苏云金芽胞杆菌WZ-9菌株对马铃薯瓢虫的毒力及其杀虫基因的研究

苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus tbutingiensis)WZ-9是从土壤中分离的对马铃薯瓢虫(Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata)的幼虫有特异杀虫活性的新菌株.实验对WZ-9菌株的形态特征、生长特性、生物活性、基因型和蛋白型等进行了研究.结果表明,WZ-9菌株可产生菱形伴胞晶体,SDS-PAGE检测表达的主要蛋白条带分子量约为130 Kd;液体培养的生长周期是24 h,随菌株的生长培养基Ph发生较大波动,在潜伏期和稳定期,Ph变化较小,在对数生长期Ph呈先迅速下降、再缓慢回升的变化趋势;生物活性测定表明,WZ-9菌对马铃薯瓢虫2龄幼虫72 h校正死亡率达100%,LC50为2.95×107细胞/Ml;基因型鉴定表明,WZ-9菌株含有cry7基因,利用PCR扩增方法获得了1条总长为3 781 bp基因序列,其中包含了1个3 414 bp开放读码框,其编码蛋白由1138个氨基酸残基组成,与Cry7Ab2具有99.65%序列同源性,存在4个氨基酸差异,亲缘关系最近,被Bt杀虫晶体蛋白命名委员会命名为Cry7Ab3(登录号为BI1015188).     

苏云金芽孢杆菌cry1Ia基因的克隆、表达与活性研究

根据cry1Ia类基因的全长序列设计引物，以苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis）菌Btc008的总DNA为模板扩增出片段长为2.1kb的cry1Ia的全长基因，插入大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）表达载体pET-21b，转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）菌株，诱导表达出81kD的蛋白。该蛋白由719个氨基酸组成，推导的分子量为81.2kDa。该蛋白的氨基酸序列不同于已知的12种Cry1Ia蛋白，是一种新的Cry1Ia蛋白，该基因已被国际基因命名委员会正式命名为cry1Ia8。杀虫活性测定结果表明：Cry1Ia8对亚洲玉米螟（Ostrinia furnacalis）、小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella）有很强的杀虫活性，LC50分别为0.268 µg/g、2.227 µg/ml，其杀虫效果与Cry1Ab、Cry1Ac相当。对大豆食心虫（Leguminivora glycinivorella）也有较好的活性，但对鞘翅目叶甲科害虫榆兰叶甲（Pyrrhalta aenescens）没有活性。该基因的获得将为我国抗虫转基因作物和工程菌的研制提供新的基因来源，为筛选延缓昆虫抗性产生的基因组合提供了极为重要的依据。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌cry1Ia基因的克隆、表达与活性研究

根据cry1Ia类基因的全长序列设计引物,以苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)菌株Btc008的总DNA为模板扩增出片段长为2.1kb的cry1Ia的全长基因,插入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)表达载体pET-21b,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)菌株,诱导表达出81kD的蛋白。该蛋白由719个氨基酸组成,推导的分子量为81.2kD。该蛋白的氨基酸序列不同于已知的12种Cry1Ia蛋白,是一种新的Cry1Ia蛋白,该基因已被国际基因命名委员会正式命名为cry1Ia8。杀虫活性测定结果表明:Cry1Ia8对亚洲玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)和小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)有很强的杀虫活性,LC50分别为0.268μg/g和2.227μg/mL,其杀虫效果与Cry1Ab和Cry1Ac相当。对大豆食心虫(Leguminivora glycinivorella)也有较好的活性,但对鞘翅目叶甲科害虫榆兰叶甲(Pyrrhalta aenescens)没有活性。该基因的获得将为我国抗虫转基因作物和工程菌的研制提供新的基因来源,为筛选延缓昆虫抗性产生的基因组合提供了重要依据。     

新型cry7Ab基因的鉴定克隆、表达与杀虫活性

本文应用PCR-RFLP法鉴定出Bt菌株HQ40中含有cry7Ab基因,并根据cry7A全长基因序列设计特异性引物,成功克隆了该基因。该基因核苷酸序列已经在国际基因库GeneBank中登记,其登录号为EU380678,并由Bt δ-内毒素基因国际命名委员会正式命名为cry7Ab4。通过穿梭载体pSTK 将该基因导入Bt 无晶体突变株中,获得工程菌HD7Ab4。SDS-PAGE分析表明cry7Ab4 基因在其中能正常表达,并形成菱形晶体。提取工程菌HD7Ab4和野生菌HQ40晶体蛋白,并在体外用胰蛋白酶酶解活化。分别对直翅目、鳞翅目和鞘翅目的害虫进行了杀虫活性测定。生测结果表明：Cry7Ab4蛋白trypsin酶解液对鞘翅目的大猿叶甲显示了一定的杀虫活性,其野生菌蛋白及表达蛋白酶解液LC50分别为231.59µg/ml及293.79µg/ml。表达产物虽不能使鳞翅目的小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾和亚洲玉米螟死亡,但对它们的生长发育有明显的体重抑制作用。另外对马铃薯甲虫以及榆蓝叶甲也有体重抑制作用,而对直翅目的东亚飞蝗无毒。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌cry1Aa14基因的分离、克隆及其表达

Bt25是中国自行分离的对小菜蛾(Plutella xylotella)具有高毒力的苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis),经PCR-RFLP鉴定含有cry1Aa基因。以全长基因PCR产物的粘端定向克隆的方法,设计1对特异引物,以Bt25质粒DNA为模板扩增cry1Aa全长基因。序列测定结果表明,该基因编码区为3552bp,编码1183个氨基酸,分子量为133．7kD,pI4．755。该基因序列已在GenBank注册,登记号为AY197341,并获得正式命名cry1Aa14。在氨基酸序列918～1180间,和已知的11种cry1Aa存在22-23个氨基酸的差异(其中1094～1097的4个氨基酸无对应序列),而这段区域和Cry1Ab氨基酸序列的对应区域无差异。cry1Aa14全长基因插入Bt表达载体,获得了重组表达质粒pBYB1,转化Bt无晶体突变株HD73cry-,经过抗性筛选、DNA酶切分析和PCR检测,证实转化成功。SDS-PAGE分析表明,该基因在上述受体中能正常表达133kD蛋白。杀虫生物测定结果表明,cry1Aa14表达产物对小菜蛾幼虫具有显著的毒杀作用,与cry1Aa12进行比较,毒力无明显差异。这种单基因菌株的发现及其基因的获得,为害虫抗性研究和高效工程菌的构建提供了重要实验材料。     

苏云金杆菌营养期杀虫蛋白vip3A-LS1基因的克隆与表达

从土壤中分离得到营养期对鳞翅目害虫高毒的Bt LS1菌株。分子检测菌株中存在营养期杀虫蛋白基因，进行了该基因的克隆表达。设计全长基因引物扩增得到了约2.3kb的靶片段；克隆序列分析证实为新Vip3A基因，命名为Vip3A-LS1，GenBank登录号DQ016968，Bt基因命名委员会命名为Vip3Aa22。该基因推导蛋白与其它已知同源蛋白8个氨基酸不同。构建vip3A-LS1基因的表达载体，SDS-PAGE检测约88kD目的蛋白大量表达；生物测定表明，胞内可溶性蛋白对棉铃虫和甜菜夜蛾活性最高。纯化蛋白对初孵棉铃虫和甜菜夜蛾的LC50分别为73.6和32.2µg/g。     

马铃薯花青素转录激活基因stmyc的克隆与表达分析

根据GenBank 核酸数据库中报道的紫苏myc mRNA基因保守序列设计引物，用RT-PCR方法从紫色马铃薯紫皮RNA中获得花青素转录激活类基因stmyc的5’端保守区域， 通过3’-RACE获得长为600bp左右的序列。测序结果表明：基因全长1106bp，含有完整的阅读框，编码326个氨基酸，命名为stmyc，其编码的蛋白与紫苏myc基因编码蛋白的同源性02为46.98%，并具有典型的bHLH结构域。RT-PCR表达分析结果显示stmyc基因在紫色马铃薯皮、肉、茎、叶、根中都有表达，其中在紫茎中的表达量最高，紫皮中表达量最低；且该基因在白色马铃薯的皮、叶和肉中都有表达，推测该基因在马铃薯中为组成型表达。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌Ly30株cry1Ac基因的克隆及表达*

Bt菌Ly30株是中国自行分离的对多种害虫具有高毒力的苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt),经CAPS(cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences)系统鉴定。它含有cry1Ac基因。以全长基因PCR产物的粘端定向克隆的方法,设计1对特异引物,分别引入SalⅠ和BamHⅠ酶切位点。以Ly30质粒DNA为模板扩增cry1Ac全长基因,与表达载体pET-21b相应的酶切产物连接,转化大肠杆菌(Eschrichia coli),获得含有cry1Ac基因重组质粒pEKLy1Ac。该基因的亚克隆和序列测定结果表明,其编码区为3534bp。编码蛋白分子量为133.5kD,含1177个氨基酸,等电点为4．8,与CrylAc3同源性最高,存在4个氨基酸的差异,与Cry1Ac10之间则有6个氨基酸的不同。该基因序列已在GenBank中登记注册为AF482767,并被国际Bt杀虫晶体蛋白基因命名委员会正式命名为cry1Ac14该基因经诱导获得高效表达,SDS-PAGE电泳检测到明显的133．5kD蛋白带。室内生物测定结果表明,诱导表达的Cry1Ac蛋白对棉铃虫、甜菜夜蛾等鳞翅目害虫幼虫均有较高的杀虫活性,其LC5o值分别为19.236和3276μg／g饲料。     

CrylAb敏感和抗性亚洲玉米螟氨肽酶N基因的克隆及序列差异分析

研究亚洲玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)对Cry1Ab产生抗性的分子机理,对今后制定和实施合理的抗性治理策略具有重要的意义。本研究通过PCR方法克隆和测序,鉴定了Cry1Ab敏感-抗性亚洲玉米螟幼虫中肠氨肽酶N(APN)基因家族的一个成员Ofapn3,其cDNA全序列长3591bp,开放阅读框包括3045bp,编码1014个氨基酸。预测蛋白质分子量为115.1kD,等电点(pI)为4.44。其推导的氨基酸序列中具有鳞翅目昆虫氨肽酶典型结构特征,即N-末端具有18个氨基酸的剪切信号肽,谷氨酸锌化氨肽酶保守结构GAMEN,锌结合位点HEXXHX18E,C-末端具有22个氨基酸的糖基磷脂酰肌醇(GPI)锚信号肽。系统分类归为第3支系。与欧洲玉米螟(Ostrinia nubilalis)的Onapn3(GenBank登录号:ABL01483)同源性为96.6%。与Cry1Ab敏感亚洲玉米螟cDNA相比,抗性品系的开放阅读框中有40个碱基发生了点突变,导致氨基酸序列中有10个氨基酸改变。其中Ser735在抗性品系中突变为Pro的现象在抗性棉铃虫APN3的氨基酸突变中也被检测到。鉴定的Cry1Ab敏感和抗...     

苏云金杆菌Cry2Ab可溶蛋白的原核表达及多克隆抗体的制备

苏云金杆菌Cry2Ab蛋白是一类对鳞翅目昆虫有特异性毒性作用的毒素蛋白,已广泛应用于针对鳞翅目害虫的防治之中。依据苏云金杆菌cry2Ab基因序列设计一对全长引物,从苏云金杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)WB9菌株总DNA中克隆出cry2Ab基因全序列,构建Cry2Ab-PK表达载体,将获得的Cry2Ab-PK阳性克隆进行原核诱导表达,获得约90kD的Cry2Ab-GST融合蛋白,经批量纯化并切除GST标签后获得可溶Cry2Ab蛋白,约65kD。利用纯化Cry2Ab可溶蛋白免疫新西兰雄性大白兔(Oryctolagus cuniculus),制备Cry2Ab兔源多克隆抗血清,通过间接ELISA法测定Cry2Ab抗血清效价超过1:150000。Western blot测定结果表明,制备的Cry2Ab兔源抗血清能特异性识别Cry2Aa及Cry2Ab抗原蛋白,不能识别Cry1Ab及Cry3Aa抗原蛋白。研究结果对深入研究Cry2A毒素蛋白作用机理及毒素与受体间互作关系提供了技术支持。     

AcMNPV chiA基因表达产物对棉铃虫围食膜的破坏及对Bt和NPV的增效作用

采用PCR方法扩增出苜蓿银纹夜蛾(Autographa californica)核型多角体病毒(AcMNPV)几丁质酶基因(chiA)编码区1.6kb全长片段,并将该片段分别克隆至原核表达载体pET30a和杆状病毒BactoBac表达系统转移载体pFastBac中,分别在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3)和草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)细胞系Sf-9中进行了表达。SDS-PAGE分析表明,在大肠杆菌和昆虫细胞中均有效表达了60kD的蛋白。将表达产物饲喂5龄棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)幼虫后取其围食膜,扫描电镜结果显示,围食膜结构遭到破坏形成大量孔洞。生物测定结果表明,以上两种表达产物对苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)和核型多角体病毒(NPV)均具有增效作用。以AcMNPVChiA在大肠杆菌和细胞系Sf-9中的表达产物分别与BtCry2Ac蛋白混合饲喂棉铃虫初孵幼虫,增效率分别为33.4%和54.5%,其LT50较对照处理分别缩短了17.8和20.6h;当AcMNPVChiA在大肠杆菌和细胞系Sf-9中的表达产物分别与甘蓝夜蛾(Mamestra brassica)核型多角体病毒(MbNPV)混合处理棉铃虫初孵幼虫时,其LT50与对照比较分别缩短了16.6和22.4h。     

AcMNPV chiA基因表达产物对棉铃虫围食膜的破坏及对Bt和NPV的增效作用研究

采用PCR方法扩增出苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（AcMNPV）几丁质酶基因（chiA）编码区1.6kb全长片段,并将该片段分别克隆至原核表达载体pET30a和杆状病毒Bac to Bac表达系统转移载体pFastBac中,分别在大肠杆菌（E. coli）BL21(DE3)和草地贪夜蛾细胞系Sf-9中进行了表达。SDS-PAGE分析表明,在大肠杆菌和昆虫细胞中均有效表达了60kDa的蛋白。将表达产物饲喂5龄棉铃虫幼虫后取其围食膜,扫描电镜结果显示,围食膜结构遭到破坏形成大量孔洞。生物测定结果表明,以上两种表达产物对Bt和NPV均具有增效作用。以AcMNPV ChiA在大肠杆菌和细胞系Sf-9中的表达产物分别与Bt Cry2Ac蛋白混合饲喂棉铃虫幼虫,增效率分别为33.4％和54.5％,其LT50较对照处理分别缩短了17.8h和20.6h;当AcMNPV ChiA在大肠杆菌和细胞系Sf-9中的表达产物分别与甘蓝夜蛾核型多角体病毒（MbNPV）混合处理棉铃虫幼虫时,其LT50与对照比较分别缩短了16.6h和22.4h。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌WB9菌株cry2Ac4基因的克隆及表达

WB9是我国分离自武夷山的对多种重要农业害虫具有高毒力的苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt)菌株,经PCR-RFLP鉴定含有cry2Ac基因。根据cry2基因序列设计引物,以WB9质粒为模板扩增cry2Ac全长基因,与大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)克隆载体pMD18-T连接获得含有cry2Ac全长基因的重组质粒pMD2Ac并测序。该基因在GenBank上登录号为DQ361267,被Bt国际命名委员会正式命名为cry2Ac4。通过亚克隆方法将cry2Ac4基因插入穿梭表达载体pHT315获得重组表达质粒pHT2Ac,将其转化大肠杆菌SCS110和Bt无晶体突变株HD73 Cry-,得到的工程菌能正常表达70 kD蛋白,形成方形晶体。生物测定结果表明,cry2Ac4基因表达产物对桔小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel)幼虫具有显著的毒杀作用,但对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)和致倦库蚊(Culex fatlgans)幼虫基本没有效果。     

Adsorption of Cry1Ab protein isolated from Bt transgenic rice on bentone, kaolin, humic acids, and soils

Adsorption on a soil matrix of the insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt) transgenic plants affects their accumulation and release and, hence, bioavailability in soil. Cry1Ab protein isolated from Bt transgenic rice was used to evaluate the adsorption and desorption on bentone, kaolin, and humic acids (HAs). The adsorption equilibrium of Cry1Ab protein was reached within 1-2 h for bentone and kaolin and within 4-8 h for HAs. The adsorption isotherms were better described by linear expressions ( R (2) >/= 0.973) rather than by the Freundlich model. No saturation was observed, even at the maximum concentration used (3.71 microg mL (-1)). The adsorbed protein was not easily desorbed at the used protein concentrations (0.18-3.71 microg mL (-1)); more than 50-70%, 70-80%, and 90% of the adsorbed protein remained on HAs, kaolin, and bentone, respectively, after washing with water. Adsorption and desorption of the Cry1Ab protein were further studied using five soils, and the isotherms were also well-described by linear equations ( p < 0.05). Adsorption of the Cry1Ab protein on soils was positively related to the soil organic matter content.     

Soil nematode community varies between rice cultivars but is not affected by transgenic Bt rice expressing <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cry1Ab</Emphasis> or <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cry1Ab</Emphasis>/<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cry1Ac</Emphasis>

Insecticidal crystal (Cry) proteins produced by transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) rice that enter the soil via root exudation and plant residues may be harmful to non-target soil organisms. We conducted a 3-year field investigation to determine if soil nematode abundance and diversity were affected by exposure to two transgenic Bt rice cultivars, compared to their non-transgenic near isolines. Near isolines were Kemingdao (KMD-Bt) expressing the single Cry1Ab gene and its non-Bt near isoline Xiushui-11 (XSD), as well as Huahui-1 (HH-Bt) expressing the fused Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac gene and its non-Bt near isoline Minghui-63 (MH). Nematode variables including community composition, abundance, trophic groups, and most of the common genera differed significantly between the rice cultivars. However, these nematode variables were similar under transgenic Bt rice and its non-Bt near isoline, although higher Shannon’s index value and Pielou’s index value were found in soils planted with Bt rice than the non-Bt near isoline. During this 3-year field study, gene modification (single Cry1Ab gene and fused Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac gene) supports a more uniform distribution of nematode species but had no effect on soil nematode abundance and community composition. We conclude that continuous cultivation of KMD-Bt and HH-Bt rice varieties for 3 years is not detrimental to soil nematode communities under field conditions.     

Are survival and reproduction of Enchytraeus albidus (Annelida: Enchytraeidae) at risk by feeding on Bt-maize litter?

Enchytraeids are saprophagous soil organisms, appearing in high abundances and contributing to ecological processes within the soil. For decades they have been used as model species for biological research. In the framework of research on genetically modified plants, however, they have not been considered to date. Following the ISO/DIS guideline, survival and reproduction of Enchytraeus albidus, fed with diets containing Bt-maize (N4640Bt Cry1Ab, DKC5143Bt Cry3Bb1) leaf material were analysed. For comparison, diets with the corresponding untransformed near-isolines (N4640, DKC5143) were examined. Additionally a high quality control diet (oat flakes) was included. Survival and reproduction showed no significant differences between the Cry3Bb1 treatment and the treatment with the untransformed counterpart. For the Cry1Ab treatment survival was significantly higher than for the treatment with the corresponding near-isoline. In contrast, reproduction was significantly lower for the Cry1Ab treatment compared to that for the isoline. For the Cry3Bb1 treatment, no effect was shown on survival or reproduction. For the Cry1Ab variety and its untransformed counterpart, a contrasting result was detected, which is unlikely to be caused by the Bt-protein but rather by differences in other plant components. Overall survival and reproduction were highest for the control.     

Biodegradation of Cry1Ab protein from Bt transgenic rice in aerobic and flooded paddy soils

Degradation of Cry1Ab protein from Bt transgenic rice was examined under both aerobic and flooded conditions in five paddy soils and in aqueous solutions. The hydrolysis rate of Cry1Ab protein in aqueous solutions was correlated inversely with the solution pH in the range of 4.0 to 8.0, and positively with the initial concentration of Cry1Ab protein. Rapid degradation of Cry1Ab protein occurred in paddy soils under aerobic conditions, with half-lives ranging from 19.6 to 41.3 d. The degradation was mostly biotic and not related to any specific soil property. Degradation of the Cry1Ab protein was significantly prolonged under flooded conditions compared with aerobic conditions, with half-lives extended to 45.9 to 141 d. These results suggest that the toxin protein, when introduced into a paddy field upon harvest, will probably undergo rapid removal after the field is drained and exposed to aerobic conditions.     

Indicated detection of two unapproved transgenic rice lines contaminating vermicelli products

We analyzed the DNA fragments extracted from four rice vermicelli products. The Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) rice line, which has a construct similar to the GM Shanyou 63 line, was detected in some vermicelli products by identification of the junction region sequence between rice Act1 promoter and the Cry1Ac gene, and that between Cry1Ac and nos. In addition, we also detected a different Bt rice line by means of the junction region sequence between the maize ubiquitin promoter and cry1Ab gene and that between the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and the hygromycin phosphotransferase in some vermicelli products. Accordingly, we for the first time have detected the two transgenic Bt rice lines contaminating rice vermicelli samples. Furthermore, we developed a duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the simultaneous detection of both Bt rice lines.     

Effects of temperature, water content and pH on degradation of Cry1Ab protein released from Bt corn straw in soil

We investigated the effects of soil temperature (15 °C, 25 °C, 35 °C), water content (20%, 33%, 50%) and pH (4.5, 7.0, 9.0) on the degradation of Cry1Ab protein released from the straw of Bt corn varieties 34B24 and 1246 × 1482 both expressing Cry1Ab protein. Our results showed that Cry1Ab protein released from both 34B24 and 1246 × 1482 straw was degraded in a similar way in all treatments, which demonstrated a rapid decline in the early stage but a slow decline in the middle and late stages. In the late stage (180 days after the experiment commenced) 0.03%-1.51% and 0.02%-0.91% of initial Cry1Ab protein released from 34B24 and 1246 × 1482 straw was detected in soil. In addition, degradation dynamics of Cry1Ab protein under different environmental conditions was well described by the shift-log model. DT₅₀ of Cry1Ab protein released from 34B24 and 1246 × 1482 straw was 0.97-9.97 d and 0.75-10.89 d, respectively, and DT₉₀ was 4.66-162.45 d and 6.44-57.46 d, respectively. The results suggested that soil temperature had significant effects on the degradation of Cry1Ab protein, with a higher degradation rate at higher temperature, but soil water content and pH had no obvious effects on the degradation of Cry1Ab protein.