Kinetics of ruminal degradation of wheat and potato starches in total mixed rations

Wheat and potato are rich in starch but their starches differ in their rate of ruminal degradation. Kinetics of in sacco disappearance and profiles of ruminal fermentation were studied for these two concentrates in total mixed rations based on grass silage or corn silage. Wheat starch was more rapidly (34%/h) degraded by rumen microorganisms than potato starch (5%/h). The differences in starch degradation in sacco were found again in the VFA concentrations, mainly in grass silage-based diets. Overall ruminal pH, total VFA concentration, and proportions of acetate, propionate, and butyrate are more variable for wheat during the kinetic (amplitude and quickness) than for potato in grass silage-based diets. In these diets, risks of acidosis were more elevated with wheat than with potato but the VFA concentrations were also higher. These differences of fermentation profile were so reduced in corn silage-based diets that, in this case, wheat can be substituted by potato without any effect on digestion and no risk of acidosis.     

In situ rumen degradation and in vitro gas production of some selected grains from Turkey

An investigation of the dry matter degradability (DMD) and effective dry matter degradability (EDDM) was performed for barley, wheat, rye, corn, triticale and oat samples, using the Nylon-bag technique. Gas production (GP), metabolizable energy (ME) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were also studied by using Hohenheim gas test. The DM from barley, wheat, rye and triticale was digested rapidly in the rumen, and, at the 48 h of incubation, degradability was found to be approximately about 80%. The higher degradability observed for these grains than for oats and corn was attributable to the structure of these grains. In contrast, DM of corn and oats was degraded very slowly and reached 66.7 and 66.5 at 48 h, respectively. Effective degradability values of barley, wheat, rye, corn, triticale and oats were determined to be 61.4, 69.0, 64.0, 41.7, 66.7 and 58.6% in 5% rumen outflow rate, respectively. At the end of the 48 h incubation, total gas productions in barley, wheat, rye, corn, triticale and oats were estimated to be 83.6, 87.2, 87.5, 83.5, 85.8 and 63.9 ml/200 mg DM, respectively. The mean ME values of these grains calculated from cumulative gas amount at 24 h incubation were 11.8, 12.1, 12.3, 10.9, 12.4 and 10.2 MJ/kg DM, respectively. In vitro digestible organic matter of barley, wheat, rye, corn, triticale and oats were estimated to be 85.0, 87.3, 88.2, 79.5, 89.0 and 72.6%. Percentage overall EDDM (k=5%) of barley, wheat, rye, triticale and oats was positively correlated with in vitro GP at 6 h, cumulative GP at 24 h and total GP at 48 h (p<0.05). As a result, in situ dry matter degradation of grains showed great differences depending on the chemical compositions. In situ EDDM of grains may be predicted from in vitro gas production parameters.     

Site and extent of starch degradation in the dairy cow - a comparison between in vivo, in situ and in vitro measurements

Prediction of the supply of glycogenic precursors to dairy cows and the site of degradation of wheat, maize and potato starch (PS) were determined in an in vivo experiment and the results were compared with data obtained from experiments involving in situ nylon bag and in vitro gas production techniques. In a Latin square design experiment four lactating dairy cows fitted with a rumen cannula and T-piece cannulae in the duodenum and terminal ileum, received either a low-starch control diet or diets in which sugar beet pulp in the concentrate mixture had been replaced by wheat, maize or PS. Starch from the different sources was almost completely degraded in the total gastrointestinal tract. For all starches, the rumen was the main site of degradation in vivo. No digestion of PS in the small intestine was observed. In situ results suggested that 14% of wheat starch (WS), 47% of maize starch and 34% of PS escaped rumen fermentation. According to the gas production technique WS ferments quickest and potato slowest. PS had a low degradability during the first 8 (gas production) to 11 (in situ) h. However, according to both in vitro and in vivo measurements rumen degradability of PS was high. The results suggest that in situ and in vitro techniques should be performed in animals that have adapted to starch source to provide a more accurate simulation of the in vivo situation.     

Energy metabolism of cocks and broiler chickens fed on diets with different carbohydrate sources.

Energy balances of cocks and chickens were measured using the nitrogen-carbon-balance method. In Experiment 1 twelve adult White Leghorn cocks were fed alternately on a basal ration or on a supplemental ration composed of 75% basal diet and 25% carbohydrate source as a supplement. In Experiment 2 six groups of 12 male broiler chickens were fed successively on two diets each with different carbohydrate sources (40% of DM) and on two energy levels. The investigated carbohydrate sources were glucose, fructose, sucrose, maize starch, raw and steamed potato starch, dried sugar beet pulp, tapioca, wheat, maize, rye and barley. In both experiments the energy digestibility of the diets with raw potato starch, beet pulp and barley was significantly lower compared to the other diets. Digestibility of those ranged from 88 to 81%. By simple linear regression no significant differences in efficiency of utilisation of ME of the diets between the carbohydrate sources sugars, starches and cereal grains could be proved. The corresponding MEm values agreed very close among the diets (411 to 429 kJ.kg BW-0.75.d-1).     

In vitro fermentation characteristics of native and processed cereal grains and potato starch using ileal chyme from dogs

Two in vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the ability of small intestinal bacteria of dogs to ferment native and extruded cereal grains and potato starch and cereal grain and potato flours. Substrates included barley, corn, potato, rice, sorghum, and wheat. In addition to testing native grains and flours, extruded substrates also were tested. Substrates were extruded at low temperatures (LT; 79 to 93 degrees C) and high temperatures (HT; 124 to 140 degrees C) using a Wenger extruder (model TX-52). Substrates varied widely in concentrations of rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), resistant starch (RS), and total starch (TS). Extrusion of most substrates at HT vs LT resulted in increased RDS and decreased RS concentrations. Organic matter disappearance (OMD) values attributed to microbial fermentation for a 5-h period were as high as 27% for native extruded substrates (LT potato starch) and 39% for potato flour. Average OMD was higher for cereal and potato flours than for native extruded substrates (29.9 vs 25.4%). Average molar percentages of short-chain fatty acids produced from all substrates fermented for 5 h were 73, 14, and 13% (acetate, propionate, and butyrate, respectively). Average lactate production for substrates ranked as follows: flours > native and extruded cereal grains and potato starch (0.33 and 0.18 mmol/g OM, respectively). In vitro microbial fermentation of starches by ileal bacteria can be substantial and is affected by differences in starch source, fraction, and processed form.     

发酵玉米蛋白粉对奶牛瘤胃体外发酵特性及微生物菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究全混合日粮（TMR）中添加发酵玉米蛋白粉（fermented corn gluten meal,FCGM）对奶牛瘤胃体外发酵特性及微生物菌群的影响。选用3头体重（600±25）kg,安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛作为瘤胃液供体,发酵底物为TMR,分为对照组和3个试验组,各组分别在发酵液中添加0、0.3、0.6、0.9 g/L FCGM（干物质基础）,每个处理3个重复。记录体外发酵12、24、36和48 h产气量,测定体外发酵12、24和48 h发酵液pH、体外干物质消失率（IVDMD）、纤维素酶活性、氨态氮（NH₃-N）、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）和菌体蛋白浓度,并测定体外发酵24 h发酵液中瘤胃微生物菌群相对丰度。结果显示：①添加不同水平FCGM组的体外产气量（除12 h外）、慢速产气部分、潜在产气部分和有效产气速率均显著或极显著高于对照组（P < 0.05;P < 0.01）;②与对照组相比,添加不同水平FCGM处理组的发酵液pH显著或极显著低于对照组,纤维素酶活性、菌体蛋白、挥发性脂肪酸、氨态氮含量和体外干物质消失率均显著或极显著升高（P < 0.05;P < 0.01）,且0.9 g/L FCGM组达到最高。③添加0.6和0.9 g/L FCGM组发酵液中白色瘤胃球菌、黄色瘤胃球菌、产琥珀酸丝状杆菌、牛链球菌、普雷沃氏菌、溶纤维丁酸弧菌、嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌、真菌和原虫相对丰度均显著高于对照组（P < 0.05）,且0.9 g/L FCGM组达到最高,而产甲烷菌相对丰度显著低于对照组（P < 0.05）,且0.9 g/L FCGM组达到最低。综上所述,TMR中添加FCGM可提高体外发酵产气量,增加发酵液内纤维素酶活性、VFA、NH3-N及菌体蛋白含量,提高瘤胃内某些纤维降解菌、蛋白降解菌、淀粉降解菌、真菌和原虫相对丰度,降低产甲烷菌相对丰度,调节瘤胃微生物菌群结构,改善瘤胃发酵,其中以添加0.9 g/L FCGM为宜。     

Use of the in vitro cumulative gas production technique for pigs: an examination of alterations in fermentation products and substrate losses at various time points

An experiment was conducted to examine changes in VFA and ammonia concentrations at different time points using 4 fermentable carbohydrate-rich feed ingredients as substrates and feces of unweaned piglets as inoculum. Fecal inoculum was collected, pooled, and mixed from 9 specially raised (no creep feed or antibiotics) crossbred piglets at 3 wk of age. Inulin, lactulose, molasses-free sugar beet pulp, and wheat starch were used as substrates and were fermented in vitro for 72 h (3 replicates per substrate). Cumulative gas production was measured as an indicator of the kinetics of fermentation. In addition, 3 bottles of substrate per time point with similar contents (amounts of substrate, inoculum, and media) were incubated but were allowed to release their gas throughout incubation. For these latter bottles, fermentation fluid was sampled at incubation time points including every hour between 1 and 24 h and at 48 h, and fermentation end products (VFA, lactate, and ammonia) and OM disappearance were measured. Dry matter and ash were analyzed from the postfermentative samples. The pH of the contents from these bottles was also recorded. The correlation in time between fermentation end products and cumulative gas produced was determined. The results showed that the prolongation of fermentation to 72 h, especially in the case of fast-fermenting inulin and lactulose, may lead to a different end product profile (P < 0.001) compared with the profile observed at the time at which most of the substrate has disappeared. Therefore, we concluded that the fermentation product profile at the end of in vitro fermentation at a specific time point cannot be used to compare fermentability of carbohydrate sources with different fermentation kinetics in terms of gas production.     

In vitro fermentation of various fiber and starch sources by pig fecal inocula

Freeze-dried ileal effluent (1% wt/vol) from cannulated pigs fed rice-based diets with the inclusion of either animal protein (CON), animal protein plus potato starch (PS), animal protein plus sugar beet pulp (SBP), or animal protein plus wheat bran (WB) was incubated anaerobically at pH 6.0 in fermenters containing 5% (wt/vol) fecal slurry comprising mineral salts medium and 50 g/L of fresh feces from pigs fed the same diets as the cannulated pigs. Samples were collected from the fermenters at 0, 2, 4, 12, 24, and 48 h during in vitro fermentation for measuring nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP), starch, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Results showed that the major SCFA produced were acetate, propionate, and butyrate. The inclusion of soluble dietary fiber (diet SBP) caused the highest concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFA, whereas the increase in the production of propionate resulting from the addition of insoluble dietary fiber (diet WB) only occurred at the initial stages during 48 h in vitro fermentation. At all sampling occasions (except for 4 h), the levels of butyrate were increased (P < 0.01) by resistant starch compared with fiber sources, showing that a higher level of butyrate can be achieved through microbial fermentation by potato starch. Lowered (P < 0.05) butyrate concentrations were observed with diet WB during in vitro fermentation. With the inclusion of fiber sources, the energy originating from SCFA was similar to that from NSP disappearance, whereas the values were lower (P < 0.05) from NSP disappearance than for SCFA generated without fiber sources supplemented. We conclude that more substrate is available in ileal effluent with the addition of soluble dietary fiber, and an increased level of butyrate could be achieved through microbial fermentation by resistant starch.     

延胡索酸二钠对瘤胃微生物体外发酵不同饲料成分的影响

以黑麦草、高羊茅、稻草、花生壳等粗料成分以及玉米、小麦、可溶性淀粉等精料成分为发酵底物研究了延胡索酸二钠对瘤胃微生物体外发酵的影响。结果表明,延胡索酸二钠显著提高了各种底物的发酵产气量(P<0.01),黑麦草粉、高羊茅草粉、稻草粉和花生壳粉的底物消失率分别比对照组提高了26.22%(P<0.05),14.16%(P<0.05),28.54%(P<0.01)和45.09%(P<0.05);延胡索酸二钠显著提高了小麦、玉米和可溶性淀粉的pH值(P<0.05),但对粗料无明显影响(P>0.05);小麦、玉米和可溶性淀粉处理组的乳酸浓度均低于对照组;各种底物的处理组的NH3-N浓度与对照组无明显差异(P>0.05);各种底物中,小麦的总挥发性脂肪酸(total volatile fatty acid)浓度最高,小麦处理组的乙酸浓度、丙酸浓度、丙酸比例均高于对照组(P<0.05);而乙酸丙酸比降低了0.18(P<0.01),延胡索酸二钠提高了所有底物的丙酸浓度及其比例。综合各指标的发酵情况,延胡索酸二钠对各种底物均有一定的效果,是一种潜在的反刍动物饲料添加剂。     

回归分析法评价4种麦类饲料原料的肉鸡有效能值

本试验旨在评价大麦、黑小麦、小麦和黑麦4种麦类饲料原料在肉鸡上的有效能值,以期优化现有配方数据库,逐步实现饲粮营养的精准供给。采用回归分析法,试验分2批进行,试验1评价大麦和黑小麦的肉鸡回肠消化能(IDE)、代谢能(ME)、氮校正代谢能(MEn),试验2评价小麦和黑麦的肉鸡IDE、ME、MEn。每个批次试验均选用320只1日龄雄性罗斯708肉鸡为试验动物,将其随机分为5个组,每组设8个重复,每个重复8只鸡。1~20日龄为预试期,饲喂基础饲粮;21~28日龄为试验期,分别饲喂基础饲粮和试验饲粮。试验1的5个组21~28日龄所喂饲粮如下:基础饲粮、含250 g/kg大麦的饲粮、含500 g/kg大麦的饲粮、含250 g/kg黑小麦的饲粮、含500 g/kg黑小麦的饲粮。试验2的5个组21~28日龄所喂饲粮如下:基础饲粮、含250 g/kg小麦的饲粮、含500 g/kg小麦的饲粮、含250 g/kg黑麦的饲粮、含500 g/kg黑麦的饲粮。结果表明:在饲粮中添加大麦、黑小麦、小麦和黑麦对肉鸡生长性能均无显著影响(P>0.05)。大麦替代量与干物质、能量的回肠消化率以及干物质、氮、能量的全肠道代谢率,以及IDE、ME、MEn存在极显著的线性降低关系(P<0.01);黑小麦替代量与氮全肠道代谢率、IDE、ME、MEn存在极显著的线性降低关系(P<0.01),且与干物质、能量回肠消化率、IDE存在显著或极显著的二次曲线关系(P<0.05或P<0.01);小麦替代量与干物质、氮、能量、氮校正能量的全肠道代谢率显著或极显著的线性降低关系(P<0.05或P<0.01),且与干物质、能量的回肠消化率和IDE存在显著或极显著的二次曲线关系(P<0.05或P<0.01);黑麦替代量与干物质、能量的回肠消化率以及干物质、氮的全肠道代谢率存在显著或极显著线性降低关系(P<0.05或P<0.01);且与干物质、能量的回肠消化率和干物质、氮、能量、氮校正代谢能的全肠道代谢率以及IDE、ME、MEn存在显著或极显著的二次曲线关系(P<0.05或P<0.01)。通过回归分析得出大麦的肉鸡IDE、ME和MEn分别为9.31、10.50、10.29 MJ/kg,黑小麦分别为10.99、11.80、11.43 MJ/kg,小麦分别为10.59、11.81、11.28 MJ/kg,黑麦分别为11.97、12.56、11.83 MJ/kg。     

瘤胃灌注不同来源淀粉对牦牛瘤胃发酵及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在探讨瘤胃灌注不同来源淀粉对牦牛瘤胃发酵及血清生化指标的影响.选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管、体况良好、体重相近[( 244±15) kg]的去势牦牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,对照组按照1.2倍维持能量水平饲喂单一燕麦草(未灌注淀粉),玉米淀粉组和抗性淀粉组分别在对照组的饲喂基础上瘤胃灌注玉米淀粉和抗性淀粉900 g/d.试验分为3期,每期试验18 d(15 d预试期和3d采样期).结果表明:与对照组相比,灌注玉米淀粉和抗性淀粉显著降低瘤胃pH(P ＜0.05),极显著降低瘤胃氨态氮含量(P＜0.01),灌注4h后显著提高瘤胃微生物蛋白质和挥发性脂肪酸含量(P＜0.05).在灌注后4和6h,玉米淀粉组和抗性淀粉组血糖含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),血清胰岛素、胰高血糖素和甘油三酯含量与对照组相比差异不显著(P＞0.05),血清尿素氮含量显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).结果提示,瘤胃灌注玉米淀粉和抗性淀粉,降低了牦牛瘤胃氨态氮含量,提高了微生物蛋白质和挥发性脂肪酸含量,提高了血糖含量,降低了血清尿素氮含量,说明牦牛能有效利用不同来源的淀粉.     

不同淀粉源饲粮对肉仔鸡小肠消化酶活性、盲肠挥发性脂肪酸含量和微生物菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究不同淀粉源饲粮对肉仔鸡小肠消化酶活性、盲肠挥发性脂肪酸含量和微生物菌群的影响。选取1日龄健康爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡480只,随机分为5组,每组8个重复,每个重复12只鸡。5组分别饲喂玉米淀粉、豌豆淀粉、木薯淀粉、高粱淀粉和小麦淀粉配制的半纯合等氮等能饲粮,5组饲粮总淀粉水平一致。试验期21 d。结果表明:1)与玉米淀粉组、木薯淀粉组和小麦淀粉组相比,豌豆淀粉组肉仔鸡盲肠食糜中乙酸、丙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸含量显著提高(P<0.05),高粱淀粉组盲肠食糜中总挥发性脂肪酸含量显著提高(P<0.05)。2)高粱淀粉组肉仔鸡空肠食糜淀粉酶活性显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),木薯淀粉组肉仔鸡空肠和回肠食糜脂肪酶活性以及空肠黏膜脂肪酶、淀粉酶活性显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。3)拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门、变形菌门和柔膜菌门是肉仔鸡盲肠的优势菌门。与小麦淀粉组、豌豆淀粉组和高粱淀粉组相比,木薯淀粉组和玉米淀粉组厚壁菌门相对丰度显著提高(P<0.05)。与玉米淀粉组、高粱淀粉组和小麦淀粉组相比,豌豆淀粉组的拟杆菌门、柔膜菌门、拟杆菌属和Odoribacter相对丰度显著提高(P<0.05),变形菌门、Melainabacteria、肠杆菌科未定义属、肠球菌属和副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05)。综上所述,淀粉来源影响肉仔鸡的小肠消化酶活性,改变盲肠的发酵模式及微生物菌群,豌豆淀粉、木薯淀粉、玉米淀粉饲粮可增加肉仔鸡盲肠中的产酸菌群,促进微生物发酵,改善肠道菌群结构,促进有益菌生长。     

盐胁迫对小黑麦淀粉合成相关基因表达及淀粉含量的影响

小黑麦是由小麦和黑麦杂交形成的第一个异源多倍体,它既继承了小麦的优质高产,又具备了黑麦抗逆性强的特点。主要利用实时定量PCR技术测定小黑麦淀粉合成相关基因及淀粉含量在不同发育时期、不同盐胁迫下的表达情况,旨在深入了解盐胁迫对小黑麦淀粉合成酶及淀粉含量的影响。研究发现：不同的淀粉合成酶基因在不同程度盐胁迫下其表达均有不同程度的变化,且淀粉含量变化与淀粉合成酶基因表达有着直接的相关性。该研究表明,盐胁迫可以改变淀粉组成及其性质。     

The nutritive value of triticale and rye in broiler diets containing field beans (Vicia faba L.)

1. Diets containing wheat and maize (control), 300 g or 500 g triticale per kg or 300 g rye per kg were fed to broiler chickens for 56 d.

2. Live‐weight at 56 d of age was not different on a diet containing 300 g triticale per kg to that on the control diet but was significantly reduced by diets containing 500 g triticale or 300 g rye per kg.

3. Food conversion efficiency was best with 300 g triticale per kg of diet.     

西藏地区不同作物秸秆体外发酵特性研究

本试验旨在利用体外产气法评定西藏地区不同作物秸秆的营养价值。选取西藏地区5种常见作物秸秆(豌豆秸秆、玉米秸秆、青稞秸秆、小麦秸秆、油菜秸秆),通过单因素试验设计,利用体外产气法评定5种作物秸秆体外发酵48 h的产气量、理论最大产气量(Vf)、甲烷(CH4)产量、逻辑斯谛-指数(LE)模型产气参数、发酵液p H和氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度、主要挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产量、体外干物质降解率(IVDMD)和体外中性洗涤纤维降解率(IVNDFD)等指标。结果显示:5种作物秸秆体外发酵48 h的产气量按玉米秸秆、青稞秸秆、豌豆秸秆、小麦秸秆、油菜秸秆的顺序依次降低。体外发酵48 h后,玉米秸秆的Vf、IVDMD、IVNDFD、CH4产量(豌豆秸秆除外)、丙酸和总VFA产量均显著高于其他4种作物秸秆(P0.05),其体外发酵液p H则显著低于其他秸秆(P0.05)。结果表明,玉米秸秆体外发酵效果最佳,与其他试验作物秸秆相比更容易被瘤胃微生物降解利用。     

Bacterial responses to different dietary cereal types and xylanase supplementation in the intestine of broiler chicken.

Several studies were carried out to investigate the influence of dietary cereals differing in soluble non starch polysaccharides (NSP) content and a xylanase preparation on selected bacterial parameters in the small intestine of broiler chicken. Compared to a maize diet colony forming units (CFU) of mucosa associated bacteria were higher in a wheat/rye diet, most notably for enterobacteria and enterococci. Xylanase supplementation to the wheat/rye diet generally led to lower CFU, especially in the first week of life. However, xylanase supplementation also displayed higher in vitro growth potentials for enterobacteria and enterococci. Bacterial growth of luminal samples in minimal media supplemented with selected NSP showed that the wheat/rye diet enhanced bacterial capacities to utilize NSP only in ileal samples. The xylanase application generally shifted respective maximum growth to the proximal part of the small intestine. The presence of soluble NSP from wheat or rye in the diet per se did not enhance bacterial NSP hydrolyzing enzyme activities in the small intestine, but xylanase supplementation resulted in higher 1,3-1,4-beta-glucanase activity. Compared to a maize diet the activity of bacterial bile salt hydrolases in samples of the small intestine was not increased due to inclusion of wheat/rye or triticale to the diet. However, xylanase supplementation led to a reduction with a corresponding increase of lipase activity. It was concluded that dietary cereals producing high intestinal viscosities lead to increased overall bacterial activity in the small intestine. The supplementation of a xylanase to cereal based diets producing high intestinal viscosity, changes composition and metabolic potential of bacterial populations and may specifically influence fat absorption in young animals.     

Inhibition of ruminal microbial methane production by beta-cyclodextrin iodopropane, malate and their combination in vitro

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of l-malate (0, 5, 10 and 20 mm), 2-iodopropane-beta-cyclodextrin complex (CD-IP) (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mm) and a combination of malate (10 and 20 mm) plus CD-IP (0.2 and 0.4 mm) on methane production from corn starch. Ruminal fluid was collected from dairy cows, mixed with phosphate buffer (1 : 2) and incubated (30 ml) anaerobically at 38 degrees C for 6 h with or without additives. Fermentation of corn starch in the presence of malate resulted in an increase (p < 0.05) in pH of the medium, total volatile fatty acid (VFA), total gas production and molar proportion of propionate. Acetate and ammonia-N concentration were unchanged. Methane production was decreased (p < 0.05) (15.5 to 20.4%). Addition of CD-IP in corn starch resulted in an increase (p < 0.05) in total VFA and molar proportion of propionate. Acetate, pH and ammonia-N concentration of the medium were decreased (p < 0.05). Total gas production was unchanged. Methane production was decreased (p < 0.05) (25.2 to 97.1%) and hydrogen production was increased (p < 0.05). Addition of l-malate to CD-IP resulted in an increase (p < 0.05) in total VFA, total gas production and molar proportion of propionate. Acetate and ammonia-N concentration were decreased (p < 0.05). No effects were observed on medium pH. Methane production was decreased (p < 0.05) (49.5 to 97.1%). Hydrogen production was also decreased (p < 0.05) (54.5 to 64.1%) compared with those of CD-IP alone. Therefore, these additives may be used as supplements to inhibit methane production as well as to improve rumen fermentation and animal performance.     

In vitro gas formation and fermentation parameters using different substrates and pig faecal inocula affected by bile extract

The effect of bile extract on microbial gas formation and composition, production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and methane and on reductive acetogenesis was studied in vitro. As substrates cellulose and potato starch in combination with graded levels of bile extract concentrations (0; 333; 666; 1333 mg/l) were incubated with a faecal suspension from pigs as microbial inoculum according to procedures of a modified “Hohenheim gas formation test” (HFT). Bile extract concentration of 1333 mg/l in the in vitro system reduced total gas production from cellulose significantly (p < 0.05) compared to incubation without bile extract. After 24 h of incubation, bile extract concentration of 1333 mg/l lead to a decrease in methane production from cellulose (p < 0.05) in comparison to incubation without bile extract. Increasing levels of bile extract reduced total production of VFA (p < 0.05) from cellulose. Furthermore, bile extract concentration of 1333 mg/l increased molar percentage of propionate from cellulose and starch after 24 h of incubation (p < 0.05). Bile extract concentration of 333 mg/l increased molar percentage of propionate from cellulose after 48 h of incubation (p < 0.05). The results may contribute to explain the differences in gas and methane production between the rumen and the hindgut of monogastric animals.     

Increased puroindoline levels slow ruminal digestion of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) starch by cattle

Starch is the primary nutrient in ruminant diets used to promote high levels of performance. The site of starch digestion alters the nature of digestive end products (VFA in the rumen vs. glucose in the small intestine) and the efficiency of use. Cereal grain endosperm texture plays a major role in the rate and extent of starch degradation in ruminants. Wheat grain texture is regulated by the starch surface protein complex friabilin that consists primarily of puroindoline (PIN) A and B. Soft kernel texture in wheat is a result of both PIN genes being in the wild type active form and bound to starch. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of varying PIN content in wheat on the rate of starch digestion in the rumen of beef cattle. In Exp. 1, 6 transgenic soft pin a/b isolines created in a hard wheat background, and 2 hard wheat controls were milled to yield a wide range of mean particle sizes across all lines. Milled samples were incubated in situ for 3 h. Increased expression of both PINA and PINB decreased DM digestibility (DMD) by 29.2% (P < 0.05) and decreased starch digestibility by 30.8% (P < 0.05). Experiment 2 separated the effects of particle size and total PIN content on digestion by milling the hardest and softest lines such that the mean particle size was nearly identical. Increased PIN decreased DMD by 21.7% (P < 0.05) and starch digestibility by 19.9% (P < 0.05) across particle sizes smaller than whole kernel. Experiment 3 addressed the time course of PIN effects in the rumen by observing ground samples of the hardest and softest lines over a 12-h in situ period. Increased PIN decreased DMD by 10.4% (P < 0.05) and starch digestibility by 11.0% (P < 0.05) across all time points. Dry matter and starch digestibility results demonstrated that increased expression of PIN was associated with a decreased rate of ruminal digestion independent of particle size. Puroindolines seem to aid in the protection of starch molecules from microbial digestion in the rumen, potentially increasing the amount of starch entering the small intestine.     

不同氨基酸组成的二肽对羊体外瘤胃发酵特性的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲粮中添加不同氨基酸组成的二肽对羊体外瘤胃发酵特性的影响.以4只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康南江黄羊作为瘤胃液供体,采用单因素试验设计,共5个处理,对照组采用基础培养底物,试验组在基础培养底物中分别添加2％的亮氨酸-色氨酸(LeuTrp)、缬氨酸-蛋氨酸(Val-Met)、酪氨酸-丙氨酸(Tyr-Ala)和苯丙氨酸-缬氨酸(Phe-Val).培养后2、4、8、12、24 h,测定培养液pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量以及微生物蛋白质(MCP)产量.结果表明:各时间点Val-Met组培养液pH低于其他各组,除24 h外其他时间点均差异显著(P＜0.05);与对照组相比,试验组总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度和MCP产量均显著提高(P＜0.05),NH3-N浓度以及乙酸/丙酸均显著降低(P＜0.05);Val-Met 组TVFA浓度和MCP产量显著高于其他试验组(P＜0.05),NH3-N浓度在一定程度上(P＞0.05)或显著(P＜0.05)低于其他试验组,另外2、4和12 h时Val-Met组的乙酸/丙酸也显著低于其他试验组(P＜0.05).结果提示,饲粮中添加二肽有利于瘤胃微生物的发酵,提高VFA含量和MCP产量,降低NH3-N浓度以及乙酸/丙酸,本试验条件下,以添加2％ Val-Met效果最好.