江西省典型山地风电场水土流失特征和防治措施研究

风电场通常位于高海拔山地区，水土流失风险高、危害大，其水土流失防治措施体系建设十分重要。以江西省吉安市华润峡江玉峡风电场工程为例，从扰动面积、水土流失、挖填方量等方面分析山地风电场水土流失动态特征，探讨山地风电场水土流失防治措施体系建设和防治重点。结果显示：风电场风电机组区和道路工程区是新增扰动面积和水土流失量的主要区域，也是风电场水土流失防治的重点区域；水土保持措施应在施工期第1年布设完毕，这样才能起到有效防止水土流失的作用；单台风机挖填方量、造成的水土流失均小于同地区其他风电项目，表明其水土流失防治措施体系取得了显著成效；挡土埂和挂网喷播植草是两种有效的边坡防护措施，可为同地区其他风电项目水土保持设计提供参考。     

从水土保持角度优化和控制水电工程设计

水电工程建设将不可避免的扰动地表和破坏植被,加剧工程区水土流失。多数水电建设项目水土保持方案,主要在主体工程设计的基础上采取相应的水土保持措施,未能从全过程预防和治理工程建设造成的水土流失。四川省巴郎口水电站从水土保持角度优化和控制水电工程设计,实现全过程预防和治理工程建设造成的水土流失。在选址选线上应避开敏感区域,如水土保持实验示范区、水土流失治理成果区、生态脆弱区、泥石流易发区、大型滑坡体分布区、植被良好区等;以减少土石方量和工程占地为目标,对工程各项目进行优化设计;采取经济实用措施治理扰动面和弃渣堆放场,控制工程建设造成的水土流失。     

风电场项目交通道路防治区水土保持措施探讨

风电项目交通道路防治区是项目新增水土流失量最大的单元,是水土流失监测和防治的重点区域。依据开挖回填情况将风电项目交通道路防治区分为平缓路段(平地、山脊处路段)、全挖方路段、全填方路段和半挖半填路段四种类型区,并结合各种类型区的特点选择性地实施表土剥离及返还、排水沟、边坡防护、植物措施等水土保持措施,最大程度地防治因项目建设而造成的水土流失。     

山东省潍坊市公路建设项目水土保持损益分析

[目的]通过山东省潍坊市公路建设项目的水土保持损益分析,评价当地公路建设项目的水土保持影响程度。[方法]以潍坊地区S220,S221,S321和S327这4个公路建设项目为例,应用水土流失影响指数评价模型定量计算其水土流失影响指数(SWII)。[结果]S220,S221,S321和S327的水土流失影响指数(SWII)分别为0.194 2,0.158 8,0.175 8,0.167 1,全部低于全国公路项目SWII的平均值,表明潍坊地区公路项目建设造成的水土流失影响程度要低于全国平均水平。其主要原因是:平均项目占地面积(4.82hm~2/km)和影响范围(0.91hm~2/km)较小,土石方挖填量(5.06×104 m~3/km)和弃渣量(400m~3/km)较少,影响时间(21个月)短,水土流失总量(437t/km)不大。[结论]针对不同的公路建设项目,可通过减少项目的占地面积和影响范围,减少工程的土石方挖填量,特别是增加水土流失治理面积,来进一步减弱工程建设带来的水土流失影响。     

河北省坝上风电场建设区水土流失特点与植被恢复途径

以河北省坝上风电场建设区为研究对象,探讨风电场建设区水土流失特点、分区、防治重点及植被恢复措施。结果如下：风电场建设区水土流失特点为风电场工程的特殊性与坝上水土流失特征的相互耦合的表现;风电场建设区水土流失特点表现为点状与线状侵蚀并存,风蚀与水蚀共存,植被破坏点多面广、植被恢复难度大,土石方量较小、弃渣相对较少,水土流失重点在施工建设期等;风电场建设区的水土流失主要来自升压站、风机区、施工生产生活区、道路区、集电线路区和弃渣场等6个区域,不同区域的水土流失特点和防治重点各有侧重;坝上风电场建设区的植被恢复可采取封育恢复自然植被,清理表土集中覆盖、利用土壤种子库恢复植被及人工植被建设3类途径。     

西易党新煤矿水土保持监测成果分析

据对监测资料分析,西易党新煤矿建设项目,建设期的水土保持防治责任范围为22.84 hm2,比水土保持方案确定的面积减少4.46 hm2;建设期实际产生的土石方总量为5.22万m3,其中挖方2.61万m3,填方2.61万m3,挖填平衡,无弃方;原地貌的土壤侵蚀量为1 170 t,建设期的土壤侵蚀量为2 324 t,防治措施实施后的土壤侵蚀量为275.2 t,由于工程建设扰动新增土壤侵蚀量1 154 t,各项水土保持措施实施后土壤侵蚀量降低42.9%;扰动土地整治率98.97%,水土流失总治理度98.05%,拦渣率98%,土壤流失控制比0.83,林草植被恢复率97.43%,林草覆盖率38.98%,达到了一级防治标准要求。     

山地型风电场工程水土保持方案编制中应注意的问题

风电是一种清洁能源,大量风电场的建成并投入使用,可以调整区域能源结构,带动当地的经济发展,但如果不注重工程建设中的水土流失防治问题,不仅影响工程的正常施工和运行,而且会给周边的生态环境带来一定的负面影响。风电场工程建设造成的水土流失具有多种侵蚀形式并存、扰动地表面积大、影响范围广、土壤侵蚀集中在施工期等特点。分析总结了山地型风电场工程水土保持方案编制中应注意的问题:要结合同类工程现场调查,综合确定风机区、道路区等直接影响区的范围;有关风速的介绍不能照搬当地气象站收集的资料,要查阅主体设计报告中工程区的近地面风速;项目土石方平衡要结合工程实际分区进行计算;在水土保持监测设计中要考虑对风力侵蚀的监测等。     

地铁项目水土流失特点及水土保持临时措施探讨

地铁指在地下运行为主的城市轨道交通系统,具有扰动地表面积大、土石方开挖量大、建设周期长、弃渣处理难度大等特点。该类项目的主要水土流失区域有车站、区间、附属设施区、施工生产生活区、改移工程区等,而施工期是产生水土流失的主要时段。随着城市轨道交通项目的增多,做好该类项目建设期的水土保持临时措施防治显得极为重要。     

六安至武汉公路安徽段水土流失及其防治措施初步研究

拟建公路所经地段多为山岭重丘区，挖填量大，开挖面广，直接破坏地表植被，改变原地貌形态，堆放大量弃土、弃渣，极易产生新的水土流失。采取类比法来预测工程建设中的新增水土流失量，从而得出工程建设中的填挖方边坡、临时设施占地和弃渣场为水土流失防治重点，并提出了相应的工程加植物的综合防治措施。     

大型线性工程水土保持方案编制要点研究

大型线性工程具有工程线路长、扰动范围广、跨越不同地形地貌区、土石方挖填量多、取土场和弃渣场数量多等特点，为水土保持方案编制带来一定难题。基于河道治理工程、水库灌溉工程、燃气管道工程、引调水工程等项目的水土保持方案编制经验，从水土流失防治区划分、工程占地分析与评价、土石方平衡分析与综合利用、穿(跨)越工程水土流失防治、弃渣场选址等方面提出大型线性工程水土保持方案编制要点，以期为同类工程水土保持方案编制提供借鉴。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.