59份江苏小麦品种（系）的抗赤霉病评价与农艺性状分析

赤霉病是小麦的重要病害,严重影响小麦产量和品质。为发掘赤霉病的抗性种质资源和抗性基因,本研究分别以苏麦3号、扬麦158、扬麦15和安农8455为高抗、中抗、中感和高感赤霉病对照品种,于2016-2017和2017-2018连续2年对来自江苏的59份小麦品种（系）采用单花滴注接种法进行田间赤霉病抗性鉴定,同时利用与 Fhb1 、 Fhb2 、 Fhb4 、 Fhb5 和 QFhs.crc-2DL 连锁的分子标记对供试材料进行检测,并对赤霉病表现为稳定中抗及以上水平品种（系）的千粒重、株高、穗粒数等农艺性状进行调查。结果表明,59份供试小麦品种（系）中,19份在两个年度均表现为中抗。分子标记检测发现,9份小麦品种（系）仅携带 Fhb1 ,平均病小穗率为22.21%;10份小麦品种（系）仅携带 QFhs.crc-2DL ,平均病小穗率为27.82%;携带 Fhb2 、 Fhb4 和 Fhb5 基因的品种（系）较少。镇麦12号、宁麦1529、宁麦27、镇麦13322、宁麦17110、镇麦13、宁麦17108和宁麦17396的赤霉病抗性和综合农艺性状均较好,可以作为小麦抗赤霉病遗传改良的种质资源。     

黄淮麦区71个小麦品种的赤霉病抗性与基因型分析

为筛选出黄淮麦区抗赤霉病优异品种（系）,以黄淮麦区71个主栽小麦品种（系）为材料,于2016-2017和2017-2018两年度采用单花滴注接种的方法,以苏麦3号、郑麦9023、淮麦22和济麦22分别作为抗、中抗、中感和感赤霉病对照品种,在赤霉病重发病区扬州对供试品种（系）进行赤霉病抗性鉴定,同时利用与抗赤霉病基因位点 Fhb1、 Fhb2、 Fhb4、 Fhb5和 QFhs.crc-2DL紧密连锁的分子标记进行基因型分析。结果显示,西农511等5个品种（系）的赤霉病抗性均达到中抗水平,淮麦30等17个品种（系）表现为中感,其他49个品种（系）表现为感病。对照品种苏麦3号同时携带 Fhb1、 Fhb2基因和 QFhs.crc-2DL位点;淮麦40和徐麦DH9可能同时携带 Fhb1基因和 QFhs.crc-2DL位点;太麦198可能携带有 Fhb4基因;明麦16、皖麦32可能携带有 QFhs.crc-2DL位点。有17个赤霉病抗性较好的品种（系）均不携带本研究所检测的抗病基因/QTL。     

小麦新品系赤霉病抗性鉴定及基因效应分析

为创制黄淮麦区小麦新品系、提高小麦抗赤霉病育种效率,2022年在小麦扬花期利用喷洒孢子液的方法对81份抗赤霉病高代品系和4份对照品种在濉溪柳湖试验基地开展了赤霉病抗性鉴定,并利用与4个抗赤霉病主效基因Fhb1、Fhb2、Fhb4和Fhb5紧密连锁的6个标记对供试小麦材料进行了基因型检测。结果表明,供试81份材料的赤霉病抗性整体较好,平均病小穗率为27.95%,其中13份自育品系平均病小穗率低于扬麦20;携带单个或多个赤霉病抗性基因的品系共有60份,Fhb1、Fhb2、Fhb4、Fhb5检出频率分别为64.20%、12.35%、20.99%、34.57%;携带单个抗病基因Fhb1、Fhb4、Fhb5的小麦品系分别为18份、3份、2份;有45.68%品系同时携带2～3个赤霉病抗性基因。携带抗性基因的品系平均病小穗率低于不含抗性基因的品系;聚合多个抗赤霉病基因可以有效提高小麦品种的抗赤霉病水平。     

东北春小麦赤霉病抗性鉴定及抗病基因Fhb1检测

为明确东北春小麦赤霉病抗性水平和抗源分布,本研究对1 592份东北春小麦品种/系进行赤霉病抗性鉴定和抗病基因Fhb1检测。赤霉病抗性鉴定结果发现：在供试材料中,赤霉病中抗材料仅29份,占1.82%;中感材料549份,占34.48%;高感材料1 014份,占63.69%。分子标记结果显示：供试材料中未检测到赤霉病抗性基因Fhb1,推测29份材料抗性来源于其它抗性基因。东北春小麦抗性材料遗传基础不明,抗病基因Fhb1缺失。因此,挖掘当地小麦赤霉病抗性基因以及加强Fhb1基因的应用,对于提升东北春小麦赤霉病抗性水平十分重要。     

小麦抗赤霉病鉴定及其抗病基因的检测

小麦赤霉病是由镰刀菌和禾谷镰孢菌引起的小麦真菌病害,严重影响小麦的产量与品质。为了筛选适合黄淮麦区利用的抗病品种资源,于2017-2018年度利用单花滴注对107份黄淮麦区小麦资源进行田间赤霉病抗性鉴定;同时利用与 Fhb1、 Fhb2、 Fhb4和 Fhb5共4个与抗赤霉病相关QTL紧密连锁的8个分子标记对供试小麦材料进行了检测。经鉴定,扬富麦101表现为抗赤霉病(R),宁麦13、宁麦资119、扬麦16等12个品种表现为中抗赤霉病(MR);分子标记检测发现,这些抗赤霉病品种携带1个或多个抗赤霉病QTL位点,其中 Fhb1基因及其基因组合效应最为明显, Fhb1可以作为主要抗性基因应用于小麦赤霉病抗性育种。     

扬麦品种(系)赤霉病抗扩展性基因分子检测及其抗性评价

为明确扬麦品种(系)赤霉病抗扩展性基因组成,利用3个抗扩展QTL( Fhb1、 Fhb2、QFhb-2DL)的7个分子标记对202份扬麦品种(系)进行分子检测,并在田间接种对其抗病性进行鉴定和评价。结果表明,供试的202份扬麦品种(系)中,抗病品种(系)有68份,占33.6%;有37份携有 Fhb1,其中31份对赤霉病表现抗病,抗性表现稳定;携有 Fhb2和 QFhb-2DL基因的分别有30份和39份,但标记阳性的品种(系)抗病性表现复杂,可能跟载体品种的遗传背景有关;另有30份材料抗性稳定,但未检测出 Fhb1和 Fhb2。基因检测和系谱分析表明,扬麦品种(系)所含抗扩展性基因至少有两个来源,其一为含有 Fhb1基因的品种,以扬麦18号、扬麦21号等为代表,其抗源主要来自宁麦9号或其衍生品种;其二为不含 Fhb1品种,以扬麦14号、扬麦16号、扬麦17号和扬麦23号等为代表,推测这类品种所含抗性基因来自扬麦158。     

江苏省不同麦区小麦品种（系）对赤霉病的抗性及籽粒DON积累分析

为拓宽小麦抗赤霉病育种资源库,收集江苏省淮南和淮北麦区共69份小麦品种（系）,在大田自然发病条件下调查赤霉病的发病情况,同时测定籽粒中的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）毒素;并利用抗赤霉病基因Fhb1、Fhb2和Fhb5的功能标记或连锁标记对供试小麦品种（系）进行检测。结果表明,淮北麦区小麦品种（系）的赤霉病发病程度明显高于淮南麦区品种（系）;不同小麦品种（系）籽粒中DON毒素含量与病情指数、病穗率均呈极显著正相关;携带单个或多个抗性基因的小麦品种（系）的病情指数和籽粒DON含量大都有所降低,其中扬大617可能同时携带3个抗性基因（Fhb1+Fhb2+Fhb5）,其病穗率、病情指数及籽粒中DON含量均较低,可作为新的赤霉病抗源加以利用。     

153份四川小麦主推品种和后备品系抗病基因的分子检测

为了解四川现有主栽小麦品种的抗病现状,发现并推广多抗性小麦品种,选用四川省153份小麦主要推广品种和后备品系,采用条锈菌接种诱发鉴定的方法于2018—2019和2019—2020年度进行条锈病成株期抗性鉴定与分析,同时利用已知抗病基因Yr5、Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr18、Yr26、Pm21和Fhb1的分子标记分别对其进行抗条锈病、赤霉病和白粉病基因检测。结果显示,在153份供试小麦材料的条锈病成株期抗性鉴定中,两年度均表现为抗病的材料有122份,占供试材料的79.7%。分子标记检测结果表明,可能携带抗条锈病基因Yr5、Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr18和Yr26的小麦材料分别有12、25、77、12、4和90份,分别占供试材料的7.8%、16.3%、50.3%、7.8%、2.6%和58.8%;可能携带抗白粉病基因Pm21的小麦材料有40份,占供试材料的26.1%;可能携带抗赤霉病基因Fhb1的小麦材料有12份,占供试材料的7.8%;有15份抗病材料未检测到本研究所测基因。     

黄淮南部麦区小麦赤霉病抗性鉴定及基因型分析

为丰富抗赤霉病育种亲本材料,连续2年采用土表接种法对762个黄淮南部麦区小麦品种(系)的赤霉病抗性进行鉴定,发现15个小麦品种(系)表现为中抗赤霉病,133个小麦品种(系)表现为中感赤霉病。采用单小花滴注接种法对15个经土表接种鉴定为中抗小麦品种(系)以及2个多抗性基因聚合的种质材料和4个小麦-长穗偃麦草易位系的赤霉病抗性进行鉴定,发现10个小麦品种(系)表现为中抗赤霉病,10个小麦品种(系)表现为中感赤霉病。采用与抗赤霉病基因 Fhb1、 Fhb2、 Fhb4、 Fhb5和 Fhb7相关的分子标记对15个经土表接种法鉴定为中抗赤霉病的小麦品种(系)、部分(120个)中感赤霉病小麦品种(系)、2个多抗性基因聚合种质材料和4个小麦-长穗偃麦草易位系进行检测,发现135个经土表接种鉴定为中抗或中感赤霉病的小麦品种(系)中,有11个小麦品种(系)含有 Fhb1基因,但未检测到含有 Fhb2、 Fhb4、 Fhb5和 Fhb7基因的品种(系);2个多抗性基因聚合的种质材料分别含有 Fhb1、 Fhb2、 Fhb4基因和 Fhb1、 Fhb2、 Fhb5基因;4个小麦-长穗偃麦草易位系均含有 Fhb7基因,且其中2个易位系还含有 Fhb1基因。     

黄淮麦区小麦抗赤霉病新种质的创制和筛选

为了创制和筛选黄淮麦区小麦抗赤霉病新种质,以济麦22为受体,采用分子标记辅助选择与连续回交相结合的方法,将小麦赤霉病抗源苏麦3号抗病主效QTL导入黄淮麦区小麦品种济麦22;对黄淮麦区育成的564份品种（系）采用单花滴注方法进行连续3年赤霉病抗性鉴定和筛选。结果创制含苏麦3号抗赤霉病主效QTL的材料18份,其中4份农艺性状与济麦22相仿,赤霉病抗性明显提高;通过筛选获得赤霉病抗性水平达中感以上的材料18份,分子标记和 Fhb1基因鉴定结果表明,其中9份材料不含有 Fhb1基因,其抗赤霉病主效基因可能与苏麦3号不同。这些创制和筛选获得的抗赤霉病种质材料将为提高黄淮麦区小麦赤霉病抗性提供有益帮助。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.