能量自给的果园信息采集无线传感器网络节点设计

针对果园中所存在的无线通信障碍与电池更换困难问题,该文设计了一款适合果园信息采集的无线传感器网络(wirelesssensor network,WSN)节点。节点以MSP430F149为核心,nRF905射频芯片及其外围电路作为无线通信模块,CN3058和HT6292智能充电芯片及其外围电路作为太阳能充电模块,电机驱动芯片ULN2003及水平、垂直电机作为太阳追踪模块,DHT22空气温湿度传感器和TDR-3土壤含水量传感器及其外围电路作为传感器模块,并以该硬件平台编写了通信协议、应用程序和时间同步算法。分析、测试了节点的功耗、通信距离以及太阳能充电时间,在空旷地带有效通信距离达到202m;主电路电池由3V充电至3.6V所需时间为580min,传感器电路电池由5.6V充电至7.2V所需时间为283min;在无太阳能充电且节点系统工作周期为30min情况下,主电路生命周期理论值为497d,传感器电路生命周期理论值为147d。组网试验结果表明:网络丢包率小于1.5%,能够满足果园信息采集以及能量自给的应用要求。     

柑橘园水肥一体化滴灌自动控制装置的研制

为实现建设有独立水池和独立液肥池的柑橘园的水肥滴灌的自动控制,研制了一个干电池供电的水肥一体化滴灌定时控制装置。该装置通过2个电磁阀的开关操作分别控制2个池中的清水和液肥进入滴灌管网的顺序和时间,实现水肥一体化滴灌的自动控制。充分利用了休眠机制和电源管理技术,其静态电流小于11.2A。经连续6个月的实际应用试验表明,装置运行稳定可靠,其电池电压仅从初始值9.35V下降为8.50V。该装置操作简单,既可以进行水肥一体化滴灌,又可以进行清水滴灌,还可以将多套装置进行组合实现轮灌以控制更大的灌溉面积,具有推广应用前景。     

山地果园中低功耗无线滴灌控制装置设计与试验

针对山地果园布线困难,而大面积滴灌需要分区控制并集中管理的需求,构建了低成本、低功耗、能满足定时分区灌溉与集中管理需求的小型无线滴灌控制装置。装置采用无线通信方式,硬件选用低功耗微控制器与双稳态电磁阀,系统软件采用基于CC1100无线唤醒机制的低功耗间同步通信算法,具有避免信道拥塞的特点。试验表明,输入电压9 V时,控制系统静态电流为400 mA、无线唤醒工作电流为19 mA、工作周期内平均电流为439 mA;1节鹏辉450 mAh的AA电池可供系统至少可工作38 d;果园内RSSI信号衰减测试表明通信距离超过60 m,最高平均丢包率为23%;有遮挡的环境中数据丢包率将大于无遮挡环境,但接收信号强度相差不大;在果园环境中尝试使用电力线载波适配器、大功率WiFi无线网桥、GPRS DTU 3种远距离通信模块建立总控制器与远程监控端的数据链路,链路试验表明,GPRS DTU与大功率WiFi网桥均能成功建立通信链路。相比之下,GPRS有强的适应性;采用无线控制系统,系统准时开启电磁阀,开启时间误差小于5 min,土壤含水率变化呈现快速上升后缓慢下降的变化,灌溉区域的土壤含水率保持13%以上,可应用于岭南绝大部分山地果园。解决了控制装置的布线工程困难,实现可远程传输滴灌信息和监测滴灌状态,并可进一步实现分区控制与轮灌控制。     

基于太阳能的微灌系统恒压供水自动控制装置研制

微灌系统入口水压的稳定性影响着微灌的均匀性以及自动混肥装置的混肥精度。为采用自流滴灌的中小规模灌溉管网提供恒定的入口水压,采用太阳能供电驱动隔膜泵DP-60提水的方式,研制了一个恒压供水自动控制装置。该装置利用液位传感器YZ-YO-LAG1在线检测建设于高处的蓄水池的水位,根据水位信息控制DP-60提水至蓄水中,并使其水位在滴灌过程中维持于某一固定高度来实现恒压供水。蓄水池的水位检测信息及DP-60的启停通过无线通信模块CC1100进行无线传输和控制。通过光伏容量设计,确定了太阳能电池板的功率为60W、蓄电池的容量为60A·h。为最大程度利用太阳能,通过试验标定了太阳能板输出功率与太阳辐射传感器TSL230输出频率的关系,并根据太阳能板实际输出功率和蓄电池荷电状态,自动选择直接以太阳能板或蓄电池为DP-60供电。在测试DP-60性能以及无线通信可靠性的基础上,对装置进行了6个多月的实际应用试验,装置运行稳定,且在整个滴灌过程中蓄水池的水位误差小于1cm。     

基于太阳能的柑桔园自动灌溉与土壤含水率监测系统研制

为实现柑桔园的节水节能自动灌溉与土壤含水率的监测,以太阳能为主要能源,用土壤水分传感器实时监测土壤含水率,利用CAN(controller area network)总线与GSM(global system for mobile communications)网络实现土壤含水率的远程监测。利用太阳能电池对锂电池充电,采用双锂电池结构,提高了系统供电稳定性,且将充电与放电过程完全分离,延长了锂电池寿命。土壤水分传感器每12h测量一次土壤含水率,当其低于设定的阈值时,自动打开电磁阀进行灌溉,当高于设定值时停止灌溉。在666.7m2内的土壤含水率数据利用CAN总线传输至主节点,各主节点通过短消息将数据发送至终端计算机。将桔园土壤含水率低于10%,高于20%作为系统开始自动灌溉和停止灌溉指标,且传感器距滴管外50mm时,则水分输运到柑桔根系集中区域所需滴灌时间约为6.7h。试验表明,系统运行稳定可靠,能实现柑桔园区的自动灌溉与土壤含水率的自动监测,对实现节水节能灌溉有较大的现实意义。     

太阳能供电的土壤剖面水分动态原位自动监测系统的研制

目前,商业化的土壤水分传感器在野外观测土壤剖面含水率时仍然存在测量深度不可调节、多传感器探头之间的互换误差、野外长期监测供电困难、成本较高等问题。为此,该研究设计并研制了一种太阳能供电的可实现野外长期工作的介电管式土壤剖面水分原位自动监测系统。该系统组成包括:传感器模块、主控模块、太阳能供电模块和参数设置软件。测量时,先将PVC管垂直安装至待测土壤中,安装过程不扰动土壤结构,主控与存储模块控制土壤含水率传感器在PVC管中上下移动测量土壤含水率,并同步记录土壤深度。此外,该系统可以根据实际需求通过PC机参数设置软件进行灵活设定测量参数(传感器测量深度、测量深度间隔和测量周期)。针对该系统的性能与测量精度开展了相关测试与观测试验,功耗测试结果表明该系统待机功率为0.35 W,工作功率为1.4 W,太阳能电池板最大输出功率为5W,太阳能电池板和锂电池配合供电的情况下能实现长时间续航;土壤含水率传感器在砂土和粉壤土中的标定试验表明:该系统测量结果与实际土壤体积含水率高度吻合,标定曲线决定系数R~2均大于0.99;经过校正后,该系统探头深度定位的标准偏差在0.2 cm以内。在两种质地土壤的滴灌试验结果表明:该系统分别在6和15 mL/min两种滴水速率下均能准确获取土壤剖面含水率的动态变化过程,为观测作物生长状态和根区水分变化、制定合理的灌溉策略以及研究并检验土壤入渗水动态模型提供了可靠的技术支持和保障。     

基于物联网的桔小实蝇诱捕监测装备设计及试验

为了实现对桔小实蝇诱捕的实时监测和快速诊断,设计了一个基于物联网的桔小实蝇诱捕监测装备。该装备包括诱捕监测装置、太阳能供电装置和监测控制装置3个主要部分,其中诱捕装置包括顶盖、透明的连通件和诱捕瓶;太阳能装置包括太阳能板、蓄电池以及太阳能板支架;控制装置包括Fit-pc控制器、3G通讯模块和自主研发的桔小实蝇监测计数系统软件。该装备结合了机器视觉技术、远程通讯技术以及太阳能供电等技术,实现了集病虫害信息采集、处理、传输与自供电为一体的桔小实蝇诱捕监测装备,可长期的、实时的、远程的监控桔小实蝇诱捕过程和精确的计算桔小实蝇数量,且可自动传输到远程服务器并保存在本地存储卡中。在实验室环境下采用该装备测试,在830 s内有138头桔小实蝇进入该装备,系统检测出的结果是131头,检测成功率为94.9%。采用该装备在杨桃公园从2013年11月到2014年12月进行了一年多测试,系统软硬件可以稳定地协同工作,仅在光照严重不足太阳能供电不力的情况下出现过系统停止运行。基于物联网的桔小实蝇诱捕监测装备能自动跟踪计算桔小实蝇数量,从而向区域监控人员提供简洁有效的监控信息,在农业上有着广泛的应用前景。     

具有最大功率点跟踪功能的户用光伏充电系统的研究

从提高户用光伏系统蓄电池寿命和系统性能出发，设计出一个户用光伏充电系统。在这个充电系统中，提出了采用具有太阳能电池最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)功能和蓄电池充电电压温度补偿功能相结合的充电控制方法。实验和模拟仿真证明，系统实现了对太阳能电池的MPPT控制和对蓄电池充电的温度补偿。     

柑橘园低功耗滴灌控制器的设计与实现

为提高偏远山区柑橘园滴灌的管理效率,降低劳力投入,节约生产成本,利用低功耗设计技术研制了一个以干电池供电的滴灌控制器。控制器主要由ATMega88V单片机、电源电路、人机交互单元、双稳态脉冲电磁阀及其驱动电路组成。以可调数字电源提供0～10 V直流电压,分别在0～0.9 MPa管道水压条件下,测试了控制器的耗电情况,试验结果表明,控制器能驱动电磁阀开关动作的最低工作电压为3 V,电磁阀开关动作的电流随电压的升高而增大,水压条件对电磁阀开关动作电流影响不显著,当电压＞5 V时控制器的静态电流为50 μA,当电压从5 V下降至3 V的过程中,静态电流逐渐上升至最大值149.2 μA。采用型号为6LR61的9 V碱性电池作为电源,并使控制器每休眠5 s则驱动电磁阀开或关动作一次,以测试控制器连续工作于大负载下时的电池使用寿命,试验结果表明,电池可工作364 h,共驱动电磁阀开关动作272 160次。根据试验结果估算出,一节额定容量为2 500?mA·h的9 V电池可使控制器工作5 a以上。该控制器成本低,操作简单,适合于中小面积柑橘园的滴灌自动控制。     

基于太阳能的无线土壤水分传感器的研制

为实现土壤水分的自动检测与无线传输,采用电场法检测土壤质量含水率,利用Zigbee技术构建无线传感网络实现数据传送。利用太阳能电池收集太阳能并存储于锂电池中,实现对系统供电。通过合理的充放电管理,能有效地延长锂电池寿命。试验结果表明,该传感器能够实现0～30%间的土壤质量含水率的测量,相对误差小于10%。利用Zigbee模块及MiWi(TM)协议栈构建星形网络能实现数据无线传输。当节点发射功率为1 mW时,在无阻挡条件下可靠传输距离为30 m,在有农作物遮挡时,可靠传输距离为10 m左右。在1 h采集发送     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.