土地利用变化对闽江河口湿地表层土壤有机碳含量及其活性的影响

对闽江河口原生植被芦苇沼泽,以及由其转化的不同其它土地利用类型(滩涂养殖地、水田、草地、撂荒地和池塘养殖地)的表层(0-50 cm)沉积物(或土壤)有机碳和活性有机碳含量的研究,结果表明,滩涂养殖地、水田、池塘养殖地、草地和撂荒地的土壤有机碳含量分别比芦苇沼泽地低27%,75%,67%,1%,60%;在有机碳储量方面,滩涂养殖地、水田、池塘养殖地和撂荒地比天然芦苇沼泽地分别低11%,50%,37%,24%,草地有机碳储量比芦苇高44%;草地土壤有机碳含量和储量随土层加深而递减的幅度比芦苇地大;水田有机碳含量和储量垂直变化不明显,弃耕后,表层有机碳含量提高,垂直变化明显。不同土地利用方式间土壤活性有机碳含量的差异比有机碳的差异大,与芦苇地相比,滩涂养殖地、水田、池塘、草地活性有机碳含量分别低24%,83%,84%,42%;撂荒10年的弃耕地与水稻田土壤相比,活性有机碳含量提高了47%。     

辽宁省不同土地利用对土壤微生物量碳氮的影响

通过野外调查采样和室内氯仿熏蒸提取法分析,研究了辽宁省旱地、稻田、湿地、草地、森林、果园6种不同土地利用方式共计35个样地表层土壤（0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～30 cm）对土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）和土壤微生物量氮（SMBN）的影响。结果表明,土地利用方式对土壤微生物量有显著影响,其中土壤微生物量碳依次为森林〉湿地〉稻田〉旱地〉果园〉草地;土壤微生物量氮则为森林〉旱地〉稻田〉果园〉湿地〉草地。土壤微生物量碳氮均表现为森林显著高于其他土地利用方式,湿地、稻田、旱地、果园高于草地。除旱地和稻田,土壤微生物量碳随土层加深含量递减;而土壤微生物量氮在6种土地利用类型中,均表现为随土层加深含量递减。相关分析表明,土壤微生物量碳、氮之间显著相关,土壤微生物量碳、氮是可以表征土壤肥力的敏感因子。     

黄土丘陵区不同植被恢复措施对土壤养分和微生物量C、N、P的影响

以黄土丘陵典型地区-宁夏固原不同植被恢复措施:撂荒地、人工草地、天然草地和灌木林地(柠条)为研究对象,分析了不同植被类型下土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷的变化.研究结果表明:不同植被类型条件下,土壤微生物量有显著差异,微生物量碳和微生物量磷含量均表现为撂荒地<人工草地<天然草地<灌木林地,微生物量氮以人工草地略低,撂荒地和柠条林地较大.土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷与土地利用方式关系密切.柠条林对土壤微生物生物量有明显的促进作用.     

闽江口湿地不同土地利用方式下表层土壤N,P,K含量研究

对闽江口鳝鱼滩原生芦苇沼泽湿地以及由其转变的其它不同土地利用类型(草地、滩涂养殖地、水田、弃耕地、池塘养殖地)的表层土壤N,P和K含量进行测定.并研究其分布规律.结果表明:芦苇湿地转变为草地、滩涂养殖地、水田、池塘养殖地后,N平均含量从1.73 g/kg分别下降到1.60.1.3,0.69.0.65 g/kg,土壤剖面N素含量受土壤有机碳含量影响,总体上呈现由上到下逐渐减少趋势,同时芦苇湿地开发利用后.土壤中的NO-3-N含量升高;6种类型土壤中P含量在0.44～0.90 g/kg之间,变异较小,P的水平、垂直分异规律与有机碳、N的分布基本一致;不同土地类型K含量在15.15～29.62 g/kg之间.普遍高于N,P的含量,芦苇湿地的泥炭土K索含量明显低于其它5种土壤的K含量.不同土地类型土壤K素在剖面的分布规律差异较大.相关分析表明,不同土地利用类型的不同土层中有机碳、N与P之间具有良好的相关性.说明三者具有相似的空间分布规律,而K与有机碳、N相关性差,表明K素具有不同于N,P的独特空间分布规律.     

洞庭湖典型湿地土壤碳、氮和微生物碳、氮及其垂直分布

以洞庭湖3类湿地的典型剖面为代表,研究了土壤碳、氮和微生物C、N状况及其垂直分布.结果表明不同类型湿地土壤碳、氮和微生物C、N有明显差异,而且均随深度的增加而降低.湖草滩地表层有机碳、全氮含量明显高于芦苇滩地和垦殖水田.湖草滩地表层微生物碳,湖草滩地与垦殖水田接近,而远大于芦苇湿地.湖草滩地表层土壤微生物N,高于芦苇滩地和垦殖水田.土壤表层微生物C占有机碳的比例,垦殖水田高于湖草滩地,高于芦苇滩地.土壤微生物C与有机碳之间存在极显著的正相关关系(p<0.01);土壤全氮、微生物N与土壤有机碳之间存在极显著的线性相关关系(p<0.01);土壤容重与有机碳、土壤全氮和微生物生物量C、N之间呈现极显著的指数负相关关系(p<0.01);土壤<0.001 mm粘粒与有机碳、土壤全氮和微生物C、N之间呈现极显著的指数或对数正相关关系(p<0.01).     

南方长期不同土地利用方式下土壤肥力变化特征——以湖北省长阳县火烧坪乡为例

【目的】南方草山草坡分布区气候湿润、温度适宜、适合牧草生长,具有很高的生产和生态价值。土地利用方式的改变会造成土壤肥力的差异,因此探究南方草山草坡不同土地利用方式下的土壤养分特征,对南方草山草坡合理开发利用具有深远意义。【方法】湖北省长阳县的天然草山草坡、人工草地、农田在中国南方的分布具有代表性。本研究在该县的火烧坪地区采集3种土地利用类型0—10、10—20和20—30 cm土层深度样品,测定其土壤物理和化学性质。采用单因素方差分析和多重比较方法,探究了土地利用方式及其不同土层之间养分的差异,并利用主成分分析评价了各土地利用类型的土壤质量水平。【结果】1)草山草坡3个土层的土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)含量显著高于人工草地和农田(P<0.05),而土壤全钾(TK)、碱解氮(AN)含量则显著低于农田和人工草地,pH没有显著区别。天然草山草坡土壤养分含量随土层的加深而降低,人工草地和农田的养分含量在0—30 cm土层无显著变化。2)天然草山草坡土壤过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性高于农田和人工草地,且CAT活性随土层深度的增加逐渐递减。农田脲酶(URE)活性高于人工草地和天然草山草坡,...     

次降雨过程中北京市不同土地利用方式下土壤养分流失特征

研究了次降雨过程中北京市不同土地利用方式下(草地、农田、林地和果园)土壤养分流失特征。结果表明:(1)在不同土地利用方式下,地表径流量的变化均随着降雨时间的增加呈对数变化趋势,在同一降雨时间内,地表径流量均表现为草地农田林地果园。(2)草地泥沙流失量随降雨历时变化幅度较大,在降雨后期出现陡增陡降的变化趋势,其他3种土地利用方式下泥沙流失量的增加变化幅度较小;不同土地利用方式下泥沙流失量大小顺序为:草地农田林地果园。(3)草地和农田地表径流量显著高于林地和果园(P0.05),地表径流量和壤中流均表现为:草地农田果园林地;从壤中流总量变化特征来看,草地和农田产生的壤中流显著高于林地和果园(P0.05)。(4)不同土地利用方式下的泥沙积累量均随降雨历时而呈指数的变化趋势。(5)不同土地利用方式下水相氮磷流失量、泥沙氮磷流失量和氮磷流失总量均表现为:草地农田果园林地。(6)降雨径流过程中,不同土地利用方式下磷的流失是以侵蚀泥沙相为主,氮素的流失以径流水相为主。(7)不同土地利用方式降雨前期土壤全氮和全磷含量大小基本表现为:草地农田林地果园,泥沙N和P含量比雨前土壤表层N和P含量有所增加,说明侵蚀泥沙对N和P具有一定的富集作用,并且不同土地利用方式下侵蚀泥沙对P的富集高于对N的富集,综合比较可知,草地侵蚀泥沙富集养分的能力最高。(8)不同土地利用方式下泥沙量与侵蚀泥沙中全氮和全磷含量均存在显著或者极显著的正相关关系(P0.05),与土壤全氮和全磷含量存在不同的正相关关系(相关系数较低),说明侵蚀泥沙量的增加会引起泥沙中养分含量不同程度的增加效应,并且草地和农田侵蚀量与养分含量的相关系数高于林地和果园。     

三江平原湿地不同土地利用方式对土壤养分及酶活性的影响

以中国科学院三江平原湿地生态试验站为对象,研究了不同利用方式（湿地草甸、旱田系统、退耕成草、退耕成林）对土壤酶活性分布特征及相关因子的影响。结果表明:土壤利用方式不同,土壤酶活性（转化酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶）、有机碳含量和土壤养分含量有较大差异。土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾、速效磷、碱解氮、微生物量碳和氮均呈现出一致的变化规律,依次表现为湿地草甸 > 退耕草地 > 退耕林地 > 旱田系统,也即由湿地草甸退化过程中,土壤养分含量逐渐降低,其中不同土地利用方式下土壤全磷含量差异不显著（p>0.05）,在湿地的退化过程中,土壤全磷并没有发生显著的变化。与湿地草甸相比,土壤蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均显著降低,其活性分别降低了32.69%,36.71%,50.00%,44.28%,由旱田系统恢复为湿地草甸系统后,土壤各种酶活性均显著增加,其中土壤蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性分别比旱田系统增加了26.68%,31.51%,48.19%,43.84%;表明由湿地草甸开垦为耕地和由耕地恢复为湿地草甸和林地,发生着两种不同的生物学过程,前者为微生物降解过程,而后者则为微生物累积过程。相关性分析表明SOC,TN和SMBC对土壤蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的贡献为正,对土壤酶活性起到主导作用。主成分分析表明影响土壤酶活性最主要的因子为SOC,TN和SMBC。     

不同土地利用下黑土密度分组中碳、氮的分配变化

陆地生态系统植被覆盖会影响有机质在土壤及其各组分中的分布,是控制土壤有机质储量的重要因子。通过对黑土有机碳、氮含量的估算,阐明土地利用变化对土壤有机碳库及轻组、重组有机碳、氮含量和结合态腐殖质有机碳含量的影响以及有机碳、氮的消长变化。结果表明:(1)不同土地利用方式下土壤0～20cm土层总有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)含量存在显著差异(p<0.05),自然土壤被破坏或转为农田,土壤总有机碳和全氮含量会持续下降,但农田化肥和有机肥配施后,土壤总有机碳和全氮含量显著增加;草地经过20年的植被恢复,土壤总有机碳含量显著高于农田化肥和无肥处理,有机碳库储量显著提高;(2)游离态轻组(Free-LF)和重组(HF)有机碳和氮含量与土壤总有机碳和全氮呈显著或极显著正相关,闭蓄态轻组(Occluded-LF)有机碳和氮在土壤中呈随机分布;(3)游离态轻组的C/N比高于全土和其他组分,易受微生物作用而降解,是土壤不稳定碳库的主要成分;(4)松结态胡敏酸碳含量与土壤总有机碳显著相关(p<0.05),土壤肥力随着胡敏酸的增加而提高。农田有机培肥不但能够提高有机质含量和土壤质量,也能显著提高农田生态系统抵押大气CO2的能力。     

升金湖沿湖不同土地利用方式下土壤有机质和养分变化特征

为探讨升金湖沿湖不同土地利用方式土壤养分含量特征，以林地、农田、菜地和草地为研究对象，测定土壤有机质、pH值、C/N值以及氮磷钾等元素的含量。结果表明：（1）四种土地利用方式下，土壤 pH 值大小顺序为：农田>草地>林地>菜地，菜地和林地pH 值均为弱酸性；（2）土壤有机质含量顺序为：菜地>林地>农田>草地，菜地和林地有机质含量丰富，农田和草地稍欠缺。菜地C/N最高，农田C/N最低。（3）土壤全氮含量顺序为：菜地>林地>农田>草地。全磷、全钾含量没有明显差异，土地利用方式对二者影响不大。菜地中碱解氮和速效钾含量最高，农田中有效磷含量最高。本研究结果可为升金湖湖区土地资源的合理利用、保持和提高土壤肥力以及区域生态协调提供科学参考。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.