对Bt抗性和敏感亚洲玉米螟解毒酶和中肠蛋白酶的比较

比较了人工汰选的对Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白产生抗性的亚洲玉米螟(Ostriniafurnacalis(Guenée))种群和敏感种群幼虫解毒酶和中肠蛋白酶的变化。结果表明:抗、感种群的乙酰胆碱酯酶、中肠总蛋白酶、弱碱性类胰蛋白酶和类胰凝乳蛋白酶的活力差异不显著,而抗性种群的α-乙酰萘酯酶和类胰蛋白酶显著高于敏感种群。对类胰蛋白酶、类胰凝乳蛋白酶和类弹性蛋白酶的活力杂交分析结果表明,抗性种群的类胰蛋白酶酶谱强于敏感种群,但抗、感种群中肠液在体外对Cry1Ab原毒素的酶解过程并不存在差异。推断强碱性类胰蛋白酶可能与亚洲玉米螟对Bt抗性产生机理有关。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌cry1Ia基因的克隆、表达与活性研究

根据cry1Ia类基因的全长序列设计引物,以苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)菌株Btc008的总DNA为模板扩增出片段长为2.1kb的cry1Ia的全长基因,插入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)表达载体pET-21b,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)菌株,诱导表达出81kD的蛋白。该蛋白由719个氨基酸组成,推导的分子量为81.2kD。该蛋白的氨基酸序列不同于已知的12种Cry1Ia蛋白,是一种新的Cry1Ia蛋白,该基因已被国际基因命名委员会正式命名为cry1Ia8。杀虫活性测定结果表明:Cry1Ia8对亚洲玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)和小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)有很强的杀虫活性,LC50分别为0.268μg/g和2.227μg/mL,其杀虫效果与Cry1Ab和Cry1Ac相当。对大豆食心虫(Leguminivora glycinivorella)也有较好的活性,但对鞘翅目叶甲科害虫榆兰叶甲(Pyrrhalta aenescens)没有活性。该基因的获得将为我国抗虫转基因作物和工程菌的研制提供新的基因来源,为筛选延缓昆虫抗性产生的基因组合提供了重要依据。     

梅山猪氨肽酶基因N(pAPN)cDNA克隆、序列分析及重要变异位点的筛选

氨肽酶N(aminopeptidase N,APN)蛋白是猪(Sus scrofa)传染性胃肠炎病毒(Transmissible gastroenteritis virus,TGEV)和猪的流行性腹泻病毒(Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)等一系列冠状病毒的受体蛋白。为探讨梅山猪APN基因的分子结构特征以及重要的变异位点,本研究通过PCR扩增和测序技术,结合生物信息学分析梅山猪APN基因功能区域和重要变异位点,对其蛋白质结构进行预测和分析。结果表明,梅山猪APN基因cDNA全长2 886 bp(GenBank登录号:KF280271),含有20个外显子,编码961个氨基酸。与GenBank数据库公布的标准序列(登录号:NM_214277.1)相比,梅山猪APN基因编码区变异共引起10处氨基酸突变与2处氨基酸缺失,其中Phe82Asn、Leu107Phe、Leu108 Ile、Ser330Pro、Trp399Arg和Glu465 Gly等6处突变位于APN酶催化活性区域,Gln747His突变、748Tyr和749Ser缺失突变位于APN病毒结合区域。蛋白结构和编码产物功能分析发现,pAPN为不稳定的亲水性蛋白,无信号肽,具有1个跨膜螺旋(跨膜区位于12~34氨基酸,二级结构元件以α螺旋和β折叠为主,编码产物主要参与细胞被膜(cell envelope)、中央中间代谢(central intermediary metabolism)、辅酶因子生物合成(biosynthesis of cofactors)等功能。Gln747His、748Tyr和749Ser缺失突变可能与氨肽酶N结合病毒能力有关。本研究对梅山猪pAPN基因功能的分析及变异位点的筛选,为今后筛选猪抗病毒性腹泻的有效遗传标记提供理论基础。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌Cry1Ab毒素domainⅡ内3个loop对其毒性作用的影响

苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)Cry毒素domainⅡβ-折叠顶端的3个loop在靶标昆虫中肠受体识别中有重要作用,这3个loop在影响Cry毒性中起到的重要性有所不同。本研究利用能够与Cry毒素非靶标的豌豆蚜(Acyrthosiphon pisum)中肠氨肽酶N(amino peptidase N,APN)受体结合的短肽GBP3.1对Cry1Ab蛋白domainⅡ内3个loop分别进行替换,通过检测loop替换后3株改造蛋白对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)幼虫的毒性变化来分析3个loop在Cry1Ab毒性功能中的重要性差异。生物测定结果显示,与野生型Cry1Ab的LC50=0.88μg/m L相比,loop 1、2和3分别被替换后的Cry1Ab的LC50为12.17、32.25和23.00μg/m L。由此可见,loop 2在Cry1Ab杀虫活性中起到的作用最大,loop 3次之,loop 1对Cry1Ab毒素的毒性作用影响最小。该结论与Cry1A蛋白的三维空间结构分析相吻合,并为进一步了解Bt Cry1A毒素作用机制及其三维结构中功能域的研究提供了依据。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌cry1Ia基因的克隆、表达与活性研究

根据cry1Ia类基因的全长序列设计引物，以苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis）菌Btc008的总DNA为模板扩增出片段长为2.1kb的cry1Ia的全长基因，插入大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）表达载体pET-21b，转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）菌株，诱导表达出81kD的蛋白。该蛋白由719个氨基酸组成，推导的分子量为81.2kDa。该蛋白的氨基酸序列不同于已知的12种Cry1Ia蛋白，是一种新的Cry1Ia蛋白，该基因已被国际基因命名委员会正式命名为cry1Ia8。杀虫活性测定结果表明：Cry1Ia8对亚洲玉米螟（Ostrinia furnacalis）、小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella）有很强的杀虫活性，LC50分别为0.268 µg/g、2.227 µg/ml，其杀虫效果与Cry1Ab、Cry1Ac相当。对大豆食心虫（Leguminivora glycinivorella）也有较好的活性，但对鞘翅目叶甲科害虫榆兰叶甲（Pyrrhalta aenescens）没有活性。该基因的获得将为我国抗虫转基因作物和工程菌的研制提供新的基因来源，为筛选延缓昆虫抗性产生的基因组合提供了极为重要的依据。     

棉铃虫中肠.Bt 毒素受体蛋白(APN )的分离与纯化

用Mg／EGTA方法，以不同的速度进行离心，成功地分离了棉铃虫(Bacillus thuringiensis)中肠刷状缘膜囊泡（BBMVO，BBMV中保留了大部分氨肽酶N(aminopeptidase N，APN)活性，BBMV中APN的特异活性较粗匀浆液相比提高了3．29倍；CHAPS3-[(3-chlor-amidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulphonate可以增加BBMV的溶解，加入1％(CHAPS)之后APN特异活性增加至5．21倍；利用磷酸酰肌醇特异性的磷脂酶(PI-PLC)能将APN从膜上解离下来，BBMV经PI-PLC处理后，SDS-PAGE电泳结果仅有120kD的1条带；Mono-Q和FPLC结合的方法可以纯化部分APN，SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示，经Mono-Q柱处理后的BBMV中分子量约100kD的蛋白条带加粗；棉铃虫3个抗性品系与敏感品系相比，APN特异活性差异不显著，说明棉铃虫对Bt产生抗性与APN活性的变化无关，抗性的产生可能与Bt毒素和APN结合能力的改变有关。     

一株对马铃薯瓢虫幼虫有特异活性的苏云金芽孢杆菌新菌株的研究

苏云金芽孢杆菌WZ-9是本室从河北省土壤中分离的对马铃薯瓢虫的幼虫有特异杀虫活性的新菌株，本文对该菌株的形态特征、生长特性、生物活性、基因型和蛋白型等方面进行了研究。结果表明该菌株可产生菱形伴孢晶体，SDS-PAGE检测表达的主要蛋白条带分子量约为130kDa，生长周期是24h，随菌株的生长培养基pH值发生变化；生物活性测定表明该菌对马铃薯瓢虫2龄幼虫72h校正死亡率达100%，LC50为2.95×107细胞/mL；基因型鉴定表明含有cry7基因，获得了一条总长为3781bp基因序列，其中包含了一个3414 bp的开放读码框，其编码的蛋白由1138个氨基酸残基组成，与Cry7Ab2具有99.65%的序列同源性，存在4个氨基酸差异，亲缘关系最近，该蛋白被Bt 杀虫晶体蛋白命名委员会命名为Cry7Ab3( 登录号为BI 1015188) 。     

草鱼胞浆谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶cDNA全长的克隆与分析

谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidases,GPXs,EC1.11.19)是生物体内抗氧化防御系统的重要组成部分。本文从草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)克隆到胞浆谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因(GPX1)cDNA全长序列。该序列全长890bp(GenBank accession No.EU828796),包括完全开放阅读框(ORF)576bp、5'非编码区(5'-UTR)17bp和3'-UTR297bp。其ORF编码191个氨基酸残基,包含一个由"UGA"(通常为终止密码子)编码的硒代半胱氨酸(selenocysteine,Sec40)残基,并与另2个残基(Glu75和Trp153)构成酶活性中心。同时,草鱼GPX1cDNA的3'-UTR中具有保守的硒代半胱氨酸插入序列(selenocysteine insertion sequence,SECIS)元件。氨基酸序列相似性比较显示,草鱼GPX1cDNA的推测氨基酸序列(GenBank accession No.ACF39780)与斑马鱼GPX1(GenBank accession No.NP_001007282)的相似性...     

褐飞虱中肠上皮细胞膜结合氨肽酶N在Sf9昆虫细胞内的表达

褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)是中国水稻(Oryza sativa)生产中对水稻危害极为严重的农业害虫之一。随着微生物杀虫剂苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringsis,Bt)的使用及转Bt杀虫基因作物的推广,对Bt不敏感的褐飞虱的防治将成为难点。当前研究表明Cry毒素与靶标昆虫中肠膜结合氨肽酶N(aminopeptidase N,APN)的结合是Bt Cry毒素毒理机制中的重要步骤。本研究对褐飞虱转录组数据中获得的一个褐飞虱中肠apn基因进行全长克隆,构建Bacmid-bphAPN重组杆状病毒载体,并在草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)卵巢细胞(Sf9)中表达。经Western blot、蛋白质谱及免疫荧光定位检测证实bphAPN蛋白成功表达。细胞毒性实验结果显示表达了褐飞虱中肠APN的Sf9细胞对Cry1Ac活化蛋白不敏感。褐飞虱中肠APN的体外真核表达有助于褐飞虱中肠APN的特征分析,为开发对褐飞虱有毒性作用的新型Cry毒素提供了资料基础。     

甘薯茎线虫乙酰胆碱酯酶基因ace-3全长cDNA的克隆和序列分析

利用RT- PCR结合RACE技术克隆了甘薯茎线虫（Ditylenchus destructor）乙酰胆碱酯酶基因cDNA,Dd-ace-3,提交GenBank登录号EF583057。该cDNA序列5’端存在反式剪接引导序列SL1,全长2517bp ,包含一个1836bp的开放阅读框;在推导出的611个氨基酸残基的前体蛋白中, N 端的前21个氨基酸残基为信号肽, C-28的位置存在糖基磷脂酰肌醇(GPI)锚定位点,除此之外的562个氨基酸残基是成熟的乙酰胆碱酯酶序列,其预测的分子量为64396.81D。在一级结构中,形成催化活性中心的3个氨基酸残基 (Ser232 ,Glu360 和His479) ,以及在亚基内形成二硫键的6个半胱氨酸完全保守;在电鳐乙酰胆碱酯酶分子的催化功能域中存在14个保守的芳香族氨基酸残基,其中11个在甘薯茎线虫乙酰胆碱酯酶中完全保守。该酶的氨基酸序列与秀丽小杆线虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）ACE-3和ACE-4的同源性达56.1%和50.0%。与其它线虫和物种乙酰胆碱酯酶的聚类分析显示,甘薯茎线虫的乙酰胆碱酯酶与Ш型乙酰胆碱酯酶ACE-3同属一个支系。     

Composition of forage and grain from second-generation insect-protected corn MON 89034 is equivalent to that of conventional corn (Zea mays L.)

Insect-protected corn hybrids containing Cry insecticidal proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis have protection from target pests and provide effective management of insect resistance. MON 89034 hybrids have been developed that produce both the Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 proteins, which provide two independent modes of insecticidal action against the European corn borer ( Ostrinia nubilalis ) and other lepidopteran insect pests of corn. The composition of MON 89034 corn was compared to conventional corn by measuring proximates, fiber, and minerals in forage and by measuring proximates, fiber, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, antinutrients, and secondary metabolites in grain collected from 10 replicated field sites across the United States and Argentina during the 2004-2005 growing seasons. Analyses established that the forage and grain from MON 89034 are compositionally comparable to the control corn hybrid and conventional corn reference hybrids. These findings support the conclusion that MON 89034 is compositionally equivalent to conventional corn hybrids.     

Fate of the Cry1Ab protein from Bt-maize MON810 silage in biogas production facilities

Biogas plants fuelled with renewable sources of energy are a sustainable means for power generation. In areas with high infestation levels with the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.), it is likely that transgenic Bt-maize will be fed into agricultural biogas plants. The fate of the entomotoxic protein Cry1Ab from MON810 maize was therefore investigated in silage and biogas production-related materials in the utilization chains of two farm-scale biogas plants. The Cry1Ab content in silage exhibited no clear-cut pattern of decrease over the experimental time of 4 months. Mean content for silage was 1878 +/- 713 ng Cry1Ab g(-1). After fermentation in the biogas plants, the Cry1Ab content declined to trace amounts of around 3.5 ng g(-1) in the effluents. The limit of detection of the employed ELISA test corresponded to 0.75 ng Cry1Ab g(-1) sample material. Assays with larvae of O. nubilalis showed no bioactivity of the reactor effluents. The utilization of this residual material as fertilizer in agriculture is therefore deemed to be ecotoxicologically harmless.     

Characterization of Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 insecticidal crystal proteins expressed in transgenic corn plants and Pseudomonas fluorescens

Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 proteins, identified from Bacillus thuringiensis strain PS149B1, act together to control corn rootworms. Transgenic corn lines coexpressing the two proteins were developed to protect corn against rootworm damage. Large quantities of the two proteins were needed to conduct studies required for assessing the safety of this transgenic corn crop. Because it was technically infeasible to obtain sufficient quantities of high purity Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 proteins from the transgenic corn plants, the proteins were produced using a recombinant Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf) production system. The two proteins from both the transgenic corn and the Pf were purified and characterized. The proteins from each host had the expected molecular mass and were immunoreactive to specific antibodies in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis. Data from N-terminal sequencing, tryptic peptide mass fingerprinting, internal peptide sequencing, and biological activity provided direct evidence that the Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 proteins produced in Pf and transgenic corn were, respectively, comparable or equivalent molecules. In addition, neither protein had detectable glycosylation regardless of the host.     

Rapid digestion of Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 in simulated gastric fluid

Two genes were identified in Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) that code for the proteins that comprise a Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 binary insecticidal crystal protein. Maize, Zea mays L., plants have been transformed to express the Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 proteins, and as a result, these plants are resistant to attack by western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, a major pest in the Midwestern corn-growing area of the U.S.A. As part of the safety assessment for the proteins, digestibility studies were conducted. Digestion experiments with both proteins demonstrated rapid degradation in simulated gastric fluid, comparable to other registered plant-incorporated protectants. Quantitative and qualitative approaches for determining digestibility are illustrated.     

Risk assessment of the cultivation of a stacked Bt-maize variety (MON89034 × MON88017) for nematode communities

Genetically modified Bt-maize MON89034 × MON88017 contains three different genes derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) which enable protection against insect pests, due to expression of three different insecticidal crystal proteins (Cry proteins), i.e., Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 against the European corn borer and Cry3Bb1 against the Western corn root worm. Nematodes are important organisms in agricultural soil ecosystems, and on fields with Bt-maize cultivation they will be exposed to Cry proteins released into the soil from roots or plant residues. The objective of this study was to analyze in a field experiment the effect of Bt-maize MON89034 × MON88017 on nematodes as non-target organisms. Nematode communities from soil planted with the Bt-maize were compared to those from soil planted with the near-isogenic cultivar (with and without chemical insecticide treatment) and two conventional maize cultivars. The experimental field consisted of 40 plots in a completely randomized block design (eight plots for each treatment), which were monitored over two growing seasons (2008 and 2009) at six sampling dates for nematode diversity at the genus level in the rhizosphere soil. Physicochemical soil properties and Cry protein concentrations were also analyzed. Nematodes showed very high abundances, as well as a high diversity of taxa and functional guilds, indicating the relevance of maize fields as their habitat. Neither Bt-maize cultivation, nor insecticide treatment adversely affected abundance or community structure of nematode assemblages in field plots compared to several non-Bt cultivars including a near-isogenic cultivar. This confirmed the risk estimations based on the analyzed soil concentrations of extractable Cry protein, not exceeding 4.8 ng g⁻¹ soil dry weight and thus revealing a safe toxicity-exposure ratio of >20.     

Are survival and reproduction of Enchytraeus albidus (Annelida: Enchytraeidae) at risk by feeding on Bt-maize litter?

Enchytraeids are saprophagous soil organisms, appearing in high abundances and contributing to ecological processes within the soil. For decades they have been used as model species for biological research. In the framework of research on genetically modified plants, however, they have not been considered to date. Following the ISO/DIS guideline, survival and reproduction of Enchytraeus albidus, fed with diets containing Bt-maize (N4640Bt Cry1Ab, DKC5143Bt Cry3Bb1) leaf material were analysed. For comparison, diets with the corresponding untransformed near-isolines (N4640, DKC5143) were examined. Additionally a high quality control diet (oat flakes) was included. Survival and reproduction showed no significant differences between the Cry3Bb1 treatment and the treatment with the untransformed counterpart. For the Cry1Ab treatment survival was significantly higher than for the treatment with the corresponding near-isoline. In contrast, reproduction was significantly lower for the Cry1Ab treatment compared to that for the isoline. For the Cry3Bb1 treatment, no effect was shown on survival or reproduction. For the Cry1Ab variety and its untransformed counterpart, a contrasting result was detected, which is unlikely to be caused by the Bt-protein but rather by differences in other plant components. Overall survival and reproduction were highest for the control.     

Cry1Ab Adsorption and Transport in Humic Acid-Coated Geological Formation of Alumino-Silica Clays

Genetically modified agricultural products have been introduced to increase food supply by enhancing their resistance to pests and diseases, along with easily adapting to environmental conditions. Due to the modification of DNA, public objections are prevalent, including concerns on the impact on the ecosystem. In this research, adsorption and transport of Cry1Ab, a toxin exuded by the transgenic Bt maize in alumino-silica clays, were evaluated in laboratory columns under steady-state flow conditions. Since Cry1Ab fate and transport were very responsive to animal waste field applications, during which humic acids were released, Cry1Ab adsorption and transport in humic acid-coated alumino-silica clays were also investigated. Cry1Ab breakthrough curves were simulated using the convection-dispersion transport models. It was discovered that the humic acid coating increased Cry1Ab deposition during the transport. Based on analysis of the breakthrough curves, adsorption isotherms of Cry1Ab in alumino-silica clays were obtained and compared with those of batch experiments. The humic acid coating changed the bonding energy between Cry1Ab and the adsorption receptor sites on alumino-silica clay surfaces, thereby changing Cry1Ab partition between the aqueous phase and the solid phase.     

Effects of temperature, water content and pH on degradation of Cry1Ab protein released from Bt corn straw in soil

We investigated the effects of soil temperature (15 °C, 25 °C, 35 °C), water content (20%, 33%, 50%) and pH (4.5, 7.0, 9.0) on the degradation of Cry1Ab protein released from the straw of Bt corn varieties 34B24 and 1246 × 1482 both expressing Cry1Ab protein. Our results showed that Cry1Ab protein released from both 34B24 and 1246 × 1482 straw was degraded in a similar way in all treatments, which demonstrated a rapid decline in the early stage but a slow decline in the middle and late stages. In the late stage (180 days after the experiment commenced) 0.03%-1.51% and 0.02%-0.91% of initial Cry1Ab protein released from 34B24 and 1246 × 1482 straw was detected in soil. In addition, degradation dynamics of Cry1Ab protein under different environmental conditions was well described by the shift-log model. DT₅₀ of Cry1Ab protein released from 34B24 and 1246 × 1482 straw was 0.97-9.97 d and 0.75-10.89 d, respectively, and DT₉₀ was 4.66-162.45 d and 6.44-57.46 d, respectively. The results suggested that soil temperature had significant effects on the degradation of Cry1Ab protein, with a higher degradation rate at higher temperature, but soil water content and pH had no obvious effects on the degradation of Cry1Ab protein.     

High sensitive detection of Cry1Ab protein using a quantum dot-based fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay

Protein-based detection methods, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and lateral flow strip, have been widely used for rapid, spot, and sensitive detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Herein, one novel quantum dot-based fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (QD-FLISA) was developed employing quantum dots (QDs) as the fluorescent marker for the detection of the Cry1Ab protein in MON810 maize. The end-point fluorescent detection system was carried out using QDs conjugated with goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody. The newly developed Cry1Ab QD-FLISA assay was highly specific to the Cry1Ab protein and had no cross-reactivity with other target proteins, such as Cry2Ab, Cry1F, and Cry3Bb. The quantified linearity was achieved in the value range of 0.05-5% (w/w). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of the QD-FLISA were 2.956 and 9.854 pg/mL, respectively, which were more sensitive than the conventional sandwich ELISA method. All of the results indicated that QD-FLISA was a highly specific and sensitive method for the monitoring of Cry1Ab in GMOs.     

Fate of Cry1Ab protein in agricultural systems under slurry management of cows fed genetically modified maize (Zea mays L.) MON810: a quantitative assessment

The objective of the study was to track the fate of recombinant Cry1Ab protein in a liquid manure field trial when feeding GM maize MON810 to dairy cows. A validated ELISA was applied for quantification of Cry1Ab in the agricultural chain from GM maize plants, feed, liquid manure and soil to crops grown on manured fields. Starting with 23.7 μg of Cry1Ab g(-1) dry weight GM maize material, a rapid decline of Cry1Ab levels was observed as 2.6% and 0.9% of Cry1Ab from the GM plant were detected in feed and liquid manure, respectively. Half of this residual Cry1Ab persisted during slurry storage for 25 weeks. After application to experimental fields, final degradation of Cry1Ab to below detectable levels in soil was reported. Cry1Ab exhibited a higher rate of degradation compared to total protein in the agricultural processes. Immunoblotting revealed a degradation of the 65 kDa Cry1Ab into immunoreactive fragments of lower size in all analyzed materials.