电化学免疫传感器快速检测农产品中的毒死蜱

研究了一种无标记的电化学免疫传感器,用于农产品中的毒死蜱农药残留的快速检测。将毒死蜱人工抗原作为生物识别元件固定在金电极的表面,采用间接竞争法原理,样品中的被测组分与电极上的固定化包被抗原竞争性结合溶液中的抗体。抗体抗原结合反应通过电化学阻抗谱和石英晶体微天平进行表征。将该免疫传感器用于检测青菜、苹果等农产品中的毒死蜱农药残留。结果表明,此免疫传感器灵敏度好、准确度高;对毒死蜱农药的检测限为0.01μg/mL,回收率大于85%,检测时间小于1 h,变异系数小于5%,传感器经过再生处理后能重复使用,经济性较好。该研究可为实现快速检测农产品中农药残留传感器的商品化提供参考。     

QuEChERS-悬浮固化分散液液微萃取气相色谱法测定苹果、柑橘中7种有机磷农药

建立了气相色谱结合Qu ECh ERS-悬浮固化分散液液微萃取(DLLME-SFO)测定苹果、柑橘中7种有机磷类农药残留的检测方法。待测样品用Qu ECh ERS方法萃取净化后,再用DLLME-SFO方法进行浓缩,最后用气相色谱(FPD)进行检测。实验考察了萃取剂种类与体积,分散剂种类与体积以及盐浓度对萃取效果的影响。DLLME-SFO前处理过程中,将含待测物的乙腈1 m L提取液作为分散剂,50μL十二醇作为萃取剂,加入到氯化钠盐溶液中进行萃取浓缩。结果表明,在苹果和柑橘两种基质中7种有机磷农药在5、10、25μg/kg 3个添加水平下农药的平均回收率为76.34%~107.41%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.47%~6.70%,方法的定量限(LOQ)为0.13μg/kg~1.67μg/kg。该方法简单、灵敏高、重复性好,可用于苹果、柑橘中有机磷农药的检测。     

上海崇明农田土壤中有机磷农药的残留特征

2008年7月分别选取崇明典型农田土壤,对其中的9种有机磷农药残留进行检测。结果表明:水稻田土壤和蔬菜地土壤有机磷农药均有不同程度检出。水稻田土壤检测出的有机磷农药总量在0.23～0.69μg g-1之间,检出种类主要为甲拌磷、乐果、二嗪农、马拉硫磷、对硫磷;蔬菜地土壤检出的有机磷农药总量为0.10～0.57μg g-1,检出种类主要为氧化乐果、甲拌磷、乐果、马拉硫磷和对硫磷。其中,对硫磷的检出量和检出率均最高。不同土地利用方式对土壤有机磷农药残留有一定影响,水稻田土壤有机磷农药残留高于蔬菜地土壤,这可能与水稻田与蔬菜西瓜田耕种方式和施用农药量有关。     

茶饮料主要组分及pH对HS-SPME萃取有机磷农药效率的影响

分析了茶饮料中2种主要组分蔗糖和茶多酚对顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)法萃取有机磷农药效率的影响,并根据这些结果建立了混合基质校准标准曲线。结果表明,蔗糖浓度在0～90g/L范围内明显降低5种农药(甲基对硫磷,马拉硫磷,毒死蜱,喹硫磷和乙硫磷)的提取回收率,几种农药之间差异不大。茶多酚浓度在200～1200mg/L范围内对5种农药的提取效率有明显的降低效应;在700和900mg/L时,各农药的提取回收率最低,但不同农药其降低幅度不同,马拉硫磷和乙硫磷降幅最大,分别降至60%和40%。在此基础上,配制了浓度为700mg/L茶多酚和90g/L蔗糖,pH=2.7的混合溶液校准标准曲线。农药浓度在0.1～5μg/L范围内校准曲线线性极好(R2>0.99)。茶饮料中农药加标浓度为1μg/L时,其定量测定值在0.63～1.29μg/L之间。混合基质校准曲线能很好解决纯水标准曲线定量茶饮料有机磷农药HS-SPME-GC法检测中回收率偏低的问题,满足其快速检测的要求。     

基于酶抑制法的农药残留快速比色检测

基于有机磷与氨基甲酸酯类农药对乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,AChE)的抑制作用,以吲哚酚乙酸酯为酶促水解反应的显色底物,制备了一种抛弃型农药残留快速检测酶片;通过优化试验,用物理吸附法将AChE固定到尼龙膜Hybond N+膜上,经真空冷冻干燥后,酶活回收率可达27.3%;该酶片显色结果为蓝绿色,通过比较显色强度的变化,酶片对农药标样氧乐果、毒死蜱、甲萘威与抗蚜威的检出限分别为1、0.05、1.5与0.8μg/mL,均达到食品中的最大残留限量标准;将研制的酶片用于葡萄汁与小白菜样品的检测结果证实,该酶片具有灵敏度高、准确度高、重现性好等优点,可用于农产品中有机磷与氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的快速定性筛检。     

分散液相微萃取测定苹果中灭线磷马拉硫磷和毒死蜱残留

采用液液分散微萃取与气相色谱-火焰光度检测器联用技术,提出了可用于苹果中有机磷农药残留检测的一种快速、灵敏的新方法,并通过试验对提取条件进行了优化。结果表明,该方法成功地应用到苹果样本的检测。在优化的条件下最低检出限从1.32-3.58μg.mL^-1,相对标准偏差为11.06%-15.39%,分析标准曲线采用五点法（浓度从0.5-20μg.mL^-1）来绘制,线性的变化从0.977 3-0.997 6。为了评价样本的基质效应,用有机磷农药从3个不同浓度水平对样本进行添加,回收率从64.0%-89.0%,并且没有发现基质效应。液液分散微萃取不仅操作简便而且有机溶剂使用量极少,是一种顺应时代要求的环境友好型萃取方法。     

我国主产烟区烟田土壤有机农药残留状况研究

为摸清我国主产烟区烟田土壤农药残留状况,从全国13个主要植烟省的代表性植烟县市采集了431个土壤样品,采用气相色谱法测定分析了土壤中有机氯和有机磷农药残留。结果表明:六六六及滴滴涕含量均未超标,有机磷类农药含量均较低。六六六检出率为100%,含量范围为1.01~10.74μg/kg,平均为2.80μg/kg;滴滴涕检出率为100%,含量范围为0.18~410.88μ.g/kg,平均为15.44μg/kg;敌敌畏检出率为97.1%,含量范围为ND~2.01μg/kg,平均为0.27μg/kg;乐果检出率为63.6%,含量范围为ND~1.77μg/kg,平均为0.18μg/kg;甲基对硫磷检出率为88.8%,含量范围为ND~1.20μg/kg,平均为0.14μg/kg;马拉硫磷检出率为100%,含量范围为0.09~7.95μg/kg,平均为1.29μg/kg;对硫磷检出率为99.5%,含量范围为ND~3.46μg/kg,平均为0.5μg/kg。     

用于农药残留快速检测的生物传感器灵敏度筛选试验(简报)

为了提高乙酰胆碱酯酶生物传感器的灵敏度,使其更有效地应用于有机磷农药的快速检测。以商品乙酰胆碱酯酶（家蝇）和自制的鸡肝酶、鸡脑酶、鲤鱼脑酶为研究对象,比较了这4种乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性;检测了不同浓度的氧乐果、敌百虫和敌敌畏对4种酶的酶活抑制率。结果表明,鸡脑乙酰胆碱酯酶活性抑制率最高,3种农药对其的抑制率分别为：敌敌畏100 μg/L的抑制率为54.1%,敌百虫100 μg/L的抑制率为50.56%,氧化乐果100 μg/L的抑制率为24.16%。鸡脑酶廉价易得,且易于纯化,与自制的鸡肝酶和鲤鱼脑酶相比,乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性抑制率显著较高。因此鸡脑酶可以作为农产品农药残留快速检测用酶。     

生鲜乳中动物水解蛋白L-羟脯氨酸氨基酸分析仪检测法与紫外分光光度法检测法的对比分析

本文应用氨基酸自动分析仪和紫外分光光度计检测生鲜乳中L-羟脯氨酸含量,分析了两种方法的适用性.结果显示,用氨基酸分析仪检测生鲜乳中的羟脯氨酸浓度在0.5～2μg/mL范围内,线性相关系数为0.999 9；用紫外分光光度计检测生鲜乳中的羟脯氨酸浓度在0.5～2μg/mL范围内,线性相关系数为0.999 2.考虑到分析检测过程中试剂要求和仪器设备需要,分光光度计更适合基层大量检测和实验室仪器配置不高的情况下使用,氨基酸分析仪适合精密和研究检测使用.     

茶及其浸出液中有机磷农药的残留

<正> 为了查明茶叶中农药的残留状况对煎茶、玉露、焙茶等茶叶中的有机磷农药进行了检测,并探讨了不同茶叶种类、产区间的差异。实验方法 1.材料:商品煎茶28份,粗绿茶3份,焙茶9份,玉露4份,芽茶、茎茶和粉茶共4份,末茶2份,计8种茶叶50份样品。 2.有机磷农药:共33种。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI