贵州省溶岩区植被类型对凋落物量、土壤有机碳及速效养分的影响

在贵州省溶岩区的草地和人工林内设立1m×1m（乔木20m×20m）的样地,分析样方内凋落物积累量、凋落物碳氮含量、土壤速效养分含量、土壤有机碳（SOC）和可溶性碳（DOC）含量变化。结果表明,天然草地、杜仲林、刺槐林、冰脆李林、桤木林、滇柏林凋落物积累量依次为1.62,5.29,3.32,4.26,9.68和1.81t/hm2;与天然草地相比,人工植被的凋落物量为天然草地的1.12～5.98倍,在植被恢复条件下凋落物C/N由12.84提高到57.68。凋落物量对土壤速效钾含量有重要的影响,两者呈极显著的正相关关系,但仅仅具有较高的凋落物量不足以提高土壤碱解氮和有效磷含量。与天然草地（SOC含量7.28g/kg）相比,杜仲林、刺槐林、冰脆李林、桤木林和滇柏林的有机碳含量分别提高了5.24,12.14,6.04,8.93和6.78倍。凋落物量与土壤有机碳线性相关关系的拟合优度较低,凋落物积累量与0—10cm土层土壤可溶性碳存在显著线性相关关系,10cm以下线性相关关系的拟合优度较低。     

草灌植被恢复提高坡地土壤水稳性团聚体和碳、 氮含量的有效性: 退耕年限的影响

【目的】退耕还林还草是防治我国西部土壤侵蚀、 恢复土壤肥力的最重要措施。本研究选择陕北黄土高原的神木、 吴旗典型丘陵退耕还林还草区,研究不同退耕年限草(苜蓿)灌(沙棘)植被提高010 cm表层土壤有机碳、 速效氮和全氮储量和各级土壤水稳性团聚体含量分布的有效性,旨在揭示退耕还林工程提高坡耕地土壤质量的有效性机理,为我国坡耕地土壤肥力提高措施的选择提供科学依据。【方法】应用空间替代时间的方法,选择土壤类型和坡度一致的三个不同退耕年限的全坡地景观(包括坡上部、 坡中部和坡下部),采集土壤样品,分析有机碳等指标。【结果】草灌植被提高土壤有机碳、 速效氮和全氮储量及土壤水稳性团聚体含量的效应随退耕年限的增加而增加; 种植5年的沙棘林坡地土壤有机碳、 全氮和速效氮储量相对于退耕前分别提高了1.4、 0.5、 0.3倍,种植10年以上沙棘林地分别提高了6.6、 2.4、 1.5倍; 种植5年苜蓿使坡耕地土壤有机碳、 全氮和速效氮储量分别提高了0.4、 0.1、 5.0倍,种植10年以上苜蓿地分别提高了0.7、 0.3、 5.2倍。种植5年和10年以上的沙棘林提高坡耕地土壤总有机碳的效应分别是种植5年和10年以上苜蓿的3.4和9.5倍; 种植5年和10年以上的沙棘林提高坡地土壤全氮储量的效应分别比种植5年和10年以上苜蓿大9倍以上。坡耕地种植5年苜蓿提高土壤速效氮的效应是种植5年沙棘林的19.2倍,种植10年以上的苜蓿提高土壤速效氮的效应是种植10年以上沙棘林的3.4倍。沙棘林对土壤有机碳和全氮的提高效应显著大于苜蓿,而苜蓿对土壤速效氮含量的增加效应显著大于沙棘林。沙棘和苜蓿在提高坡地土壤有机碳和全氮储量的差异大小与退耕前坡地土壤有机碳和全氮储量水平有关,而土壤速效氮储量的差异与其根系的固氮功能差异密切相关,苜蓿根系固氮作用大于沙棘林,显著提高了土壤速效氮含量。种植5年和10年以上沙棘林使坡地土壤0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量分别增加了41%和56%,退耕还林植被提高0.25 mm粒级土壤水稳性团聚体含量主要是对粒径为0.25~2 mm水稳性团聚体含量的增加效应。【结论】草灌植被在提高侵蚀坡地土壤有机碳、 氮储量和稳定土壤结构方面具有重要作用,在选择提高我国坡耕地土壤肥力的措施时应该考虑这一作用。     

半干旱退化山区坡地改造工程对土壤理化性质的影响

在野外调查分析的基础上,测定了不同整地方式山杏、山桃灌木林地的土壤容重、土壤有机质和速效养分。结果表明,通过人工坡地改造工程,山坡地土壤有机质和氮素有明显的提高,在林木根系活动层40—60 cm土壤有机质、氮素增量高于其它处理,土壤速效磷增幅较小;土壤速效钾有少量增加。     

黄土丘陵区不同植被恢复措施对土壤养分和微生物量C、N、P的影响

以黄土丘陵典型地区-宁夏固原不同植被恢复措施:撂荒地、人工草地、天然草地和灌木林地(柠条)为研究对象,分析了不同植被类型下土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷的变化.研究结果表明:不同植被类型条件下,土壤微生物量有显著差异,微生物量碳和微生物量磷含量均表现为撂荒地<人工草地<天然草地<灌木林地,微生物量氮以人工草地略低,撂荒地和柠条林地较大.土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷与土地利用方式关系密切.柠条林对土壤微生物生物量有明显的促进作用.     

云雾山不同坡向草地土壤养分的坡面分布特征

结合野外调查和室内分析的方法对云雾山不同坡向草地土壤养分的坡面分布特征进行了研究.结果表明,封育草坡表层(0-15 cm)土壤碳、氮、磷全量远远高于撂荒坡;阳坡表层土壤有机碳和全氮含量随距坡顶距离的延长呈先降后增趋势,而阴坡则随距坡顶距离的增加呈先增后降趋势;全磷在不同坡地的变异性较大.在土壤剖面分布上,3个坡地土壤有机碳、全氮、矿质氮、速效磷和阳离子交换量的含量或值基本随土层的加深而降低,且在大致表现出封育阴坡>封育阳坡>撂荒坡的趋势;pH值则与之相反;速效钾和全磷均呈现出撂荒坡>封育阴坡>封育阳坡.这些结果表明研究区草坡地自然封育后土壤养分状况有所改善,其改善程度以阴坡较大.     

水蚀风蚀交错带退耕草坡地土壤酶活性和碳氮矿化特征

以水蚀风蚀交错带农地退耕后不同演替阶段的长芒草(Stipa bungeana)和苜蓿—铁杆蒿(Medicago sativa—Artemisia sacrorum)坡地为对象,分析了退耕坡地土壤酶活性与碳氮矿化及其空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)退耕坡地主要土壤养分含量(有机碳、全氮和全磷)不受坡位(除苜蓿—铁杆蒿坡地的全磷含量外)影响,长芒草坡地有机碳(上、中和下坡位)和全氮含量(中和下坡位)高于苜蓿—铁杆蒿坡地。(2)随坡位的降低,长芒草坡地土壤脲酶和淀粉酶活性显著增加,蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性无显著差异。而苜蓿—铁杆蒿坡地土壤脲酶和淀粉酶活性无显著差异,蔗糖酶活性显著降低。群落类型对碱性磷酸酶活性的影响与坡位无关,对脲酶和蔗糖酶活性的影响则与坡位有关。(3)土壤有机碳矿化量和矿化速率常数在长芒草坡地显著高于苜蓿—铁杆蒿坡地,且不受坡位影响。两种群落土壤氮素矿化均由硝化作用主导,长芒草坡地土壤氮素矿化量和硝化量随坡位降低而显著增加,而苜蓿—铁杆蒿坡地则相反。(4)随苜蓿—铁杆蒿群落向长芒草群落演替,蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性空间自相关性增强,脲酶和淀粉酶活性空间自相关性减弱,但仍具有强烈空间自相关性,碳氮矿化指标的空间自相关性增强。上述结果表明:在评估退耕草坡地主要土壤过程及其空间分布时,需要考虑草地群落类型或者群落演替阶段的影响。     

羊粪归还对荒漠草原表层土壤碳氮的影响

以宁夏回族自治区盐池县的荒漠草原围栏放牧草地为研究对象,按自然形成的地表羊粪积累量梯度,设置了6个梯度序列控制样地(1.41~1581.68g/m²),分析羊粪量与表层0-5cm土壤有机碳、全氮含量的对应关系。同时,以羊粪量对数lnf为自变量X,与表层土壤有机碳,全氮含量构建回归模型。结果表明：(1)地表羊粪量在较低水平时,表层0-5cm土壤有机碳含量未发生显著变化;羊粪量在较高水平时,土壤有机碳含量跃变特征明显。(2)表层0-5cm土壤全氮含量在羊粪积累量较少时,开始出现显著的增长,跃变特征明显。(3)随着地表羊粪量的增加,土壤C/N比分别发生转折性变化,整体呈先降低后上升的趋势。初步研究认为,自由放牧条件下,羊粪归还是影响荒漠草原表层土壤有机碳和全氮含量的重要过程。地表羊粪积累量在较低水平时,羊粪对土壤全氮归还作用开始显现,但是,只有当羊粪积累量在较高水平时,对土壤有机碳及全氮的净归还作用才会显著增强。受土壤有机碳和全氮归还作用的交互影响,土壤碳氮比呈现出先下降后上升的变化趋势。     

施肥对喀斯特地区植草土壤活性有机碳组分和牧草固碳的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究施肥对喀斯特地区植草土壤不同活性有机碳组分和牧草固碳的影响。试验处理包括CK（不施肥）、 N1 （N 150 mg/kg）、 N2 （N 250 mg/kg）、 N1P1 （P2O5100 mg/kg）、 N2P2 （P2O5150 mg/kg）、 N1P1K1 （K2O 70 mg/kg）、 N1P1K2 （K2O 105 mg/kg）和N2P2K1和N2P2K2。结果表明,与对照（不施肥）相比,施肥处理增加植草土壤有机碳、 微生物量碳和易氧化碳,有机碳日矿化量和累积矿化量以及牧草固碳量。其中N1P1K1处理土壤有机碳和易氧化碳最高,N1P1处理土壤微生物量碳最高,N2P2K1处理土壤可溶性碳最高,N2P2K2处理牧草地上部及根系固碳量、 有机碳日矿化量和累积矿化量均最高。综上,低量氮磷钾肥配施有利于土壤活性有机碳的积累,高量氮磷钾平衡配施牧草固碳效果最佳。     

潍坊市土壤大量营养元素有效量及其影响因素

为研究山东省潍坊市土壤大量营养元素有效量分布规律及其影响因素，通过网格化采样，并进行分析测试，获得了碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾等土壤大量营养元素有效量，及对应元素全量、pH和有机质等数据，进行了丰缺空间绘图、相关性和差异性分析。结果表明：碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均具有较强的空间变异性，尤以有效磷变异系数最高。空间分布上，碱解氮以较缺乏区占比最高，有效磷和速效钾以丰富区占比最高。碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾分别在砂姜黑土、潮土、滨海盐土中含量最高，且均与其他土壤类型差异显著。碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾与土壤理化指标关系密切，3种元素有效量均与有机质呈显著正相关；碱解氮与全氮、有效磷与全磷均呈显著正相关；碱解氮、有效磷与土壤pH均呈显著负相关；速效钾与土壤pH呈显著正相关。本研究揭示了大量营养元素有效量在土壤中的本底差异及影响因素，可为土壤肥力的空间调控提供科学依据，助力提升农业生产力水平。     

苜蓿对旱地土壤有机碳氮变化的驱动作用

根据旱地长期定位试验和分离土壤有机质中微粒有机质及矿物结合有机质的方法,研究了长期生长苜蓿对土壤有机碳、全氮变化的驱动作用。结果表明:不施肥条件下,苜蓿地土壤有机碳、全氮的含量比裸地土壤中的含量明显增加,土壤有机碳和氮库中的微粒有机碳、氮的含量没有显著增加,而增加的有机碳、氮主要分布在矿物结合有机碳、氮组分中。在施用有机肥及氮、磷化肥条件下,苜蓿地土壤有机碳和全氮的含量显著地提高,增加的有机碳、氮几乎平均地分布在微粒有机碳、氮和矿物结合有机碳、氮组分中。由此表明,保持适宜的苜蓿生产力并采用合理的施肥措施,长期生长苜蓿能够有效地驱动土壤固定有机碳和氮素,从而保持和提高土壤肥力。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

我国亚热带山地丘陵区特征及开发中的有关问题

我国亚热带山地丘陵区，山多地少、人口众多、经济基础薄弱，生态环境严重恶化，障碍着区内经济的发展，区内开发应按照以下几个方面搞好：１、协调山－林－地－人的关系；２．调整粮食－林牧－融渔关系；３．改善生产－生活－生态环境。４．提高生态－经济－社会效益。     

红薯对Pb、Cd的吸收累积特征及根际土壤Pb、Cd形态分布研究

为了解土壤在Pb、Cd单一以及复合污染条件下红薯对Pb、Cd的吸收和积累规律,通过盆栽试验对红薯地上部和地下部的生物量和重金属含量进行测定,分析了单一及复合污染土壤中重金属Pb、Cd形态分布特点。结果表明,相对于对照,较低浓度的Pb、Cd能显著促进红薯的生长（P〈0.05）,Pb超过50mg.kg-1、Cd超过3mg.kg-1时,红薯生长受到显著抑制（P〈0.05）,Cd是影响红薯生长的主要因素;随着试验处理浓度的升高,红薯体内重金属含量也随之升高,二者之间存在极显著的相关性（P〈0.01）,Pb、Cd共存对红薯吸收累积Pb、Cd具有明显的交互作用,Pb促进Cd向地上部转移,Cd促进Pb在地下部积累。根际土壤中Pb、Cd以可交换态与碳酸盐结合态为主,二者均占总量的55以上,在复合污染条件下,Pb浓度为50mg.kg-1时其活性系数显著高于其他Pb处理（P〈0.05）,并在很大程度上促进有效态Cd含量的增加。     

Sources of sulphate and acidity in wetlands and lakes in Nova Scotia

There is a declining gradient of wet SO₄ deposition from south to north in Nova Scotia with the highest values being in the south, along with a localized increase around the Halifax metropolitan area, due to local SO₄ emission. Edaphic conditions such as drainage from soils containing gypsum or drainage on disturbed rocks containing pyrite, provide additional SO₄ to surface waters.Acidity is usually absent in the former (pH > 7.0) and very high in the latter (as low as pH 3.6). By contrast peaty, organic drainages release water low in SO₄ during the growing season but they release high amounts of organic anions (A?), consequently, these waters maintain decreased pH values, usually < 4.5. A study of over 80 wetlands and lakes during the ice free period in Nova Scotia showed that sea salt corrected SO₄ concentrations range from 45 ueq L^?1 in the south end of the province, ～30 ueq L^?1 in the Kejimkujik area and < 17 ueq L^?1 in the northern areas with values > 85 ueq L^?1 in the Halifax area, reflecting the atmospheric deposition pattern of SO₄ The SO₄ concentrations may be > 2000 ueq L^?1 in drainages containing gypsum, > 700 ueq L^?1 in drainages over pyrite bearing socks but < 20 ueq/L^?1 in streams draining bogs. The SO₄ concentrations change considerably during the non-growing season when the ground is saturated with water or frozen, and the runoff is high (snow and rain often alternate in winter). Under such conditions SO₄ concentration drops in the two former cases and increases in bog drainages, accompanied with a considerable drop in (A?) concentrations. Care should be taken when interpreting SO₄ concentrations in surface waters in Nova Scotia with respect to atmospheric SO₄ deposition.     

百菌清和毒死蜱在大棚番茄中的分布与降解特征

大棚和露地环境下,分别对番茄植株一次性喷洒推荐剂量的百菌清（CHT）和毒死蜱（CHP）,研究喷药后两周内农药在番茄根、茎、叶和果实中分布的持久性及其动态降解规律。实验结果表明,百菌清在大棚番茄中的残留浓度分布呈现为叶片垌果实〉茎〉根;毒死蜱呈现为叶片〉果实垌茎〉根。大棚番茄各部位的最高残留浓度出现时间滞后于喷药时间8~60h;空间浓度分布上表现为大棚中间区域浓度高于两侧,这与棚内的空气对流有关。大棚番茄果实中百菌清和毒死蜱的残留半衰期分别为5.8d和7.2d,明显高于文献报道。     

Degradation and development of peatlands in Peninsular Malaysia and in the islands of Sumatra and Borneo since 1990

In this study, we investigated the extent of peatland degradation and development in Peninsular Malaysia and in the islands of Sumatra and Borneo, in the western part of insular Southeast Asia, since 1990. Furthermore, carbon emissions caused by these land cover changes were estimated in order to evaluate their contribution to global climate change. High resolution Landsat (30 m spatial resolution) and Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT; 10–20 m) satellite images were used to derive information on land cover in 1990 and 2008. Analysis of land cover changes since 1990 revealed remarkable reduction and degradation of peatswamp forest ecosystems. In less than 20 years, 5·1 Mha of the total 15·5 Mha of peatland had been deforested (11·6 Mha → 6·5 Mha; 75 per cent → 42 per cent) and the great majority of the remaining forests had been selectively logged. Simultaneously, area covered by unmanaged secondary growth ecosystems had doubled to nearly a quarter of all peatlands and industrial plantations had expanded dramatically (0·3 Mha → 2·3 Mha; 2 per cent → 15 per cent). It was conservatively estimated that these changes have caused minimum of 1·5 Gt carbon emissions into the atmosphere since 1990. Currently, peatlands of the study area emit at least 81 Mt of carbon (equivalent to 300 Mt of carbon dioxide) on annual basis due to mere peat decomposition. Thereby, it was concluded that peatland degradation and development in insular Southeast Asia during the past two decades have not only put the existence of Southeast Asian peatswamp forest ecosystems in danger but it has also caused globally significant carbon emissions and created a constant source of carbon dioxide. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Distribution and fractionation of heavy metals in pairs of arable and afforested soils in Denmark

Afforestation of sandy arable soils in northern Europe is likely to lead to an increase in the soil's acidity and changes in the behaviour of the organic matter, and this might affect the ability of the soil to retain heavy metals. It is important to assess the impact of such a change in the land use on the solubility of the heavy metals and to assess the risk of leaching to surface‐ and groundwater and the possible entrapment of heavy metals in the tree canopy. The impact of afforestation was assessed by excavating soil profiles in adjacent 34‐year‐old Norway spruce stands and arable plots at four different sites. We found that after 34 years the pH had decreased and cations were depleted in the topsoil under forest. The aqua regia‐extractable heavy metals were determined, and the heavy metal binding within the soil was assessed using a modified version of the BCR (Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. Higher contents of heavy metal were found in the arable plots in the loamy sand soils. Cadmium was found only in the most mobile fractions. The content of Pb in the subsoil was strongly correlated with the clay content, but not in the topsoil, which suggested that Pb had been added to the topsoil. We found strong correlations between the clay content and the Cu, Ni and Zn in the residual fraction, leading us to conclude that much of the Cu, Ni and Zn is of geological origin. No significant differences in the heavy metal fractionation between forest and arable soil were found, presumably because 34 years of different land use is not long enough to produce such differences.     

Immobilization and species of heavy metals in soils in the absence and presence of rhizobia

Abstract

The effect of bacterial inoculation of Rhizobium fredii HN01 on the immobilization and speciation of Cu, Zn, and Cd was studied in Red and Cinnamon soil which are typical Chinese soils. The soil was mixed with bacterial suspension for one week followed by an immobilization of each heavy metal for another week. The total binding and fractionation of heavy metals in soils were analyzed. As compared with the control, the retention of total Cu, Zn, and Cd in Red soil increased by 28, 16, and 28%, respectively, in the presence of rhizobia. The amount of exchangeable, NH₄OAc-extractable, Mn oxides-bound and organic matter-bound Cu increased by 23–123%. There were significant decrease of exchangeable Cu and marked increases of NH₄OAc-extractable and Mn oxide-bound Cu in Cinnamon soil with the presence of rhizobial cells, although no changes for the total retention of Cu were observed. The amount of exchangeable Zn in Red soil-rhizobia composite was 20% greater than that of the no-rhizobia soil. Addition of rhizobia also increased exchangeable Cd and specifically-adsorbed Cd by 25 and 93%, respectively, in Red soil. No considerable differences were found for the total immobilization of Zn and Cd as well as their distribution in various solid fractions of Cinnamon soil in the absence and presence of rhizobial cells. In terms of soil components, it is assumed that bacterial biomass had a relatively less impact on the species of heavy metals bound with Fe oxides. Results suggested that the retention and speciation of heavy metals in soil are governed largely by the interactions of bacteria with various inorganic and organic soil constituents. The data are useful in understanding the impact of microorganisms on the behavior, mobility and transformation of heavy metals in soil environments.     

Expression and inheritance of isozymes in Brassica species and in their interspecific hybrids

Abstract

Gene expression was analysed by means of isozyme electrophoresis for three diploid species Brassica rapa (genome AA), B. nigra (BB), and B. oleracea/ B. oleracea var. alboglabra (CC), three amphidiploids B. juncea (AABB), B. napus (AACC) and B. carinata (BBCC), and in 15 interspecific hybrids from crosses within and between the diploids and the amphidiploids. Five enzyme systems were assessed: glucosephosphate isomerase, leucine aminopeptidase, phosphoglucomutase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase. Alleles descending from the diploid species were found both in natural and artificially produced amphidiploids. No effect of reciprocal crosses was observed. i.e., the Brassica isozymes were under nuclear gene control. Mendelian segregation in the F₂ generation from crossing two resynthesized B. napus was observed for the loci glucosephosphate isomerase-2 and phosphoglucomutase-3. Genome-specific alleles were identified for several loci. No alteration in the allelic expression of isozymes was found when assembling all three Brassica genomes in the trigenomic interspecific hybrids. Moreover, trigenomic hybrids were capable of disclosing a silent allele of leucine aminopeptidase from B. carinata, and thus in this study the capability of isozyme analysis for detecting hidden variation was demonstrated.