半干旱黄土丘陵区退耕地林草植被恢复对土壤质量影响评价

[目的]探讨退耕还林还草对土壤质量的综合影响,为半干旱黄土丘陵区退耕地植被恢复与建设提供理论依据。[方法]选择半干旱黄土丘陵区的宁夏回族自治区彭阳县白阳镇中庄村示范区不同退耕地林草植被恢复样地为研究对象,采用AHP决策法对不同林草植被恢复下土壤理化因子进行综合评价。[结果]土壤水分是影响土壤环境状况的最主要因子,其权重值达到了0.210,其次为土壤的总孔隙度和土壤有机质含量,其权重值分别达到0.136,0.108,同时土壤的毛管持水量、土壤碱解氮含量和土壤脲酶含量也对土壤环境具有十分重要的作用,其权重值分别达到0.085,0.071及0.064。[结论]通过对影响土壤环境的化学性质、物理性质和生物活性的综合评价,认为林地、人工草地和天然草地不同程度地改善和提高了土壤的环境质量,以林地改善程度最大。     

宁南黄土丘陵区典型水保工程措施对土壤入渗性能的影响

土壤入渗性能是降水向土壤水转化的关键环节.利用双环法对宁南黄土丘陵区实施的88542水平沟整地、鱼鳞坑整地和机修水平梯田3种典型水土保持工程措施后土壤的入渗性能进行了试验研究.结果表明,实施水保工程措施后,土壤的入渗性能得到了明显改善,对土壤入渗性能改善程度表现为88542水平沟＞鱼鳞坑＞水平梯田,三者的入渗模型以Philip入渗公式精度最高,Horton人渗经验公式精度相对 较低.土壤入渗性质的变化主要由于在实施不同水土保持措施后土壤容重和孔隙性发生了显著变化引起的.三种工程措施对土壤容重和孔隙度的改善程度和土壤入渗性能各项指标的变化高度一致.     

半干旱退化山区不同土地利用方式土壤理化性质的特征研究

通过对半干旱退化山区不同土地利用方式的土壤理化性质的调查研究.得出不同土地利用措施土壤机械成分表现出一定的差异性,在0-40 cm土层,88542整地和人工草地的粗砂粒平均含量高于天然草地;在0-100 cm土层,最大田间持水量:人工林地＞人工草地＞天然草地;毛管持水量:人工草地＞人工林地＞天然草地;土壤总孔隙度:人工林地＞人工草地＞天然草地;毛管孔隙度:人工草地＞人工林地＞天然草地;土壤的透气性:人工林地＞人工草地＞天然草地.在0-100 cm土层:有机质的含量为:人工林地＞天然草地＞人工草地;土壤碱解氮的含量变化为:人工林地＞人工草地＞天然草地;土壤速效磷的含量变化为:人工林地＞人工草地＞天然草地.结果表明,合理的土地利用方式,改善了土壤结构和肥力,增加土壤的通透性,改变土壤水肥气热状况,其中人工造林整地对土壤容重、持水量、土壤养分的促进作用均优于其它利用方式,有利于植被的快速恢复.     

半干旱黄土丘陵区不同整地方式下退化草地植物群落恢复特征

[目的]对比分析2种造林整地措施处理后的草地植物群落特征,为宁南半干旱黄土丘陵区植被恢复和建设提供理论依据。[方法]以固定样地与群落样方调查数据为基础,对比了"88542"水平沟、鱼鳞坑2种不同整地方式下群落动态特征。[结果](1)在一定的时间尺度上,生境的异质性对鱼鳞坑整地植物群落的结构影响较大,整地方式对植物群落结构特征的影响不明显。(2)生境条件的不同影响了群落的多样性。鱼鳞坑整地的植物群落由于生境的异质性较大,促成了较高的多样性。植物群落物种多样性由高到低的顺序为:鱼鳞坑整地"88542"水平沟整地天然封育草地。(3)植物群落多样性总体表现出随着年限的延伸,整个示范区的植物群落物种的多样性开始下降。[结论]不同人为干扰方式和不同生境对植物群落多样性有明显影响。     

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤团粒结构分形特征

土壤团粒、水稳性团粒和微团粒状况是影响土壤结构和性质的重要因素。运用分形理论研究黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域7种不同土地利用方式土壤团粒结构的分形特征。结果表明：表层土壤团粒的分形维数在1．641—2．114之间,其大小顺序为人工草地〉果园〉坡耕地〉乔木林地〉灌丛〉天然草地〉人工梯田。土壤水稳性团粒的分形维数在1．774～2．384之间,其变化顺序为果园〉乔木林地〉人工草地〉坡耕地〉天然草地〉人工梯田〉灌丛,二者均表现出≥0．25mm粒级土壤团粒含量越低,分形维数越高的规律;分形维数与≥5mm、5～2mm和≥0．25mm粒级的土壤团粒、水稳性团粒呈极显著负相关（P〈0．01）,与〈0．25mm粒级的呈极显著正相关（P〈0．01）;结合团粒结构体破坏率可知,灌丛土壤结构与稳定性最好,其次为天然草地,人工草地最差;表层土壤微团粒结构分形维数在2．360～2．487之间,大小顺序为天然草地〉乔木林地〉坡耕地〉人工梯田〉人工草地〉果园〉灌丛,灌丛有助于促进土壤微结构形成,分形维数与0．25-0．05mm和〉0．001mm粒级土壤微团粒含量呈极显著负相关（P〈0．01）,与〈0．001mm粒级土壤微团粒含量呈极显著正相关（P〈0．01）;下层土壤质地主要与成土母质有关,人为干扰小,3种分形维数间存在显著正相关水平（P〈0．05）,土壤有机质含量与3种分形维数显著负相关（P〈0．05）。土壤团粒结构分形特征可作为土壤评价指标之一,分形理论为土壤结构、性质和评价研究提供了新方法。     

宁南山区不同生态恢复措施对土壤环境效应影响的研究

通过对宁南山区采取不同恢复措施的土壤水分、理化性质及酶活性的研究结果表明：土壤平均含水量最高的是农田18．61％，其次为林地16．73％、人工草地9．95％，最小的为天然草地9．20％；土壤总孔隙度、土壤碱解氮排列顺序为林地〉农田〉人工草地〉天然草地；土壤毛管孔隙度、土壤速效磷平均含量排列顺序为人工草地〉林地〉农田〉天然草地；土壤有机质平均含量为灌木林地〉农田〉天然草地〉人工草地；土壤速效钾的平均含量为天然草地〉农田〉人工草地〉灌木林地。土壤尿酶含量为人工草地〉天然草地=农田〉林地；土壤蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶的含量为人工草地〉天然草地〉林地；过氧化氢氧化酶的含量为人工草地〉天然草地=农田〉林地。     

不同生态修复措施对黄土丘陵区典型草原土壤水分时空变异的影响

以天然草地上整地5a后的水平沟和鱼鳞坑、封育5a后的草地为研究对象,在不同恢复措施的上坡、中坡和下坡设置3个观测样地,每个样地设置5个水分测定点,测定了宁夏黄土丘陵区本氏针茅(Stipa bungeana)典型草原0-200cm土壤水分含水率季节动态和垂直变化。结果表明:土壤水分的变化可分为3-6月土壤水分强烈蒸发丢失期,7-9月土壤水分蓄积期,10-12月土壤水分缓慢蒸发期;土壤水分表现为水平沟含水率最高,鱼鳞坑居中,封育草地最低,水平沟和鱼鳞坑增加土壤水分的主要时间在雨季;3种措施下,土壤水分较大变异值集中在0-60cm土层,0-40cm土壤水分变异以封育草地最大,水平沟最低,40-100cm土壤水分变异以鱼鳞坑最高,水平沟最低,而100-200cm土壤水分变异以封育草地最低;不同时期土壤水分的垂直变化存在差异,0-40cm土壤水分含量与40-100cm的差异在7-9月份最为明显。封育草地随坡位降低含水率呈显著增加趋势,但鱼鳞坑和水平沟无此明显规律。     

河田水土保持坡面工程的评价

五十多年来，河田水土保持的坡面工程有水平沟，水平梯田，水平台地，水平阶，条沟，全垦，鱼鳞坑等形式，从实践和多点试验资料来分析，营造水土保持林的坡面工程以水平沟整地为好，因水平沟在拦截径流和蓄水保土等方面皆优于其它的坡面工程，且投工不多，约为80－90个工日／ha，一般情况，通过水平沟整地，土壤侵蚀程度大大降低，基本上可以控制水土流失，达到无明显流失的状态。     

GIS支持下辽河中下游土壤侵蚀遥感动态分析

根据宁南山区的气候、土壤、造林树种等,按照林草植被建设的水分需求规律,对不同水土流失区的反坡梯田、水平沟、鱼鳞坑3种整地方式的集流坡面长度进行分析与推算,计算出了不同坡度、植树带宽度下的集流坡长。     

北京密云石匣小流域水土保持措施对土壤侵蚀的影响研究

水土保持措施的实施可有效地控制土壤侵蚀 ,不同的水土保持措施存在不同的水土保持效益值。利用北京密云石匣共 2 0个坡面径流试验小区的野外观测资料 ,分析得出了北京石匣小流域不同水土保持措施下的水土保持效益值 ,其中免耕 (玉米 )为 0 .2 80 ,梯田 (玉米 )为 0 .142 ,人工草地为 0 .0 6 3,荒草地为 0 .0 45 ,水平条林地为0 .0 2 5 ,鱼鳞坑林地为 0 .0 19。人工草地、荒草地、水平条林地和鱼鳞坑林地有显著的水土保持效益 ,但它们之间的水土保持效益并无显著差别。坡耕地 (16 .8°)的年均侵蚀模数为 145 3.8t/ km2 ,远大于土壤自然形成速度和北方石质山区的允许土壤流失量。其研究结果可为土壤侵蚀模型预报、水土保持规划、环境治理和评估提供依据     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI