基于区域生长均值漂移聚类的苗期作物行提取方法

为解决传统机器视觉方法检测苗期作物行时不同作物种类、不同生长背景和不同作物行数导致的作物行提取精度低的问题,该研究提出一种基于区域生长和均值漂移聚类的苗期作物行提取方法。首先,通过Lab颜色空间中a、b双颜色分量最大熵法选取最优阈值进行图像分割;其次,通过垂直投影获取均值漂移的聚类窗口带宽,均值漂移时以聚类窗口边缘为种子点进行区域生长来归类和标记每一行作物,之后遍历所有作物行获取聚类中心点;最后,通过最小二乘法拟合聚类中心点得到作物行直线。试验结果表明,该方法对大蒜、玉米、油菜、水稻和小麦5种作物的苗期作物行提取精度较高,5种作物的平均行识别率为98.18%,平均误差角度为1.21°,每张图片的平均处理时间为0.48 s。该方法的作物行提取性能明显优于Hough变换方法,为田间环境多因素影响下的苗期作物行提取提供了一种更具鲁棒性的方法。     

利用掩膜主动轮廓模型提取水库水面面积

利用遥感数据以月度或更短时间周期对密云水库水面面积进行连续动态监测,对及时掌握水库的水资源动态变化十分重要.为了减少提取过程中的系统误差和人为误差,真实准确地反映水面的实际变化趋势,以密云水库水面面积提取为例,试验利用掩膜主动轮廓模型进行水库水面提取.基于2006-2008年多期北京一号小卫星32 m多光谱影像,利用掩膜主动轮廓模型从各时相图像中提取水库水面,并计算面积.利用人机交互解译法从6期同期获取的高分辨率影像上提取水库水面作为验证数据,验证多光谱影像上水面提取精度.结果表明,掩膜主动轮廓模型多期提取结果的平均精度为97.54%,与验证数据线性拟合的R2为0.896 1,表明该方法进行水库水面连续动态监测,水库面积提取结果具有较高的稳定性,不同时相间具有较高的可比性,能够准确地反映水库水面面积变化的趋势.该方法为水库水面面积提取方法的探索提出了一种新的思路.     

基于改进均值漂移算法的绿色作物图像分割方法

针对绿色农作物图像背景复杂且分割难的问题,提出一种基于改进均值漂移算法的分割方法。采用均值漂移算法对图像进行平滑和分割时,带宽的选择直接影响平滑和分割的结果。传统的均值漂移分割方法需要人为地设定空域带宽和值域带宽这2个参数。该文首先根据绿色作物图像的颜色特点,提取图像的颜色指数;然后采用均值漂移算法,将图像的颜色信息与空间信息结合起来,根据作物图像颜色分布的丰富程度定义自适应空域带宽,采用渐近积分均方差来获得自适应值域带宽,对图像进行平滑滤波;最后采用 Otsu 方法将平滑后的图像分成两部分：绿色部分和背景部分。试验结果表明,该方法能够有效地分割出绿色作物,并在分割性能上明显优于常规的颜色指数方法,作物图像的错分率均小于6.5%。     

耦合浮珠-超声辅助溶剂萃取法用于微藻采收及油脂提取

为了优化微藻生物柴油生产工艺,开发高效低耗的微藻采收与油脂提取技术,该研究使用优化浮珠浮选工艺对小球藻进行采收,随后选取小球藻-表面层状聚合物浮珠聚集体进行破壁提油处理,并通过响应面优化破壁工艺,建立一种新型耦合浮珠-超声辅助溶剂萃取工艺。结果表明,在超声时间为13 min,正己烷：异丙醇体积比例为4,微藻质量浓度为13.6 g/L,超声功率为254 W时,油脂提取效率较高,为18.91%。相比传统气浮法与超声辅助溶剂萃取法,该法采收效率、细胞破壁效率和饱和脂肪酸含量都达到了较高水平,分别为98.36%、90.19%和37.03%。因此,耦合浮珠-超声辅助溶剂萃取工艺是一种有效提取小球藻细胞中油脂的工艺。研究结果为微藻生物柴油制备工艺的发展提供科学依据。     

基于空载数据的鉴别食醋电子鼻信号漂移校正方法

由于传感器老化,环境温度等因素,电子鼻信号的漂移是不可避免的,且严重降低电子鼻的长期稳健检测能力。为了实现电子鼻对6种食醋样品的长期稳健检测,该文提出了一种基于空载数据的小波包分解系数的漂移递归校正方法。通过小波包对电子鼻空载数据的分解,给出空载阈值函数(no-load threshold function,NLTF),然后将NLTF转换为适合样本数据的样本阈值函数(samplethresholdfunction,STF)。在获得的STF基础上,构建样本检测数据小波包分解系数的校正函数。借助于所构建的样本测试数据的校正函数,对6种食醋样品的电子鼻数据进行漂移校正。同时,运用"样本测量时间窗口(sample measurement time window,SMTW)"的概念,实现电子鼻数据的递归校正,进而建立了可实现长期稳健检测的递归鉴别模型。针对6种食醋样品,进行了为期16个月的间歇式测试。当SMTW选为4个月的测试样本及每次递推前移1个月样本数据时,建立的基于递归校正的Fisher判别分析(Fisher discriminant analysis,FDA)模型可完全实现6种食醋样品的长期稳健鉴别,正确鉴别率达到100%,使紧随SMTW后1个月内的测试样本能得到准确鉴别。该校正方法能够有效的去除漂移并且实现了电子鼻的长期稳健检测。     

基于多源遥感数据的浙江省水土流失遥感监测

 通过浙江省土壤侵蚀强度判别模型,确定影响浙江省水土流失的主导因子;以TM数据和航摄1:1万DOM数据为遥感数据源,利用浙江省数字化地形图,结合样地调查,进行2009年浙江省水土流失遥感监测;以基于约束三角网技术的坡度因子提取方法、基于植被指数和像元二分模型的植被覆盖度因子提取方法以及土地利用因子提取方法,通过叠置分析实现土壤侵蚀信息提取。结果表明：浙江省水土流宍面积呈逐年减少的趋势;经过野外调査验证,研究成果准确度高。     

独立分量分析融合小波能量阈值的电子鼻信号去漂移方法

电子鼻在长期使用过程中,由于受到传感器老化和温湿度波动等因素的影响,使得电子鼻信号存在着漂移现象,制约了电子鼻的准确检测。为了提高电子鼻鉴别多组分复杂食品时的长期稳健性,提出了一种独立分量分析（independent component analysis,ICA）融合小波能量阈值的去漂移信号方法。首先,运用ICA分解电子鼻信号以获得各个独立成分;其次,根据各个独立成分的小波能量值选择独立成分,以剔除漂移信号;最后,运用所选择的独立成分重构电子鼻信号。选用6种白酒样品和6种食醋样品进行电子鼻鉴别验证：在分别提取2类样品去漂移前后的电子鼻信号积分值（integral value,INV）特征后,分别对6种白酒样品和6种食醋样品进行了Fisher判别分析（fisher discriminant analysis,FDA）,FDA的鉴别正确率分别由去漂移前的34.3%（白酒样品）、75.7%（食醋样品）提升到去漂移后的100%（白酒样品）、99.7%（食醋样品）。Fisher判别分析结果表明,所提出的电子鼻信号去漂移方法是有效的。与其他独立分量分析方法相比,该方法不受先验信息的影响,更便于实际应用,研究结果不仅适用于白酒、食醋样品的鉴别,也为其他类型的样品鉴别提供参考。     

基于不同数据源的颖川河流域数字河网提取与对比分析

为了研究基于地形图、DEM和遥感影像三种不同数据源提取的数字河网之间的差异,选取天水市麦积区颖川河流域为研究对象,通过地形图数字矢量化、Hc-DEM水文分析和遥感影像解译三种不同方法分别提取数字化河网,并对不同数据源提取出的数字河网进行了对比分析,结果表明:在比例尺相近的情况下,基于Hc-DEM的地形参数提取到的数字河网精细程度最高,但在地势平坦处会出现较大偏差;通过地形图矢量化获得的数字河网脉络较为清晰,但地形图数据时效性较差,不能够全面准确地反映真实数据情况;通过遥感影像解译采集出来的数字河网时效性好、更准确,但人为因素影响较大。因此,基于三种数据源提取数字河网时,应以DEM数据提取的为准,结合其他两种数据源,修正由于数据源误差所生成的错误河道,从而提高数字河网的精度。     

基于GF1卫星影像自动提取丘陵地区居民地

[目的]城镇及村落等居民地是人类活动的中心区域,也是遥感影像精准解译的热点和难点。为了完整提取丘陵地区居民地,提出一种多光谱和全色数据协同、分特征提取(SF)的方法。[方法]基于GF1影像对陕西省榆林市横山区丘陵地区的居民地进行自动提取,并对提取结果进行综合研究。[结果]SF相对于常用的基于融合数据提取方法(F)提取正确率提高了19.56%,错提像素个数减少了39.34%,漏提像素个数减少了5.34%。[结论]SF方法不仅可以有效提高丘陵地区居民地提取正确率,而且因为错提量的大大减少,可大量节约后处理工作量。同时,该方法对其他地类的提取也具有良好的借鉴意义。     

利用遥感数据时空融合技术提取水稻种植面积

为解决水稻种植面积提取过程中的数据缺失问题,提出了一种利用遥感数据时空融合技术提取水稻种植面积的方法。该方法从时序MODIS数据中提取地物的时间变化信息,结合早期Landsat-ETM+影像的纹理信息,融合出具有MODIS时间分辨率和ETM+空间分辨率的影像,再利用关键期的高时空分辨率融合影像,利用光谱角分类法进行水稻种植面积的提取。以江苏省南京市江宁区为研究区对该方法进行了测试。结果显示,该方法能够有效的提取水稻种植面积,水稻种植面积提取精度为93%,Kappa系数为0.96。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.