4种天津近海产贝类牛磺酸和糖胺聚糖的粗提及含量比较

以毛蚶(Arco subcrenat)、紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)、脉红螺(Rapana venosa)和四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)的软体部分为原料,经水煮法粗提牛磺酸和酶解法粗提糖胺聚糖,并比较了4种贝类中牛磺酸和糖胺聚糖的含量.结果表明,四角蛤蜊、毛蚶、脉红螺中的牛磺酸平均含量分别为2.708、3.532、3.662g/kg,以脉红螺中牛磺酸含量最为丰富;四角蛤蜊、紫贻贝、毛蚶中糖胺聚糖平均含量为8.27%、4.53%、3.87%,以四角蛤蜊的含量最高.     

脉红螺对不同贝类的摄食行为特征研究

过模拟自然环境,研究了脉红螺(Rapana venosa)对生境中存在的不同贝类的摄食选择性及其摄食行为过程和摄食节律。在水族箱中投放3种规格的脉红螺和3种规格的四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)和长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)活体饵料,记录3种规格的脉红螺对不同饵料的摄食个数、摄食重量、摄食规格、摄食时间以及摄食行为过程。结果显示,脉红螺对4种贝类均有摄食,其中,不同规格脉红螺对四角蛤蜊的摄食个数及重量显著高于其他贝类(P<0.05),摄食指数超过50%,表现为喜食,对牡蛎和菲律宾蛤仔正常摄食,只有大规格脉红螺对紫贻贝有少量摄食。在摄食规格选择方面,3种规格的脉红螺明显喜食较大规格的四角蛤蜊以及小规格的长牡蛎(P<0.05)。大规格脉红螺的摄食率为7.15%,显著小于其他2种规格的脉红螺(小规格：10.98%;中规格：9.64%)。在本实验条件下,脉红螺摄食有明显的周期性,每隔3 d进行摄食活动,摄食时间为20:00~24:00。脉红螺的摄食过程可分为未摄食阶段、搜寻阶段、摄食阶段和摄食结束4个阶段。在摄食过程中,脉红螺主动搜寻贝类,腹足将贝类从沙中移出并包裹,在包裹的同时分泌黏液并将吻从贝壳缝隙伸入,在吸食被消化液分解的贝类软体部分之后潜入沙中或附在水族箱壁。研究表明,在本实验条件下,脉红螺对饵料贝的种类和规格有明显的摄食偏好性,明显喜食四角蛤蜊,极少摄食贻贝,并且其摄食行为具有夜行性和明显的周期性,即每3 d的上半夜进行一次摄食活动。     

天津市售主要经济贝类中麻痹性贝类毒素污染现状及特征分析

使用液相色谱串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)检测9种天津市售主要经济贝类中13种麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish poisoning,PSP)的含量,分析PSP的污染现状和成分特征。结果显示,共计6个品种(紫贻贝、虾夷扇贝、牡蛎、毛蚶、脉红螺、菲律宾蛤仔)检出PSP。其中虾夷扇贝、紫贻贝、毛蚶3个品种的检出率较高且含量较高,检出率分别为66.7%、58.3%、58.3%。PSP中检出率较高的毒素包括N-磺酰胺甲酰基类毒素C1、C2和膝沟藻毒素GTX1、GTX2、GTX3,毒力占比主要以膝沟藻毒素GTX1-4为主,毛蚶蓄积STX毒素的能力强于其他贝类。全年的PSP含量季节变化为夏季最高,冬季最低。PSP主要存在于贝类的消化腺内,全年不同月份的PSP含量均在安全食用范围内。     

渤海湾天津海域贝体调查与评价

对2012年10月至2013年10月期间,在渤海湾天津海域采集的毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)、脉红螺(Rapana venosa)、文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)、牡蛎(Ostrea cucullata)、四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)和扁玉螺(Neverita didyma)等常见贝类样品生物类、石油类、重金属污染状况进行调查及初步评价。结果表明,化学污染因子石油烃、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、无机As均有残存,生物污染因子粪大肠菌群、腹泻性贝类毒素也均有检出,但含量值较低。总体来看渤海湾天津海域常见贝体没有受到明显污染。     

不同季节四角蛤蜊软体中主要营养成分分析

为检测四角蛤蜊的营养成分,分析其营养价值,探寻四角蛤蜊营养成分随季节的变化趋势,对南通启东吕四地区四角蛤蜊进行了为期一年的跟踪分析测定。采用国家标准方法对四角蛤蜊样品中牛磺酸、多糖、蛋白质的含量进行分析测定。结果表明:四角蛤蜊出肉率在春季较高,3—5月份出肉率的均值达到了37.33%。水溶性多糖在春夏交替时较高,2008年5月和6月均值达到了13.52%,其他营养成分随季节变化波动不大。     

贝类中3种组织血型抗原ELISA检测方法的建立与分型

人类组织血型抗原(histo-blood group antigens,HBGAs)是诺如病毒(NoVs)的结合受体,本研究假设贝类中也存在类似的HBGAs并且特异性地富集NoVs,利用HBGAs单克隆抗体,建立贝类中3种HBGAs的ELISA检测方法,分析牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)、缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)、毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)、栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)等6种双壳贝类中HBGAs的类型。结果显示,在上述6种贝类中都检测出A型抗原,其中菲律宾蛤仔的检出率为11.6%(9/77),紫贻贝的检出率为28.1%(16/57),缢蛏样品为72.3%(47/65),栉孔扇贝为84.6%(58/69),其余贝类检出率为100%;只有牡蛎样品检出H抗原,检出率为30.7%(28/91);在缢蛏和毛蚶样品中检测出B型抗原,检出率分别为76.9%(50/65)和77.8(56/72)。结果表明贝类中存在不止1种类型的HBGAs。     

脉红螺生物学及增养殖技术研究进展

<正>脉红螺(Rapana venosa)属腹足纲,前鳃亚纲,新腹足目,骨螺科,红螺属的一种,主要分布于我国黄海、渤海,日本、朝鲜及俄罗斯沿海亦有分布[1]。其栖息场所多在生有中国蛤蜊(Mactra chinensis)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)等处,主要以双壳贝类及其他动物尸体为食,属大型肉食性软体动物,因此常被列为贝类养     

4种常见帘蛤目贝类表观性状与出肉率通径分析

为探究青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、等边浅蛤(Macridiscus aequilatera)、四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)的表观性状与出肉率的关系，对这4种贝类随机抽样40～50个进行解剖，测量壳长、体质量、软体质量、壳质量4个性状参数，计算出肉率并进行正态检验，运用相关分析法和通径分析法对表观性状与出肉率的相关性进行研究。结果显示，菲律宾蛤仔、青蛤的壳长性状对出肉率总通径系数分别为0.391、0.394;建立的菲律宾蛤仔、四角蛤蜊、青蛤壳长和体质量对出肉率的回归方程的决定系数分别为0.414、0.119和0.221。结果表明，运用表观性状来进行上述4种贝类出肉率性状的选育存在可行性。     

贻贝科3种贝类的足结构与足丝分泌能力

为探讨贻贝足的结构与足丝的发生特征,以紫贻贝、条纹隔贻贝和偏顶蛤为实验材料,比较了不同盐度(20,22,24,26,28,30)下3种贻贝足丝分泌速率,详细描述了3种贻贝足组织学结构及足丝分泌过程,探讨了足结构与足丝分泌的关系。结果显示:(1)3种贻贝自足丝剪断2 h后开始分泌新足丝,24 h内3种贻贝的足丝分泌能力存在显著差异,偏顶蛤平均分泌足丝数量为(28.45±6.14)根,紫贻贝和条纹隔贻贝分泌足丝分别为(15.43±2.9)和(6.87±1.67)根;(2)盐度对3种贻贝的足丝分泌有显著影响,偏顶蛤和紫贻贝在盐度20~30下均能分泌足丝,并以盐度22时分泌足丝数量最多,条纹隔贻贝则在盐度高于28时不再分泌足丝;(3)切片显示,贻贝足表面覆有细密的纤毛,腹面有足沟,足沟上有微绒毛;内部由腺体、肌肉和空腔组成,存在黏液腺体、胶原腺体、酚腺体、酶腺体4种不同腺体;3种贻贝足的肌肉组织分布和空腔的大小有所区别,导致足的致密性不同。研究表明,偏顶蛤足丝分泌速率快,分泌足丝数量多,对环境的适应性能力强于紫贻贝和条纹隔贻贝。     

菲律宾蛤仔、中国蛤蜊、文蛤和紫石房蛤血细胞的分类研究

采用流式细胞仪对菲律宾蛤仔、中国蛤蜊、文蛤和紫石房蛤4种双壳贝类的血细胞分类进行了比较研究。通过比较4种贝类的前向角散射光(FSC)和侧向角散射光(SSC)双参数点图以及FSC和SSC单参数直方图,发现4种贝类的血细胞均可根据其细胞质中是否有颗粒分为透明细胞和颗粒细胞两种基本类型,中国蛤蜊和紫石房蛤的颗粒细胞又可分为小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞两个亚群,菲律宾蛤仔的颗粒细胞又可以区分为小颗粒细胞、中颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞3个亚群,而文蛤只有颗粒细胞,通过统计分析双参数点图中的各细胞亚群,4种贝类血细胞亚群的含量存在一定差异。     

Taurine Supplementation of All-plant Protein Diets for Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract.— Taurine has been demonstrated to be conditionally indispensable for several carnivorous fish species. Current trends in trout production include decreasing levels of fish-meal content in feeds, along with faster growing strains of fish. Taurine may be a limiting nutrient in support of elevated planes of growth for rainbow trout. A 9-wk feeding trial was conducted using a factorial treatment design with protein source (fish meal or plant) and taurine supplementation (four levels) as the main effects. The fish-meal diet series included 23% herring meal and contained 1.76% total sulfur amino acids (TSAA). The plant diet series did not contain any animal proteins and substituted protein from soy protein concentrate in place of the herring-meal protein and contained 1.5% TSAA. Taurine was supplemented at 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/kg dry diet to each of the diets in the plant series and the fish-meal series of diets. All diets were formulated to contain 43.8% crude protein and 20% lipid with an estimated physiological fuel value of 4.2 kcal/g. Fifteen fish were stocked in each of 24 tanks with a mean initial weight of approximately 26.8 g per fish. The unsupplemented fish-meal diet contained 2 g/kg taurine, and the unsupplemented plant diet had taurine levels below the detection limit of 0.1 g/kg diet. Taurine supplementation improved growth, feed conversion ratios, protein retention efficiencies, and energy retention efficiencies of fish fed the plant protein diets. No effects of taurine supplementation were observed for these response factors in fish fed the fish-meal series diets. This study demonstrates that taurine supplementation may be necessary for rainbow trout fed plant-protein-based feeds.     

Influences of dietary soy protein concentrate with taurine on growth and biochemical status of Acanthopagrus schlegelii juveniles

Taurine is a component that tends to be deficient in fish diets that contain higher plant‐derivative proteins. Acanthopagrus schlegelii juveniles (IBW ? 11.28 g) were fed nine diets containing SPC levels (SPC40, SPC60, SPC80 and SPC100), or supplemented with 5 g/kg of taurine at each replacement level. Our results showed higher WGR and SGR in SPC60 + TAU (WGR; 224.67, SGR; 2.10) followed by SPC40 + TAU (WGR; 221.75, SGR; 2.09). Phosphorus retention efficiency was significantly raised as the SPC increased when compared with the control diet. Taurine addition showed an incline in the nitrogen retention efficiency. An effect was observed within FR between fish and the SPC content. ADCs of dry matter, crude lipid and phosphorous were affected by SPC, while taurine addition affected only crude lipid. A significant effect was seen in ash and phosphorus by the SPC and taurine. TAU supplementation showed an increased T‐AOC activity in the SPC80 + TAU (1.90), while malondialdehyde and catalase activity were reduced except in completely replaced fish meal groups. It could be concluded that black sea bream can accept the substitution of FM with 60% of SPC while at the inclusion of dietary TAU (5 g/kg) growth could be improved.     

莱州湾脉红螺筏式养殖的初步研究

１９９４年１２月放养平均壳高３．９ｃｍ，平均体重１０ｇ的脉红螺苗４万个，经过１３个月海上筏式养殖，平均壳高达７．４３ｃｍ，平均体重８３．５ｇ，亩产达到２７２０ｋｇ，总成活率９４．４％，亩纯收入３５４５０．９０元，约是扇贝养殖的４倍。放养密度以１０个／层产量最高，贻贝为最佳饵料品种。应加强４￣１０月脉红螺快速生长期的管理，专家鉴定认为，本研究居国内领先水平。     

参虾池塘高效混养技术

7-9月刺参夏眠期间正是日本对虾快速生长的季节,在对虾池中人工造礁,第1年4月放入规格为80～120头/ kg的海参苗1740 kg,每年7月放入体长0.7～1.0 cm的日本对虾虾苗1.2×105尾,将刺参与日本对虾混养.在养殖过程中,刺参不投喂,只用卤虫、人工饲料、杂色蛤和四角蛤蜊投喂日本对虾,严格控制养殖池内的杂鱼虾,保持水质新鲜,可提高日本对虾和刺参的成活率,利用两者饵料和空间互补性,可显著提高虾池的利用率和经济效益.     

南通市大型海洋排污海区潮间带底栖生物研究

2008年6月在即将建设的南通市大型海洋排污海区附近区域,设置3个断面进行潮间带底栖生物调查.调查结果表明,该海区共调查发现潮间带生物24种,种类组成以软体动物最高(占37.5%),环节动物次之(占33.3%).优势种为:托氏虫昌螺、文蛤、四角蛤蜊、彩虹明樱蛤和泥螺,这5个优势种均为软体动物.该区域潮间带生物的平均生物密度为203.73 个/m2,平均生物量为72.42 g/m2,其中以软体动物的平均生物量和生物密度为最高(分别占89.22%和82.20%).     

Evaluation of dietary taurine concentrations in microparticulate diets provided to larval California yellowtail (Seriola dorsalis) postlarvae

Taurine is an important amino acid derivative for marine and freshwater fish, especially during early development. We investigated the range of taurine concentrations that influence the growth and survival rates of California yellowtail (CYT; Seriola dorsalis) during transition from live feeds to microparticulate diets, as well as the extent to which nutrient leaching from the microparticulate diets affects these ranges. We tested particle‐assisted rotationally agglomerated (PARA) particles with four levels of taurine: 4 (low taurine; LT), 45 (medium taurine; MT), 93 (high taurine; HT) and 122 g/kg (very high taurine; VHT). Our results showed that CYT postlarvae had no significant differences in growth, survival and feed consumption rates between the MT, HT and VHT treatments. However, it should be noted that the PARA particles containing 122 g/kg (VHT) taurine were especially prone to leaching and may have had taurine concentrations as low as 34.9 g/kg before they settled on the bottom of the tank. Therefore, the actual dietary taurine concentrations experienced by the larvae were likely lower than the initial dietary concentrations. More research is needed to evaluate the potential nutrient toxicity of elevated dietary taurine concentrations for marine fish larvae and juveniles.     

The tolerance and safety assessment of taurine as additive in a marine carnivorous fish,Scophthalmus maximus L.

The effects of dietary taurine on growth performance, liver and intestine morphology, serum physiological and antioxidant parameters, serum thyroid hormone level, muscle taurine content and fatty acid composition of turbot were first evaluated, for the safe utilization in marine fish feed and for human food safety. Four experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 10, 50 and 100 g/kg taurine. Each diet was randomly assigned to six replicates of 30 juvenile turbot (initial mean weight of 7.46 g). The feeding trial lasted for 10 weeks. The growth performance of fish was significantly enhanced by 10 g/kg dietary taurine. The integrity of the distal intestine was impaired and the absorptive surface was found to be significantly reduced by 100 g/kg dietary taurine. The obvious pathological changes in liver were observed in fish fed 100 g/kg taurine. Dietary taurine with 10 and 50 g/kg significantly increased the activities of serum superoxide dismutase, lysozyme and thyroid hormone. The taurine content in muscle was found to be significantly increased by dietary taurine; however, no significant differences were observed among taurine‐supplemented treatments. This study suggested that 10 g/kg taurine was safe in turbot feed, and fivefold of safety margin was obtained.     

中国沿海脉红螺群体遗传多样性及其遗传结构

我国脉红螺自然资源日趋衰减,为制定相应保护措施需要对脉红螺遗传多样性及遗传结构进行分析研究。利用9个微卫星标记分析了我国沿海9个脉红螺群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化水平。遗传多样性分析结果显示,群体平均等位基因丰度（AR）为8.6~9.5,期望杂合度（HE）为0.705~0.777,观测杂合度（HO）为0.498~0.626。遗传分化分析结果显示,群体间遗传分化指数（FST）范围为0.012 2~0.093 6,各群体间没有显著的遗传分化,遗传距离（DC）为0.212~0.349。本研究结果表明,我国沿海脉红螺群体具有较高的遗传多样性,各群体间没有显著分化。     

牛磺酸对卤虫无节幼体体成分的营养强化作用

为探讨牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体对其体成分的影响,试验分别以0、10、100、1 000mg/L浓度的牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体12h和24h后,采用国标法检测卤虫无节幼体水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙和磷的含量。试验结果显示:100mg/L牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体12h能显著提高其粗蛋白(P0.05)、粗脂肪、钙和磷的含量,显著降低其粗灰分含量(P0.05);10mg/L牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体24h能显著提高其粗蛋白和钙的含量(P0.05),显著降低其粗脂肪和粗灰分含量(P0.05);100mg/L牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体24h能显著提高其粗蛋白、钙和磷的含量(P0.05),显著减低其粗脂肪和粗灰分含量(P0.05)。表明:本试验条件下10mg/L牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体24h能显著改善卤虫无节幼体的体成分。