氧化还原失衡对单增李斯特菌毒力基因转录水平的影响

保持氧化还原平衡对生物体维持其正常生理活动具有重要作用。单增李斯特菌是可以自身合成谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)的革兰氏阳性菌,GSH可影响该菌毒力基因的转录。为了研究氧化还原平衡对于单增李斯特菌毒力基因转录水平的影响,利用氧化剂H_2O_2和还原剂GSH分别对单增李斯特菌进行氧化和还原应激,qRT-PCR检测毒力基因hly、actA和plcB的转录水平变化,结果表明,22 mmol/L H_2O_2和10 mmol/L低浓度GSH均能诱导毒力基因转录水平的显著上调,而22 mmol/L高浓度GSH则抑制毒力基因的转录,表明在单增李斯特菌的氧化还原平衡调节能力范围之内,有效打破其氧化还原平衡,无论是氧化应激,还是还原应激,都可以促进其毒力基因的转录。     

Construction and Virulence of Filamentous Hemagglutinin Protein B1 Mutant of Pasteurella multocida in Chickens

Pasteurella multocida, a Gram-negative nonmotile coccobacillus, is the causative agent of fowl cholera, bovine hemorrhagic septicemia, enzoonotic pneumonia and swine atropic rhinitis. Two filamentous hemagglutinin genes, fhaB1 and JhaB2, are the potential virulence factors. In this study, an inactivationfhaB1 mutant ofP. multocida in avian strain C48-102 was constructed by a kanamycin-resistance cassette. The virulence of thefhaB1 mutant and the wild type strain was assessed in chickens by intranasal and intramuscular challenge. The inactivation offhaB1 resulted in a high degree of attenuation when the chickens were challenged intranasally and a lesser degree when challenged intramuscularly. ThefhaB1 mutant and the wild type strain were investigated their sensitivity to the antibody-dependent classical complement-mediated killing pathway in 90% convalescent chicken serum. ThefhaB1 mutant was serum sensitive as the viability has reduced between untreated serum and heat inactivated chicken serum （P〈0.007）. These results confirmed that FhaB1 played the critical roles in the bacterial pathogenesis and further studies were needed to investigate the mechanism which caused reduced virulence of the fhaB1 mutant.     

伏马菌素的毒性及其作用机理

伏马菌素是主要由串珠镰刀菌和再育镰刀菌代谢产生的一类真菌毒素,其对农作物的污染在世界范围内普遍存在,尤其是玉米及玉米制品。在目前发现的多种伏马菌素中,伏马菌素B1是主要组分,且其毒性最大。本研究介绍了伏马菌素的化学结构、产毒菌株及在动物体内的代谢情况,着重概述了伏马菌素的毒性及其作用机理,并对今后如何减轻伏马菌素对人和动物的危害进行了探讨和展望。     

The Twin-Arginine Translocation （Tat） Pathway Is Essential for Virulence,Flagellation, and Chemotaxis in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola Strain RsGD42

Bacterial leaf streak, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, is an important disease of rice （Oryza sativa）. Genetic determinants （tatABC genes） of the twin-arginine translocation （Tat） pathway from X. oryzae pv. oryzicola strain RsGD42 were cloned and characterized, meanwhile, a tatC disruption mutant was generated. The tatC mutant lacked detectable flagella and was highly impaired in motility and chemotaxis. Furthermore, it was observed that the tatC mutant exhibited a reduced production of extracellular polysaccharide （EPS） and a significant reduction of virulence on adult rice plants compared to wild type strain. However, the tatC mutation in X. oryzae pv. oryzieola strain RsGD42 did not affect the growth rate and the ability to induce hypersensitive response （HR） in nonhost tobacco （Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Samsun）. In conclusion, the data indicated that the Tat pathway significantly contributed to the virulence of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola.     

Genomic characteristics of Dickeya fangzhongdai isolates from pear and the function of type IV pili in the chromosome

Dickeya fangzhongdai, the causal agent of bleeding canker of pear, is a new member of the Dickeya genus and the only one that infects woody plants. Recent studies have reclassified several Dickeya isolates as D. fangzhongdai, which were isolated from various environments, including water, Phalaenopsis sp. and Aglaonema sp. To provide genomic characterization of D. fangzhongdai isolates from pear, the genomes of D. fangzhongdai strain JS5 (=China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center, CGMCC 1.15464^T=DSM 101947^T), along with two other isolates, LN1 and QZH3, were sequenced and compared to those of other Dickeya spp. Homology greater than 99% was observed among three D. fangzhongdai strains. Plasmid, type IV secretion system (T4SS) and type IV pili (TFPs) were found in genomes of D. fangzhongdai isolates. Comparative analysis of the type III secretion systems (T3SS), type III secretion effectors (T3SE), plant cell wall degradation enzymes (PCWDE) and membrane transport proteins of Dickeya spp. showed some differences which might reflect the variations of virulence, phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics of Dickeya spp. In addition, deletion mutant of TFP in D. fangzhongdai JS5 showed no twitching motility and reduced virulence and biofilm formation. The fingdings of the distinctive plasmid, T4SS and TFPs, as well as the differences of T3SE, PCWDE and membrane transport proteins make D. fangzhongdai isolates unique. These results also suggested that acquisition of virulence genes by horizontal gene transfer might play some role in the genetic variation of D. fangzhongdai.     

The removal of nitrate reductase phosphorylation enhances tolerance to ammonium nitrogen deficiency in rice

Nitrate reductase (NR) is a key enzyme for nitrogen assimilation in plants, and its activity is regulated by posttranslational phosphorylation. To investigate the effects of dephosphorylation of the NIA1 protein on the growth and the physiological and biochemical characteristics of rice under different forms of nitrogen supplies, the phenotypes, nitrogen metabolism and reactive oxygen metabolism were measured in NIA1 phosphorylation site-directed mutant lines (S532D and S532A), an OsNia1 over-expression line (OE) and Kitaake (wild type, WT). Compared with WT and OE, S532D and S532A have stronger nitrogen assimilation capacities. When ammonium nitrate served as the nitrogen source, the plant heights, dry weights of shoots and chlorophyll (Chl) contents of S532D and S532A were lower than those of the WT and OE, whereas hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite contents were higher. When potassium nitrate served as the nitrogen source, the plant heights, dry weights of shoots and Chl contents of S532D and S532A were higher than those of the WT and OE, there were no significant differences in the contents of H₂O₂ and MDA in the leaves of the test materials, and the difference in nitrite contents among different lines decreased. When ammonium sulfate served as the nitrogen source, there were no significant differences in the physiological indexes of the test materials, except NR activity. Compared with ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, the content of NH₄⁺-N in the leaves of each plant was lower when potassium nitrate was used as the nitrogen source. The qPCR results showed that OsGS and OsNGS1 were negatively regulated by downstream metabolites, and OsNrt2.2 was induced by nitrate. In summary, when ammonium nitrate served as the nitrogen source, the weak growth of NIA1 phosphorylation site-directed mutant lines was due to the toxicity caused by the excessive accumulation of nitrite. When potassium nitrate served as the nitrogen source, the assimilation rates of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium salt were accelerated in NIA1 phosphorylation site-directed mutant lines, which could provide more nitrogen nutrition and improve the tolerance of rice to ammonium nitrogen deficiency. These results could provide a possible method to improve the efficiency of nitrogen utilization in rice under low-nitrogen conditions.     

Population Genetic Analysis of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici in Qinghai Province,China

To gain more precise information about molecular genetic variation for wild populations of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici from Qinghai Province, China, 38 single-colony isolates were purified from samples collected from Haidong District, Xining City and Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in 2010. The virulence of 21 isolates among them was tested at seedling stage on 34 wheat cultivars (lines) carrying known powdery mildew (Pm) resistant genes. The results showed that V1a, V3a, V3c, V3e, V5a, V6, V7, V8 and V19 had high virulence frequencies (>75%), indicating a wide distribution; and V1c, V5b, V12, V13, V16, V21, VXBD, V2+6, V2+Mld and V4+8, with less distribution, appeared to be lower in frequencies (0-20%). The Nei's gene diversity (H), Shannon's information index (I) and the percentage of polymorphic loci (P) were 0.23, 0.35 and 67.65%, respectively, which revealed a virulent diversity. The results from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 38 isolates showed that three housekeeping genes were found to contain a total of 9 SNP sites. 10 haplotypes (H1-H10) were inferred from the concatenated sequences, with 1 haplotype (H1) comprising of over 55% of Qinghai population. Phylogenic analysis did not show obvious geographical subdivision between the isolates. A multilocus haplotype network presented a radial structure, with H1 in the central as an inferred ancestor. Using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), we found 1.63% of the total variation was among populations and 98.37% within populations, with a low fixations index (F_ST=0.01634, P<0.05). This revealed a relatively high genetic diversity but a low genetic divergence in Qinghai population. Moreover, the molecular data on gene flow (Nm=6.32) confirmed the migration of pathogen populations among areas in Qinghai Province.     

Functional characterization of the catalytic and bromodomain of FgGCN5 in development,DON production and virulence of Fusarium graminearum

FgGCN5, a GCN5 homolog in Fusarium graminearum, plays a critical role in hyphal vegetative growth, asexual and sexual reproduction, deoxynivalenol(DON) biosynthesis and plant infection. For nuclear localized GCN5, four conserved sequence motifs(I–IV) are presented in the catalytic domain and a bromodomain in the carboxy-terminus. As a lysine acetyltransferase, conserved negatively charged residues are present to neutralize the protons from lysine substrates. However, the role of conserved motifs/domains and residues in FgGCN5 are unclear. Here, we generated deletion mutant strains for each the conserved motifs/domains and a glutamate residue 130(E130) replacement mutant. Deletion of each conserved motif in the catalytic domain and replacement of E130 site resulted in manifold defects in hyphae growth, asexual and sexual development, DON biosynthesis, and plant infection. Phenotypic defects in the mutant strains were similar to deletion mutants. The deletion of the bromodomain led a significant reduction in DON production and virulence, with no effects on hyphae growth, asexual or sexual reproduction. FgGCN5 was further found to localize to the nucleus in conidia and hyphae cells. In conclusion, FgGCN5 encodes a nuclear localized acetyltransferase. The conserved motifs in the catalytic domain and E130 are essential for correct functions of the gene. The conserved bromodomain is important for DON production and pathogen virulence. This was the first report to identify the functions of conserved motifs/domains in FgGCN5, which will contribute to our understanding of the mechanism(s) by which FgGCN5 regulates F. graminearum.     

Genetic Analysis and Mapping of an Enclosed Panicle Mutant Locus esp1 in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

A mutant was isolated from the M2 of 60Co-γ ray mutagenized male-fertility restorer line Zao-R974 in rice. The mutant showed pleiotropic phenotypes including dwarfism, delayed heading time, short and partially enclosed panicles, short uppermost internode, decreased grain and secondary branch numbers per panicle, and partially degenerated spikelets. The mutant was named as esp1 (enclosed shorter panicle 1). Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant phenotype was controlled by a recessive locus. Spraying exogenous GA3 did not rescue the panicle enclosure. Using an F2 and a BC1 population of the cross between esp1 and a japonica cultivar Nipponbare, we mapped the ESP1 locus to a region of ～260 kb on chromosome 11. This result provides a basis for further map-based cloning of the ESP1 locus.     

水稻黄绿叶突变体ygl13的鉴定及候选基因分析

【目的】对水稻黄绿叶突变体ygl13 (yellow-green leaf 13 )进行表型鉴定和候选基因检测,以便了解水稻叶色形成和调控的分子机制。【方法】经甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）诱变籼稻恢复系缙恢10号（Jinhui 10）,从中筛选出1份遗传稳定的黄绿叶突变体命名为ygl13,对突变体的表型进行系统观察,调查其成熟期的主要农艺性状,分别测定野生型和突变体苗期和孕穗期的叶片光合色素含量,同时利用透射电镜观察野生型和突变体ygl13的叶肉细胞及叶绿体结构。将表型正常的不育系西农1A与突变体ygl13杂交,根据F₁和F₂群体的性状表现与分离情况,分析该突变性状的遗传行为,并以F₂作为基因定位群体,对突变体ygl13进行候选基因遴选和突变位点测序验证。【结果】突变体ygl13的植株叶片在整个生育期均呈现黄绿色,与野生型缙恢10号相比,突变体ygl13苗期和孕穗期叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量均极显著降低。透射电镜观察结果显示,与野生型相比,突变体ygl13叶绿体结构异常,基质片层减少退化,类囊体片层减少,不规则的散乱分布。农艺性状调查结果表明,突变体ygl13穗总粒数增加了26.06%,株高和结实率分别降低了12.33%和18.82%,但穗长、有效穗、穗实粒数和千粒重无显著差异。F₂群体正常叶色的植株数与黄绿叶植株数分离比经χ²测验符合3﹕1分离比例（χ²=2.35＜χ²_0.05=3.84）,表明ygl13的黄绿叶性状由1对隐性核基因控制。YGL13被定位于第8染色体短臂InDel标记ID43和ID69之间,遗传距离分别为4.0和0.5 cM,区间物理距离约为318 kb,共有52个基因。经测序比对分析发现,ygl13突变体在OsSIG1编码区的第1 005个碱基G突变为碱基A（位于第三外显子）,造成编码色氨酸（Trp或W）的密码子突变为终止密码子,导致蛋白翻译提前终止,则该基因编码520个氨基酸的蛋白质突变为334个氨基酸的截短蛋白。qRT-PCR结果表明,突变体ygl13部分光合色素代谢途径和光系统相关基因表达紊乱。【结论】水稻突变体ygl13的黄绿叶性状由1对隐性核基因控制,该基因与已报道的水稻质体σ因子OsSIG1为等位基因。     

Identification and Genetic Analysis of a Novel Rice Spotted-Leaf Mutant with Broad-Spectrum Resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

A spotted-leaf mutant of rice HM143 was isolated from an EMS-induced IR64 mutant bank. Brown lesions randomly distributed on leaf blades were observed about 3 wk after sowing. The symptom lasted for the whole plant growth duration. Histochemical analysis indicated that cell death occurred in and around the site of necrotic lesions accompanied with accumulation of hydrogen hyperoxide. Agronomic traits were largely similar to the wild type IR64 except seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight which were significantly decreased in the mutant. Disease resistance of the mutant to multiple races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae was significantly enhanced. Genetic analysis showed that the mutation was controlled by a single recessive gene, tentatively termed splHM143. In addition, using molecular markers and 1023 mutant type individuals from an F2 segregating population derived from the cross HM143/R9308, the spotted-leaf gene was finally delimited to an interval of 149 kb between markers XX25 and ID40 on the long arm of chromosome 4. splHM143 is likely a novel rice spotted-leaf gene since no other similar genes have been identified near the chromosomal region.     

陕西大丽轮枝孢菌系营养体亲和性及致病性研究

应用Ｎｉｔ突变体技术，对陕西９种寄主作物上的３８个大丽轮枝孢丽系进行了营养体亲和性研究。结果表明，３８个菌系中２个未产生Ｎｉｔ突变体，２个未产生Ｎｉｔ１和Ｎｉｔｍ突变体，其余３４个菌系产生了Ｎｉｔｌ突变体，其中８个又产生了Ｎｉｔｍ突变体。对３４个菌系进行营养体亲和性测定结果分为４个亲和群（ＶＣＧ）。不同亲和群菌系致病力和寄主来源存在差异。     

Horizontal gene transfer of a syp homolog contributes to the virulence of Burkholderia glumae

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has been proved a major driving force in prokaryotic evolution. However, the molecular functions of these transferred genes in pathogenic bacteria especially plant pathogenic bacteria are still not fully investigated. In this study, the whole-genome in silico analysis was performed and found a syringopeptin synthetase (syp) homolog in Burkholderia glumae, which can cause bacterial panicle blight in rice, was predicted to be horizontally transferred from Pseudomonas ancestor with solid confidence by phylogenetic analysis. The comprehensive molecular experiments were performed to study the potential role of this gene in B. glumae. Inoculation of rice panicles with the syp mutant resulted in 60% lower disease index compared with the wild type (WT) parent strain, suggesting the requirement of syp for the full virulence of B. glumae. Chromatography analysis of exudates from B. glumae showed suppression of synthesis of metabolites analogous to syringopeptin in the mutants. All these data raise the possibility of HGT phenomenon in shaping the virulence and adaptation of B. glumae over evolutionary time.     

Epigenome-wide DNA methylation analysis reveals differentially methylation patterns in skeletal muscle between Chinese Chenghua and Qingyu pigs

Chenghua (CH) pig and Qingyu (QY) pig are typical Chinese native fatty breeds. CH pig is mainly distributed in Chengdu Plain, while QY pig is widely distributed throughout the mountain areas around the Sichuan Basin. There are significant differences in their phenotypic traits, including body image, growth performance, and meat quality. This study compared several meat quality traits of CH and QY pigs and conducted a genome-wide DNA methylation analysis using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). It was observed that the pH at 45 min (pH_45min, P=5.22e–13), lightness at 45 min (L*_45min, P=4.85e–5), and lightness at 24 h (L*_24h, P=3.57e–5) of CH pigs were higher than those of QY pigs. We detected 10 699 differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs) and 2 760 differentially methylated genes (DMGs) associated with these DMCs. Functional analysis showed that these DMGs were mainly enriched in the AMPK signaling pathway, Type II diabetes mellitus, Insulin signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, and Insulin resistance. Furthermore, 15 DMGs were associated with fat metabolism (ACACA, CAB39, CRADD, CRTC2, FASN, and GCK), muscle development (HK2, IKBKB, MTOR, PIK3CD, PPARGC1A, and RPTOR), or meat quality traits (PCK1, PRKAG2, and SLC2A4). The findings may help to understand further the epigenetic regulation mechanisms of meat quality traits in pigs and provide new basic data for the study of local pigs.