海莲耐盐基因AOC克隆及转录融合表达载体的构建

利用RT-PCR的方法从红树林海莲中克隆丙二烯环化氧化酶基因(AOC),并进行序列测定和BLAST程序进行同源序列分析。从RT-PCR得到的产物,其核苷酸序列与GeneBank中海莲丙二烯环化氧化酶基因AO(CBAB21610)的核苷酸序列完全相同。AOC基因通过中间载体pBS-AOC,pJIT60-AOC,最后克隆到植物表达载体pGreenII0229上,得到双35S的pGreenII0229-AOC植物表达载体。AOC基因和ipt基因通过中间载体pBS-AOC,pBS-ipt,pBS-AOC-ipt,pJIT60-AOC-ipt;最后将AOC和ipt基因以转录融合的方式克隆到植物表达载体pGreenII0229上,得到具有双35S启动子的AOC,ipt双基因转录融合的植物表达载体pGreenII0229-AOC-ipt。     

GmAOC3基因转化载体构建及转化大豆的初步研究

选用内切酶SacⅠ和MluⅠ切割目标基因和载体,构建了携带bar基因的重组载体p BA002-Gm AOC3,选用2个大豆品种(Jack和南农88-1)和2种外植体(子叶节和整个子叶节),研究大豆品种和外植体对根癌农杆菌介导的子叶节转化Gm AOC3基因的影响。结果表明:外植体为整个子叶节的大豆品种Jack的出芽率和转化率最高,分别为79.5%和2.27%。经Quick Stix PAT/bar基因试纸条检测、目标基因的分子检测和草丁膦抗性鉴定,共得到转Gm AOC3基因的T0代阳性株系3株,T1代阳性转基因大豆6株,其中5株以Jack品种为受体的转基因大豆Gm AOC3基因的表达量均显著高于非转基因植株,荧光定量拷贝数检测结果显示,4株转基因单株为单拷贝,2株为双拷贝。     

桃蚜取食抗、感辣椒品种的茉莉酸途径基因表达差异分析

根据蚜口密度及取食时间效应,明确桃蚜取食前后辣椒茉莉酸（JA）合成及信号途径基因表达差异,初步阐明JA途径介导的辣椒抗蚜性分子机理。本研究以抗蚜辣椒品种猪大肠（ZDC）和感蚜辣椒品种大羊角椒（DYJJ）为材料,采用实时定量PCR技术分析与植物防御相关的JA合成途径基因（LOX2、AOS、AOC和OPR3）与信号途径基因（COI1和JAR1）在桃蚜不同蚜口密度（20、30、40、50、60蚜/叶）及取食不同时间（6、12、24、48、72 h）后的表达量变化情况。结果表明：在不同蚜口密度和取食为害时间下,JA合成途径的4个基因在ZDC中表达量总体上显著高于DYJJ,而信号途径2个基因表达量总体上显著低于DYJJ。在桃蚜较低为害水平状态下,抗、感辣椒品种之间表达量差异显著,且在部分相同蚜口密度下部分基因表达量峰值和低谷出现时间基本一致。较高水平的为害情况下,抗、感辣椒品种之间差异显著性下降。以上结果表明,JA合成及信号途径AOS、AOC及JAR1基因可能具有作为鉴定评价辣椒抗蚜性水平的分子指标的潜力,可为将来辣椒抗蚜种质资源评价与创新利用提供理论依据。     

生物与非生物胁迫下水稻CIPK基因的鉴定分析

类钙调磷酸酶B亚基蛋白(calcineurin B-like proteins,CBL)是植物细胞中重要的Ca2+传感器,必须与蛋白激酶CIPK(CBL-interacting protein kinases)特异性互作才能发挥生物学功能.根据水稻OsCIPK(Oryza sativa CIPK)基因家族的预测序列,从粳稻日本晴(Nipponbare)中克隆了15个OsCIPK基因.基因结构分析表明15个OsCIPK可归为多内含子和少内含子两类,OsCIPK3和OsCIPK24的mRNA存在可变剪接.系统进化树分析显示水稻CIPK家族与拟南芥、杨树来源于同一个祖先.这15个OsCIPK在不同程度上受生物胁迫(白叶枯病)和非生物胁迫(Hg2+、高盐、冷和ABA)的诱导表达;其中,5个基因(OsCIPK1、OsCIPK2、OsCIPK10、OsCIPK11和OsCIPK12)在接种白叶枯病菌后表达显著上调;而4个基因(OsCIPK2、OsCIPK10、OsCIPK11和OsCIPK14)的表达受所有胁迫处理诱导,表明这些基因可能参与多种逆境信号的转导.揭示了CIPK可能在植物的生物和非生物胁迫应答中都具有重要的作用.     

河南省花生品种(系)基于SSR分子标记的遗传多样性研究

花生是我国重要的经济作物和油料作物。对河南省不同类型花生品种的遗传多样性进行分析、评价具有重要意义。本研究利用200对多态性较好的SSR分子标记对河南省近年来正在推广及新选育的60个花生品种(系)进行遗传多样性研究,品种(系)间相似性分析结果表明:平均遗传相似系数为0.3,在实验分析的1770个关系组合中,仅有616个遗传相似系数大于0.5,说明这些品种大多具有较低的遗传相似性。聚类结果表明,在距离320处,60份花生品种(系)被分成了5大类群,第一类群含有32个品种,第二、第三类群分别含有8个品种,第四类含有3个品种,第五类群含有9个品种。这五大类群中,均含有来源于郑州的品种。研究结果也表明,开19-2、商花10号和开农012具有独特的遗传背景,是重要的花生资源。本研究对60个河南省花生品种(系)的遗传多样性的分析,可以为花生新品种选育提供重要的理论参考。     

2009-2010年河南、河北、山东三省小麦区试品种（系）的亲缘系数分析

为了解2009-2010年度河南、河北及山东参加区试品种(系)小麦的遗传背景丰富度,追溯了这三个省份供试的85个小麦品种(系)信息,采用亲缘系数(coefficient of parentage,COP)和聚类分析的方法对其进行分析.结果表明,在供试的85个品种(系)的3 570对组合中,所有组合的COP值变异范围为0.000～0.750,亲缘系数总和为77.244,平均值为0.021.聚类分析将这85个品种(系)聚为8类.三个省份中河南参试的品种(系)遗传多样性相对较低,主要因为这些品种(系)是利用豫麦2号及其衍生品种(系)培育而成的;河北、山东参加区试的小麦品种(系)遗传多样性相对较高,主要由于这些地区广泛利用了当地的种质资源,其中山东省小麦品种培育主要选用了20世纪50年代以来生产上比较重要的多个品种,包括鲁麦14、鲁麦23、泰山21号及济南13号的衍生品种莱州95021等.在以后的育种工作中应加强对重要小麦品种(系)的应用及引进新的种质资源.     

西南地区小麦种质资源白粉病抗性的全基因组关联分析

为了有效利用我国西南地区小麦抗白粉病种质资源,于2012―2013年在贵州贵阳、贵州赫章和四川绵阳以及2013―2014年在贵州贵阳对主要来自西南地区的120个小麦品种(系)进行了白粉病抗性鉴定,并利用小麦90K芯片进行全基因组关联分析。抗病性鉴定结果显示,36个品种(系)在四个环境下均表现出抗性,其中大部分品种(系)来自贵州省。全基因组关联分析发现,16个SNP位点与白粉病抗性显著相关,分别位于1A、1D、2A、3A、4B、5B、6A、6D和7B染色体上,其中位于6AS染色体重要区段上的3个SNP位点(Jagger_c4823_169、Tdurum_contig55201_928和Tdurum_contig12215.89)的遗传距离小于1cM,在四个环境中均与白粉病抗性显著相关。相关分析表明,这3个SNP位点与 Pm21分子标记(SCAR1265)紧密连锁。     

美国引进甘蔗品种对黑穗病的抗性鉴定与初步评价

为筛选出抗甘蔗黑穗病的优异亲本材料,采用人工浸渍接种法对27个甘蔗品种进行1年新植试验的黑穗病抗性鉴定。通过潜育期(LP)、持续发病期(SDD)、累计丛发病率(IP)、累计茎发病率(IS)和病情进展曲线下的面积(AUDPC)这5个病情参数,结合标准对照种的抗性表现,综合评价参试品种的抗性,并采用系统聚类分析进行验证。结果表明:5个病情参数之间的相关性均达到极显著水平,是甘蔗黑穗病抗性鉴定与评价的重要指标。参试品种中,未发病品种6个,占22.22%;高抗(HR)品种5个,占18.52%;抗病(R)品种10个,占37.04%;中抗(MR)品种1个,占3.70%;中感(MS)品种2个,占7.41%;感病(S)品种3个,占11.11%。系统聚类分析的结果与参试甘蔗品种的抗性表现一致。     

海南岛甘什岭棕榈藤伴生群落特征及排序分析

棕榈藤是一种重要的非木质森林资源,在全球生物多样性保护和经济发展方面起着重要的作用,为了解棕榈藤伴生群落特征及其对棕榈藤种群数量的影响,本研究应用样方调查和排序分析法,对海南岛甘什岭5个棕榈藤种的伴生群落物种组成、物种多样性及其对棕榈藤种群数量影响进行研究。在20个面积为400 m2的样方中,共记录维管植物192种,隶属63科140属。群落植物以大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)、樟科(Lauraceae)和茜草科(Rubiaceae)等为数量优势科,热带科优势明显,建群种为龙脑香科(Dipterocarpaceae)的铁凌(Hopea reticulata)和青皮(Vatica mangachapoi);群落物种丰富度和多样性均以乔木层(54,2.89)最高,草本层(8,1.68)最低。均匀度指数以草本层(0.84)最高,灌木层(0.65)最低;DCA和RDA排序结果表明,除黄藤(Daemonorops jenkinsiana)外,其余4种棕榈藤与群落优势种关系密切,群落多数物种多样性因子抑制杖藤(Calamus rhabdocladus)种群多度,层间植物多样性促进黄藤和多果省藤(Calamus walkeri)种群发展,乔木层、灌木层和草本层物种多样性促进白藤(Calamus tetradactylus)和小钩叶藤(Plectocomia microstachys)多度增加。建议加强对甘什岭棕榈藤伴生群落的生境、重要伴生植物和群落物种多样性保护,以促进棕榈藤种群更新繁衍。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.