中植物根系含量与多个土壤理化性质指标存在相关关系,并受土壤理化性质的制约。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植被恢复中生物土壤结皮特征

以黄土丘陵沟壑区安塞县墩滩山的退耕地为研究对象,分析了退耕地植被自然恢复过程中生物土壤结皮的特点及其对土壤水分、土壤有机质和土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明:(1)生物土壤结皮的盖度随着退耕年限的增长不断增大,结皮的厚度也渐渐增加,且稳定在0.1~0.3 cm之间;(2)有结皮样地0—40 cm土层的土壤含水量一般比对照样地的土壤含水量要低,有结皮样地和对照土壤含水量都随土层深度逐渐升高,但升高幅度逐渐变小;(3)有生物结皮的样地土壤表层0—10 cm有机质含量比对照样地有机质含量大;10—20 cm土层有生物结皮的样地比对照样地有机质含量也高,但是差异不如0—10 cm土层明显;(4)随着退耕年限的增长,土壤侵蚀量逐渐减少,与退耕初期相比,退耕10 a以上样地土壤侵蚀量可减少30%~80%。说明在退耕地植被恢复的过程中,生物结皮改善了土壤表层性质,增强了土壤抗侵蚀能力。     

水旱轮作条件下长期自然免耕对土壤理化性质的影响

通过实地调查，采集不同免耕年限土壤进行对比分析，研究了水早轮作条件下长期自然免耕对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：水早轮作条件下，不进行秸秆覆盖长期双免耕的农耕措施对土壤理化性质有较大的影响。0～15cm土层容重随免耕年限的增加而减小，免耕7～8年后趋于稳定，而15～30cm土层的容重几乎不受影响；土壤团聚度随免耕年限的增加而增加，表层增加更明显；土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮和磷含量均随免耕年限增加而逐年上升，并且有明显表聚现象，但对速效钾的影响则不明显。     

不同植被恢复类型对煤炭物流园区废弃地土壤理化性质的影响

[目的]探究煤炭物流园区废弃地不同植被恢复类型对土壤理化性质的影响,为类似废弃地的生态修复提供科学参考。[方法]以3种典型植被恢复类型(乔木混交林、灌木林和草地)土壤为研究对象,煤质裸地为对照,测定不同植被恢复类型下土壤的理化性质并进行差异性、相关性和主成分分析。[结果](1)与裸地相比,乔木混交林、灌木林和草地经过10 a恢复以后,土壤总孔隙度分别增加了115.17%,62.06%,7.57%,土壤含水量增加了105.99%,71.21%,67.05%,而土壤容重减少了8.98%,5.13%,4.85%;(2)乔木混交林、灌木林土壤有机质含量明显增加,草地对碱解氮、速效钾含量有显著促进作用;碱解氮、速效磷含量在垂直方向均表现为显著的“表聚性”,而速效钾含量为显著深层聚集的特点;(3)有机质与碱解氮、速效磷、毛管孔隙均表现为显著正相关(p<0.05),碱解氮与速效磷表现为极显著正相关(p<0.01),即土壤有机质在改善土壤理化性质及养分循环方面具有重要作用。[结论]不同植被恢复类型土壤质量综合评价结果从高到低排序依次为：乔木混交林>灌木林>草地>裸地。乔木...     

民勤青土湖区不同年限退耕地土壤颗粒组成和养分变化特征

以石羊河下游民勤青土湖区不同年限退耕地典型样地为研究对象,通过时空替代法分析该区不同年限退耕地土壤颗粒组成与养分变化特征。结果表明:(1)不同年限退耕地上土壤颗粒组成含量总体砂粒粉粒黏粒粗砂粒,其中,黏粒结构在CK及退耕后4 a间,0—20 cm,20—40 cm土层之间含量间存在显著差异,之后其在土壤中的含量随退耕年限增加而趋于稳定,且两土层间差异不显著;粉粒和砂粒结构含量在CK及退耕后2 a变化较为剧烈,且同一年限内0—20 cm,20—40 cm两土层间存在显著差异,之后也随退耕年限的增加两土层及各退耕年限间均差异不显著,逐渐趋于稳定状态;而粗砂粒仅在CK及退耕后2 a含量较为稳定,之后退耕4～40 a间含量变化较大,存在不稳定性,且同一年限两土层间存在显著差异。(2)三种土壤养分的总体变化趋势均表现为随退耕年限增加而减小并最终趋于稳定,在同一年限内均表现为0—20 cm土层中的含量大于20—40 cm,且同一年限内两层间的含量差异均随退耕年限增加而逐渐减小,以土壤有机质和速效磷表现较为明显;其中土壤有机质含量在CK～退耕8 a间变化幅度较大,且在此期间退耕第4年时有一个剧烈上升的拐点,13～40 a间变化幅度较小;全氮含量在三种土壤养分中变化最为稳定,且在整个退耕时间内变化幅度较小;土壤速效磷含量CK含量最大,尤其在土壤表层0—20 cm最为明显,之后表现为随退耕年限增加而波动式下降的趋势,并趋于稳定。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and changes in soil gas diffusivity in a field experiment with biochar and lime

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from arable soil while maintaining productivity is a major challenge for agriculture. Biochar is known to reduce N₂O emissions from soil, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study examined the impact of green waste biochar (20 Mg ha^?1) and lime (CaCO₃; 2 Mg ha^?1) application on soil gas transport properties and related changes in these to soil N₂O and CO₂ emissions measured using automated chambers in a field experiment cropped with maize. In situ soil water content monitoring was combined with laboratory measurements of relative soil gas diffusion coefficient (D_p/D₀) at different matric potentials, to determine changes in D_p/D₀ over time. Cumulative N₂O emissions were similar in the control and lime treatment, but much lower in the biochar treatment. Cumulative CO₂ emissions decreased in the order: lime treatment > biochar treatment > control soil. When N₂O emissions were not driven by excess N supply shortly after fertilisation, they were associated with D_p/D₀ changes, whereby decreases in D_p/D₀ corresponded to N₂O emissions peaks. No distinct pattern was observed between CO₂ emissions and D_p/D₀. Cumulative N₂O emissions were positively related to number of days with D_p/D₀ < 0.02, a critical limit for soil aeration. These results indicate that improved soil gas diffusivity, and hence improved soil aeration, may explain the effect of biochar in reducing N₂O emissions. They also suggest that knowledge of D_p/D₀ changes may be key to explaining N₂O emissions.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

土壤可蚀性研究现状及展望

<正> 土壤可蚀性(soil erodibility)是指土壤是否易受侵蚀破坏的性能,也就是土壤对侵蚀介质剥蚀和搬运的敏感性。与侵蚀营力一样,土壤可蚀性是影响土壤侵蚀量大小的又一个重要因子。在水土保持学科中,我国习惯上把“水”和“土”并列使用,而国际上则用“soil loss”、“soil erosion”、“soil conservation”或“soil and water conservation”等术语。显然,土壤是水土保持学科的重点。另一方面,土壤侵蚀营力等是土壤流失过程中的外部因素,而土壤性质才是内在因素,因此,水土保持学科中核心的也是重要的问题,应该是土壤保护。土壤可蚀性研究在水土保持研究工作中具有重要意义,国际上把土壤可蚀性研究一直作为水土保持学科研究的重要内容之一。     

Soil testing in the united states

Abstract

There has been a marked change in the soil testing procedures used in the United States by state soil testing laboratories since the early 1950's. In the Coastal Plain states of the south and east, the Double Acid extraction procedure is used for P, K, Ca, and Mg determinations. Bray P₁ is the most frequently used method for P extraction except for the alkaline soils of the west where the Olsen method is used. Neutral normal ammonium acetate is the most frequently used extractant for K, Ca, and Mg determinations. The Morgan extraction procedures for P, K, Ca, and Mg, commonly used in the 1950's, is used by only a few states in the northeast and west. Although similar extraction reagents are used in many sections of the United States, there is considerable variance among states regarding weighed versus volume sampling, soil to solution ratio, shaking speed and time, and extraction vessel size and shape. For soil water pH, there is little variance in method as most states are using a 1:1 soil to solution ratio. The only exception is in several western states where water pH's are read in a saturated soil paste.

Considerable efforts are underway to standardize the techniques used to test soils primarily for the extractable elements.     

Historical aspects of soil classification in Japan

Historical perspective of soil classification in Japan from Max Fesca's soil classification in 1882 to the “Unified Soil Classification System of Japan (2002)” was outlined, aiming at reviewing the progress in soil classification. The evolution can be divided into the following five aspects: 1) Max Fesca's soil texture survey and soil classification from the agro-geological point of view under the influence of the German school; 2) Introduction of the concept of pedology into the classification under the influence of the Russian school led by Dokchaev; 3) Brief history of the classification of Andosols which has exerted a considerable influence on soil classification worldwide; 4) Soil classifications developed through the implementation of national soil survey projects to independently evaluate land suitability for the cultivation of paddy rice, upland crops, and for forest establishment; 5) Attempts to develop a comprehensive soil classification system in order to unify soil classification systems for the above-mentioned land uses from 1963 to the present.     

低丘侵蚀红壤复垦后土壤微生物特征研究

侵蚀红壤复垦培肥后 ,随着地面覆盖度的增加 ,土壤结构、土壤通气性、土壤养分状况得到改善 ,各侵蚀观测小区的年径流量、侵蚀模数、土壤流失量急剧降低 ,土壤微生物量、土壤呼吸强度、土壤酶活性均有较大幅度的提高 ,并且其在各小区的分布趋势与土壤养分和土壤水稳性团聚体的分布趋势相一致 ,说明侵蚀红壤经耕作培肥后 ,土壤有机残体的分解强度和腐殖质的合成过程得到加强 ,土壤肥力处于不断的恢复和提高过程当中 ,从土壤微生物和土壤酶活性增强的幅度来看 ,林地要优于草地 ,在林地中阔叶林优于混交林优于针叶林 (杉木林 ) ,而且随着复垦年限增加 ,土壤培肥效果更加显著     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

渭北旱塬侵蚀退化土壤生产力的恢复与评价

土壤侵蚀会降低生产力,威胁农业生产,因此,对土壤生产力进行恢复和评价具有重要意义。通过人工剥离熟土层,模拟研究不同侵蚀程度下的土壤生产力,选取施肥和覆盖表土2种恢复措施,对其土壤生产力的恢复情况展开研究并进行评价。结果表明:1)土壤侵蚀能够使土壤的理化性状恶化,施肥和覆土均能很好地改善土壤密度和孔隙度等,并能够增加土壤有机质及其他养分的质量分数。2)土壤侵蚀会降低作物产量,在不施肥下,每侵蚀1cm熟土层,玉米产量平均下降1.27%,施肥下每侵蚀1 cm熟土层,玉米产量比对照平均增加0.87%;而每覆盖1cm熟土层,玉米产量平均增加0.91%,但并不能完全补偿侵蚀造成的产量损失。3)利用土壤生产力指数模型(PI模型)计算出了不同措施下的生产力指数,发现:无肥下侵蚀的生产力指数最低,平均每侵蚀1 cm熟土层,生产力指数下降2.17%,施肥下平均每侵蚀1 cm熟土层,生产力指数比无肥增加1.09%,而平均每覆盖1 cm熟土,生产力指数增加1.29%;表明覆土较施肥更易提高土壤生产力。4)对产量和生产力指数进行相关性分析,得出二者具有很好的正相关关系,说明用生产力指数来衡量土壤生产力的高低是可行的。