固定化细胞发酵半纤维素水解液产木糖醇的研究

固定在海藻酸钙凝胶中的热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)细胞，可有效地利用玉米芯半纤维素水解液生产木糖醇。在摇瓶条件下，采用分批发酵方式，确立了适宜的发酵工艺参数为：32℃，每升氮源含酵母粉2．2g、胰蛋白胨3．7g，发酵液初始pH值6．0，分段改变摇床转速，其中0～24h为210r／min；24～72h为140r／min，固定化细胞凝胶珠与玉米芯半纤维素水解液体积比为1：4。利用固定化细胞重复进行10批次共30d发酵，木糖醇得率平均为73．7％，达到了理论值的80％。固定化细胞密度高、抗逆性强、发酵性能稳定，水解液未经脱色与离子交换便可转化成木糖醇，显示了良好的应用前景。     

都百凤桃树离体植株再生培养的研究

以从日本引进的桃树品种都百凤为试材,采用正交设计,研究了6-BA,NAA,接种芽数,活性炭对不定芽增殖与壮苗的影响,探讨了激素、培养基盐浓度、活性炭对都百凤组培苗生根的影响。结果表明,都百风桃树离体植株再生继代增殖培养基为MS＋6BA3mg／L～5mg／L＋NAA0．1mg／L～0．2mg／L＋蔗糖30g／L,培养基pH值为5.9,以3芽为1个转接单位,培养温度为25℃,光照强度2000Lx,光照时间16h／d;生根培养基为1／2MS＋IBA0.2mg／L＋蔗糖20g／L＋琼脂7g／L＋活性炭0．4g／L,培养基pH值为6．0,培养温度为22℃,光照强度1600Lx,光照时间16h／d;组培苗转入生根培养基舌暗处理2d,再转到光照下培养有利于生根。     

磷酸活化法制备棉秆活性炭的研究

通过研究活化工艺条件对棉秆活性炭吸附性能的影响，探讨了磷酸活化棉秆原料制备活性炭的可行性。结果表明：磷酸活化棉秆原料能制备出糖液脱色用活性炭的优级品，其碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝以及焦糖脱色力分别达N920mg／g、200mL/g和130％。其最佳活化工艺务件为：磷酸浓度50％，浸渍比2．5：1，浸溃时间60min，活化温度500％，活化时间60min。其中浸渍比对棉秆活性炭的脱色能力影响最大。     

牛肝菌多糖脱色方法的研究

用粉末状活性炭作为脱色剂,研究了活性炭用量、吸附时间、脱色温度、多糖溶液pH对美味牛肝菌胞外多糖脱色效果的影响。结果得到了最佳的脱色工艺:30℃,多糖溶液pH值3.5,活性炭用量1.5%,脱色时间2h。     

加氢对漆蜡物化性能变化的研究

为了提高中国漆蜡的品质,分析了不同产地和品种的漆籽物化性能的差异,研究加氢单因素对加氢脱色后漆蜡物化性能的变化。结果表明：中国漆蜡含有不饱和脂肪酸高于日本野漆蜡。通过加氢和脱色精制的漆蜡,漆蜡熔点和硬度提高,酸值从66.4 mg/g下降到13.7 mg/g,碘值从151 mg/g下降至90 mg/g,过氧化值从31.3 mmol/kg下降至5.6 mmol/kg,白度从25上升到85,其物理性能优于日本Star Cherry牌系列白蜡.加氢漆蜡中硬脂酸的GC含量从7.38％升高至15.85％,油酸从13.66％降至4.85％,总饱和脂肪酸GC含量(C16∶0和C18∶0)大于90％,与日本Star Cherry牌系列白蜡的化学成分接近.漆蜡加氢脱色最佳条件是钯碳(5.0％)用量0.2％,反应时间2～4 h,反应温度100℃,氢气压力0.5 Mpa,搅拌速度200 r/min.选择活性炭与凹凸棒土(质量比1∶1)作为脱色剂,脱色剂加入量为漆蜡质量的0.5％,搅拌脱色30 min,温度80℃,脱色效果最好.     

微波辐射竹节磷酸法制备活性炭的研究

研究了以竹节废料为原料，采用微波辐射磷酸法制备活性炭的可行性。探讨了微波功率、活化时间及磷酸浓度对产品活性炭各项指标的影响。得到了微波辐射磷酸法制备活性炭的最佳工艺：微波功率560W、活化时间9min、磷酸质量分数40％。用此工艺条件制得的活性炭碘吸附值889．0mg/g、亚甲基蓝脱色率178mL／g、得率31．0％。该工艺所需活化时间为传统方法的1／45，产品活性炭亚甲基蓝脱色率为国家一级品标准(GB／T 12496．10-1999)的1．48倍。本工艺方法为竹节废料的综合开发利用找到了新的途径。     

微波辐射处理竹节废料制备活性炭研究

研究了以竹节及其炭化料为原料，采用微波辐射氯化锌法和水蒸气法制备活性炭的可行性。探讨了微波功率、活化时间、活化剂浓度及水蒸气流量对活性炭性能的影响。得到了微波辐射竹节废料制备活性炭的最佳工艺条件：水蒸气法的最佳条件为微波功率700W、活化时间7min、水蒸气流量3．1mL／min。用此工艺条件制得的活性炭碘吸附值1012．2mg／g、亚甲基蓝脱色率165mL／g、得率52．3％。该工艺所需活化时间为传统方法的l／45左右，得率为传统方法的2倍左右。氯化锌法的最佳条件为微波功率350w、活化时间5min、氯化锌质量分数40％。用此工艺条件制得的活性炭碘吸附值l088．4mg／g、亚甲基蓝脱色率220mL／g、得率39．2％。该工艺所需活化时间为传统方法的l／36，产品活性炭亚甲基蓝脱色率为国家一级标准的1．83倍(GB／T 12496．10-1999)。     

微生物发酵米糠对Cr^6＋的吸附性能研究

研究了微生物发酵米糠的用量、溶液温度、Cr^6＋浓度、溶液pH值和吸附时间对微生物发酵米糠吸附Cr^6＋性能的影响。实验结果表明：微生物发酵米糠对Cr^6＋具有很好的吸附效果,吸附率达95．7％。其最佳吸附条件为微生物发酵米糠用量10g／L,温度60℃,pH值为2,Cr^6＋质量浓度低于40mg／L,吸附时间40min。该吸附行为符合Freundlich吸附等温方程,吸附过程符合二级动力学模型。     

废弃粉状活性炭制备糖液脱色用成型活性炭

为了再生废弃粉状活性炭,将废弃粉状活性炭、煤焦油和聚乙二醇混合搅拌,并经成型、炭化和活化制备成型颗粒活性炭。采用国家标准和氮气吸附法分析测试活性炭的碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值、焦糖脱色率、比表面积和比孔容积等,利用热重分析方法研究废弃粉状活性炭、煤焦油和聚乙二醇3种组分及其混合物的热解特征,考察聚乙二醇的用量、分子量以及活化的温度和时间对成型活性炭吸附能力与孔隙结构的影响。研究结果表明:采用粉状活性炭、煤焦油和聚乙二醇混合成型的热再生方法可以制备出糖液脱色用颗粒活性炭;聚乙二醇添加剂可以显著提高活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值和焦糖脱色率,促进中孔的形成,但聚乙二醇分子量的影响不明显;在废弃粉状活性炭与聚乙二醇4000的质量比为6∶1,粉状活性炭与煤焦油的质量比1∶1.6,活化温度和时间分别为900℃和2 h等条件下,可以制备出亚甲基蓝吸附值达205 m L/g和焦糖脱色率达到110%的糖液脱色用成型颗粒活性炭。     

毛百合鳞片离体培养与快速繁殖研究

采用野生毛百合鳞片为外植体进行离体培养研究,结果表明：最佳诱导培养基和继代增殖培养基为：MS＋BA0．5mg／L＋NAA0．5mg／L＋30g／L蔗糖＋4g／L琼脂粉,诱导率81．7％,增殖系数2．0;毛百合离体培养生根较容易,采用培养基1／2MS＋1．0mg／LNAA＋15g／L蔗糖＋6．4g／L琼脂＋1g／L活性炭或1／2MS＋15g／L蔗糖＋6．4gm琼脂＋1g／L活性炭,生根率均可达100％。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。