湿地松、加勒比松人工林优树选择研究

以树高、胸径、材积为生长量指标,结合干形、冠幅、皮厚等形质指标,采用5株优势木对比法对40 a生湿地松(Pinus elliottii)、13~40 a生加勒比松(P. caribaea) 人工林开展优树选择研究,提出优树选择标准。40 a生湿地松优树树高、胸径、单株材积分别大于5株优势木平均值的1%、15%、35%以上,树干通直,共选择出优树10株,入选率为 4348%。13～40 a生加勒比松优树树高、胸径、单株材积分别比5株优势木平均值大8%～12%、15%～22%、49%～70%,树干通直,共选择出优树77株,入选率为 4919%。湿地松、加勒比松优树选择应以生长性状为主要目标,同时注重木材密度、产脂等性状的选择,进而丰富其育种群体的遗传多样性。     

文冠果优树选择

以甘肃省的文冠果为研究对象,采用群众荐优和实地调查相结合的方法,以单株果实品质、抗逆性和丰产性状等为选优指标,开展了文冠果优树选择研究。通过初选、复选、决选,最终选出优树16株,其中观赏型优树2株,能源利用型优树14株。     

基于用材林型江南油杉优树选择方法

采用5株优势木对比法,通过对广西10个县(市)江南油杉(Keteleeria fortunei var.cyclolepis)天然分布区和人工栽培区的调查,分析江南油杉天然林和人工林的生长特性。共初选优树110株(其中天然林59株、人工林51株),优势木550株(其中天然林295株、人工林255株)。经统计分析,确定了江南油杉天然林优树选择标准最低为:胸径、树高、材积生长量分别为优势木均值的123%、110%、161%。江南油杉人工林优树选择标准最低为:胸径、树高、材积生长量分别为优势木均值的124%、110%、166%。利用此标准,对初选110株优树进行复选,最终在江南油杉天然林中选择出Ⅰ级优树22株,Ⅱ级优树17株。在江南油杉人工林选择出江南油杉Ⅰ级优树20株,Ⅱ优树9株。该标准适用于广西江南油杉的天然分布区和人工栽培区内的作为用材林的江南油杉优树选择。     

顶果树人工林优树选择

以种植于广西南宁、柳州等地的顶果树人工林作为选优林分,采用5株优势木对比法进行选优,测量并分析44株候选优树和220株优势木生长量数据,应用差异显著临界值法确定优树选择标准。结果表明:优树选择标准为:树高≥优势木平均树高1.10倍、胸径≥优势木平均胸径1.09倍、单株材积≥优势木平均单株材积1.37倍。按此标准入选的优树有12株,入选率为27.3%,所选出的顶果树优树可为良种繁育提供基础材料。     

桂东南马尾松高产脂优树选择

在桂东南开展岑溪市波塘种源、苍梧县土贡种源马尾松(Pinus massoniana)高产脂优树选择研究,以丰富马尾松高产脂遗传资源,并探索马尾松高产脂优树选择新方法。研究共选择优树64株,年均单刀产脂量在14.6~69.4g。其中,短周期经营类型(采脂林龄8~16a)优树12株,中周期经营类型(采脂林龄16~30a)优树27株,长周期经营类型(采脂林龄30~50a)优树25株;研究中高产脂优树选择方法较传统方法更精确,优株高产脂性状更稳定,在桂东地区适应性更强。     

武功山林场火炬松优树选择技术研究

以火炬松树高、胸径和材积为数量评价指标，结合冠形、侧枝角和侧枝粗度等形质指标，采用5株优势木对比法对火炬松人工林分开展优树选择研究，并根据分析结果制定了不同栽培密度下优树选择标准，符合该选优标准的候选优树有23株入选，总的入选率为48.94%。本研究制定的优树选择标准可为相似栽培密度的火炬松林分中优树选择提供了参考，选出的优树资源为火炬松种子园建设和育种群体的构建提供了优质材料。     

米老排优树选择技术研究

以材积、树高、胸径为数量评价指标,结合树干通直度、冠高比、饱满度、分枝粗细等形质指标,采用5株优势木对比法开展了米老排人工林优树选择技术研究。通过对14~22年生不同林龄阶段的优树选择标准的总结,提出优树选择标准,即14年生优树单株材积、树高、胸径分别大于5株对比优势木平均值的54%、25%、21%以上,22年生优树单株材积、树高、胸径分别大于5株对比优势木平均值的75%、11%、26%以上,形质指标综合得分大于9.0,共选择米老排优树11株,入选率为64.7%。同时选优即要考虑其生长性状,还应注意材性、抗性的选择,以确保育种群体的遗传多样性。     

东门桉树优树选择研究

优树选择是林木改良的主要手段之一。是无性繁殖的基础,在选择过程中优树应具有广泛的遗传基础。优树选择的标准主要包括三方面的内容:生长量指标、形质指标、抗性及适应性要求。东门林场采用五株优势木对比法、标准差法和绝对生长量三种方法进行桉树优树选择。在10种树种中,共选出优树1464株。应用于杂交育种和无性繁殖。本文主要介绍东门林场对桉树进行选择的方法及优树的利用情况。     

马尾松天然林耐瘠薄优树选择标准

为探索耐瘠薄马尾松优树选择标准,对福建省长汀县水土流失山地马尾松天然林进行生长量调查,首先采用标准线方法计算各龄级生长量标准线,并由此制定耐瘠薄马尾松优树选择方法,从70株候选优树中初选出20株优树;然后再通过对5个形质指标进行主成分分析,根据各因子载荷量及其贡献率确定了高径比、冠径、树皮厚比为耐瘠薄马尾松的主要形质指标,通过形质评分进行优树复选,最终确定11株优树。     

论油茶优树的评选标准

我国油茶优树选择工作巳普遍开展,几年来共初选优树7500多株,中选约500株。目前正按“边选择、边鉴定、边繁育”的做法,将中选优树应用到良种基地的建设中去,各地已营建了一批采穗圃和种子园。从7500株初选优树中,只能选中500株,即只占1/15,而绝大部分即14/15被淘汰了。是优树太少或是我们的评选标准不够完善?通过多年的实践体会:后者值得进一步研讨。评选优树,主要依据优树的选择标准。全国油茶优树选择的标准并列了五     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.